基于Hessian局部线性嵌入和MLP-Mixer的液体火箭发动机涡轮泵轻量化故障诊断框架

作为液体火箭发动机推进剂输送系统的关键部件,涡轮泵的运行状态直接影响着整个运载系统的性能,然而,现有的故障诊断方法往往面临特性参数选择片面及计算复杂度高等问题。针对上述局限,提出了面向涡轮泵的轻量化故障诊断框架。所提方法利用Hessian局部线性嵌入算法对信号时域、频域及时频特征进行降维,并引入一种轻量化的深度学习模型MLP-Mixer作为分类器,进而实现不同故障状态的辨识。采用某型号涡轮泵试车数据验证了所提方法的有效性,结果表明,该方法能够在保障诊断精度的同时有效降低计算复杂度,提高诊断效率。

CFD-PBM coupled modeling of the liquid-liquid dispersion characteristics and structure optimization for Kenics static mixer

Kenics static mixers(KSM)are extensively used in industrial mixing-reaction processes by virtue of high mixing efficiency,low power homogenization and easy continuous production.Resolving liquid droplet size and its distribution and thus revealing the dispersion characteristics are of great significance for structural optimization and process intensification in the KSM.In this work,a computational fluid dynamics-population balance model(CFD-PBM)coupled method is employed to systematically investigate the effects of operating conditions and structural parameters of KSM on droplet size and its distribution,to further reveal the liquid-liquid dispersion characteristics.Results indicate that higher Reynolds numbers or higher dispersed phase volume fractions increase energy dissipation,reducing Sauter mean diameter(SMD)of dispersed phase droplets and with a shift in droplet size distribution(DSD)towards smaller size.Smaller aspect ratios,greater blade twist and assembly angles amplify shear rate,leading to smaller droplet size and a narrower DSD in the smaller range.The degree of impact exerted by the aspect ratio is notably greater.Notably,mixing elements with different spin enhance shear and stretching efficiency.Compared to the same spin,SMD becomes 3.7-5.8 times smaller in the smaller size range with a significantly narrower distribution.Taking into account the pressure drop and efficiency in a comprehensive manner,optimized structural parameters for the mixing element encompass an aspect ratio of 1-1.5,a blade twist angle of 180°,an assembly angle of 90°,and interlaced assembly of adjacent elements with different spin.This work provides vital theoretical underpinning and future reference for enhancing KSM performance.

Optimal Design and Experimental Study of Tightly Coupled SCR Mixers for Diesel Engines

Two types of tightly coupled Selective Catalytic Reduction(SCR)mixers were designed in this study,namely Mixer 1 integrated with an SCR catalyst and Mixer 2 arranged separately.Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)software was utilized to model the gas flow,spraying,and pyrolysis reaction of the aqueous urea solution in the tightly coupled SCR system.The parameters of gas flow velocity uniformity and ammonia distribution uniformity were simulated and calculated for both Mixer 1 and Mixer 2 in the tightly coupled SCR system to compare their advantages and disadvantages.The simulation results indicated that Mixer 1 exhibited a gas velocity uniformity of 0.972 and an ammonia distribution uniformity of 0.817,whereas Mixer 2 demonstrated a gas velocity uniformity of 0.988 and an ammonia distribution uniformity of 0.964.Mixer 2 performed better in the simulation analysis.Furthermore,a 3D-printed prototype of Mixer 2 was manufactured and installed on an engine test bench to investigate ammonia distribution uniformity and NOX conversion efficiency.The experimental investigations yielded the following findings:1)The ammonia distribution uniformity of Mixer 2 was measured as 0.976,which closely aligned with the simulation result of 0.964,with a deviation of 1.2%from the model calculations;2)As exhaust temperature increased,the ammonia distribution uniformity gradually improved,while an increase in exhaust flow rate resulted in a decrease in ammonia distribution uniformity;3)When utilizing Mixer 2,the NOX conversion efficiency reached 84.7%at an exhaust temperature of 200°C and 97.4%at 250°C.Within the exhaust temperature range of 300°C to 450°C,the NOX conversion efficiency remained above 98%.This study proposed two innovative mixer structures,conducted simulation analysis,and performed performance testing.The research outcomes indicated that the separately arranged Mixer 2 exhibited superior performance.The tightly coupled SCR systemequippedwith Mixer 2 achieved excellent levels of gas velocity uniformity,ammonia distribution uniformity,and NOX conversion efficiency.These findings can serve as valuable references for the design and development of ultra-low emission after-treatment systems for diesel engines in the field of diesel engine aftertreatment.

Terahertz high-sensitivity SIS mixer based on Nb–AlN–NbN hybrid superconducting tunnel junctions

The terahertz band,a unique segment of the electromagnetic spectrum,is crucial for observing the cold,dark universe and plays a pivotal role in cutting-edge scientific research,including the study of cosmic environments that support life and imaging black holes.High-sensitivity superconductor–insulator–superconductor(SIS)mixers are essential detectors for terahertz astronomical telescopes and interferometric arrays.Compared to the commonly used classical Nb/AlO_(x)/Nb superconducting tunnel junction,the Nb/AlN/NbN hybrid superconducting tunnel junction has a higher energy gap voltage and can achieve a higher critical current density.This makes it particularly promising for the development of ultra-wideband,high-sensitivity coherent detectors or mixers in various scientific research fields.In this paper,we present a superconducting SIS mixer based on Nb/AlN/NbN parallel-connected twin junctions(PCTJ),which has a bandwidth extending up to490 GHz–720 GHz.The best achieved double-sideband(DSB)noise temperature(sensitivity)is below three times the quantum noise level.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Analysis of Static Mixers Used for Selective Catalytic Reduction in Diesel Engines

The proper selection of a relevant mixer generally requires an effective assessment of several models against theapplication requirements. This is a complex task, as traditional evaluation methods generally focus only on a single aspect of performance, such as pressure loss, mixing characteristics, or heat transfer. This study assesses aurea-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system installed on a ship, where the installation space is limitedand the distance between the urea aqueous solution injection position and the reactor is low;therefore, the staticmixer installed in this pipeline has special performance requirements. In particular, four evaluation indices areused in this study: The B value, C value, pressure loss correction factor (Z′), and the ratio of the required distanceto the equivalent diameter of the pipe (LV/D) when the velocity field after the mixer attains uniformity. Six typesof static mixers were simulated with varying concentrations, flow speeds, and positions. A fuzzy comprehensiveevaluation method was introduced to evaluate and compare the related advantages and disadvantages. The resultsshowed that 1) mixing performance was related to the shape of the mixer and had no direct relationship with flowvelocity. 2) For the same mixer position, the lower the urea concentration, the greater the difficulty of evenly mixing the solution. 3) At a constant urea concentration, the mixing performance improved when the mixer was closer to the injection inlet. 4) The installation of a GK mixer in the SCR system of a 9L20C diesel engine was best.

Experimental and numerical investigations on micromixing performance of multi-orifice cross-flow jet mixers

Multi-orifice cross-flow jet mixers(MOCJMs)are used in various industrial applications due to their excellent mixing efficiency,but few studies have focused on the micromixing performance of MOCJMs.Herein,the flow characteristics and micromixing performance inside the MOCJM were investigated using experiments and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations based on the Villermaux/Dushman system and the finite-rate/modified eddy-dissipation model.The optimal A value was correlated with the characteristic parameters of MOCJMs to develop a CFD calculation method applicable to the study of the micromixing performance of the MOCJMs.Then the micromixing efficiency was evaluated using the segregation index XS,and the effects of operational and geometric parameters such as mixing flow Reynolds number(ReM),flow ratio(RF),total jet area(ST),the number of jet orifices(n),and outlet configuration on the micromixing efficiency were investigated.It was found that the intensive turbulent region generated by interactions between jets,as well as between jets and crossflows,facilitated rapid reactions.XS decreased with increasing ReM and decreasing RF.Furthermore,MOCJMs with lower ST,four jet orifices,and the narrower outlet configuration demonstrated a better micromixing efficiency.This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the micromixing performance of MOCJMs and provides valuable guidance for their design,optimization,and industrial application.

High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries:Recent Progress and a Promising Future in Applications

It is of great significance to develop clean and new energy sources with high-efficient energy storage technologies,due to the excessive use of fossil energy that has caused severe environmental damage.There is great interest in exploring advanced rechargeable lithium batteries with desirable energy and power capabilities for applications in portable electronics,smart grids,and electric vehicles.In practice,high-capacity and low-cost electrode materials play an important role in sustaining the progresses in lithium-ion batteries.This review aims at giving an account of recent advances on the emerging high-capacity electrode materials and summarizing key barriers and corresponding strategies for the practical viability of these electrode materials.Effective approaches to enhance energy density of lithium-ion batteries are to increase the capacity of electrode materials and the output operation voltage.On account of major bottlenecks of the power lithium-ion battery,authors come up with the concept of integrated battery systems,which will be a promising future for high-energy lithium-ion batteries to improve energy density and alleviate anxiety of electric vehicles.

CFD simulation of hydrodynamics and mixing performance in dual shaft eccentric mixers

This work aims to systematically study hydrodynamics and mixing characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid(carboxyl methyl cellulose,CMC)in dual shaft eccentric mixer.Fluid rheology was described by the power law rheological model.Computational fluid dynamics was employed to simulate the velocity field and shear rate inside the stirred tank.The influence mechanism of the rotational modes,height difference between impellers,impeller eccentricities,and impeller types on the flow field have been well investigated.We studied the performance of different dual-shaft eccentric mixers at the constant power input with its fluid velocity profiles,average shear strain rate,mixing time and mixing energy.The counter-rotation mode shows better mixing performance than co-rotation mode,and greater eccentricity can shorten mixing time on the basis of same stirred condition.To intensify the hydrodynamic interaction between impellers and enhance the overall mixing performance of the dual shaft eccentric mixers,it is critical to have a reasonable combination of impellers and an appropriate spatial position of impellers.

Cross-satellite calibration of high-energy electron fluxes measured by FengYun-4A based on Arase observations

We use the High-energy Electron Experiments(HEP)instrument onboard Arase(ERG)to conduct an energy-dependent cross-satellite calibration of electron fluxes measured by the High Energy Particle Detector(HEPD)onboard FengYun-4A(FY-4A)spanning from April 1,2017,to September 30,2019.By tracing the two-dimensional magnetic positions(L,magnetic local time[MLT])of FY-4A at each time,we compare the datasets of the conjugate electron fluxes over the range of 245–894 keV in 6 energy channels for the satellite pair within different sets of L×MLT.The variations in the electron fluxes observed by FY-4A generally agree with the Arase measurements,and the percentages of the ratios of electron flux conjunctions within a factor of 2 are larger than 50%.Compared with Arase,FY-4A systematically overestimates electron fluxes at all 6 energy channels,with the corresponding calibration factors ranging from 0.67 to 0.81.After the cross-satellite calibration,the electron flux conjunctions between FY-4A and Arase show better agreement,with much smaller normalized root mean square errors.Our results provide a valuable reference for the application of FY-4A high-energy electron datasets to in-depth investigations of the Earth’s radiation belt electron dynamics.

Computational and experimental investigations of a microfluidic mixer for efficient iodine extraction using carbon tetrachloride enhanced with gas bubbles

Numerous studies have been conducted on microfluidic mixers in various microanalysis systems, which elucidated the manipulation and control of small fluid volumes within microfluidic chips. These studies have demonstrated the ability to control fluids and samples precisely at the microscale. Microfluidic mixers provide high sensitivity for biochemical analysis due to their small volumes and high surface-to-volume ratios. A promising approach in drug delivery is the rapid microfluidic mixer-based extraction of elemental iodine at the micro level, demonstrating the versatility and the potential to enhance diagnostic imaging and accuracy in targeted drug delivery. Micro-mixing inside microfluidic chips plays a key role in biochemical analysis. The experimental study describes a microfluidic mixer for extraction of elemental iodine using carbon tetrachloride with a gas bubble mixing process. Gas bubbles are generated inside the microcavity to create turbulence and micro-vortices resulting in uniform mixing of samples. The bubble mixing of biochemical samples is analyzed at various pressure levels to validate the simulated results in computational fluid dynamics(CFD). The experimental setup includes a high-resolution camera and an air pump to observe the mixing process and volume at different pressure levels with time. The bubble formation is controlled by adjusting the inert gas flow inside the microfluidic chip. Microfluidic chip-based gas bubble mixing effects have been elaborated at various supplied pressures.

基于CFD-DEM算法的气力输送气固两相流特性分析

超轻粉体颗粒由于质量较小,在运输过程中易受气流扰动而飘散,物料的管道气力输送过程不稳定,易发生堵塞。为了研究超轻粉体颗粒在旋流气力输送中气固两相流流动特性,采用计算流体力学与离散单元法(CFD-DEM),对Komax型静态混合器内气固两相流动特性进行数值模拟研究。研究发现,带有Komax型元件的水平管道可以改变颗粒的流动情况,改善了水平管道内颗粒堆积和分布不均匀的现象;分别从颗粒相和流体相的流动状态分析得到元件长径比Ar=3时为最优几何结构;通过正交实验极差分析得到影响气固两相流动特性的因素顺序:输送气速>颗粒质量流量>颗粒粒径。当元件Ar=3时,颗粒-颗粒和颗粒-管壁的碰撞次数与碰撞强度呈现负相关,结合出口颗粒流分散状态,优选输送气速为3~4m/s;主要考虑输送气速对管内压降的影响,提出了带有Komax型元件的水平管道气力运输过程中压降与输送气速和轴向位置的经验拟合式。

静态混合器结构优化设计与流场特性分析

为油田高能效驱油以提高原油产量,针对SK型和SX型静态混合器混合单元结构,通过创新设计和三维建模开发多重螺旋混合单元静态混合器,基于静态混合原理,利用FLUENT数值模拟软件,采用有限体积法,对所开发混合器内流体的流场进行仿真分析,研究该结构静态混合器的流动特性,结果表明,该种静态混合器使流体产生剪切和正反向涡旋作用,流体被充分扰动,混合均匀,满足油田注聚驱油要求,可为油田开发新型高效静态混合器提供一定技术支持。

从高钙富硼老卤中提硼研究

以青海某高钙富硼老卤为研究对象开展了提硼研究。结果表明,合适的萃取条件为:磺化煤油为稀释剂、异辛醇用量50%、萃取相比1.0、萃取混合时间15 min;合适的反萃条件为:反萃剂为pH=1的稀盐酸、反萃相比1.5、反萃混合时间15 min。以此条件在5级混合澄清槽中完成了连续逆流萃取—反萃运转试验,连续运转45 h,硼萃取率为95.49%,硼与钾、钠、钙、镁的分离效果较好;硼反萃率为99.59%,反萃液中硼含量达17.17 g/L。采用“溶剂萃取—反萃—高温蒸发—低温冷却结晶—重溶—冷却结晶—过滤洗涤—干燥”工艺高效分离提取硼,硼总回收率为92.33%,制备出的硼酸产品达国家标准(GB/T 538—2018)要求。

搅拌混合设备结构及应用研究

搅拌混合机是一种常见机械设备,文章主要进行混合机设备结构及应用技术的探索。文章研究对象为双螺旋锥形混合机、卧式螺带混合机、犁刀式混料机、桨叶式混合机、无重力混合机五种结构的搅拌混合机,主要针对设备性能、工作原理、结构配置、设备特点等方面进行研究。

穿孔对穿孔型Kenics静态混合器混合性能的影响

为了提升传统Kenics静态混合器的混合效果,在传统螺旋插入带结构中引入穿孔结构,设计出穿孔型Kenics静态混合器。采用浓度变异系数评估穿孔内径(d)、穿孔间距(S)、混合单元长径比(Ar)对穿孔型静态混合器混合性能的影响。模拟结果表明,设置的穿孔结构会显著改变流体的流动状态,在穿孔处区域产生加速流动,进而提升混合器的混合性能;随着d的增加,流体之间的对流和交换作用逐渐增强,混合效果逐渐增强,但随着d的持续增加,导致混合器内部螺旋通道被破坏,混合效果反而减弱;仅改变S对混合效果没有明显影响;对于相同的混合器长度,Ar的减小导致混合元件数量增加,液体之间的扭转、剪切效果增强,混合器混合效果更好。

500m^(2)烧结机强化混匀技术研究与应用

针对实际生产中,当混合机填充率无法达到设计水平以及混合料中配加难制粒物料时而导致的混匀制粒效果不理想,烧结矿转鼓指数差的问题,本文在500 m^(2)烧结机工艺中配加20%FMG粉矿的条件下,结合弗鲁德准数计算,对烧结机混料系统工艺进行了研究。结果表明,当一次混合机的设计转速低于合理转速(6.94 r/min)时,烧结混料系统混匀制粒效果较差,通过采取将一次混合机加水比例由80%降低至75%并后延加水位置3 m的技术措施,增强了一次混合机混合料的混匀水平,使混合料制粒效果由39.12%提高至48.98%,解决了配加20%的FMG粉矿之后出现的烧结混合料黏结团聚、制粒效果差的问题,消除了烧结矿断面不均匀现象,最终使得烧结矿转鼓指数由76.14%提高至78.44%。

基于全型面补偿的叶片弯曲回弹控制研究

为了研究高强度钢板在弯曲成形后的回弹变形,以某搅拌机叶片为研究对象,采用全型面迭代补偿法对叶片弯曲回弹进行数值模拟与实验研究。首先利用CAE软件对叶片弯曲成形进行数值模拟,并得到其型面关键点的回弹量;然后通过弯曲实验测其型面上对应关键点的实际回弹量;再将模拟回弹量与实测回弹量进行对比,来验证数值模拟的可靠性;最后将模拟回弹量对叶片模具型面先后进行两次全型面迭代补偿,最终将其弯曲后的回弹量控制在所允许的公差范围内。研究结果表明:模拟结果与试验结果在型面关键点的回弹量基本一致,全型面迭代补偿法能有效地控制制件的最终回弹量。

Kenics型静态混合器中幂律流体与颗粒混合过程分析

针对Kenics型静态混合器内固体颗粒在幂律流体中的孤岛现象的产生机理进行研究。运用Fluent数值模拟固相颗粒与CMC水溶液在Kenics静态混合器中的混合过程,并利用浓度变异系数(COV)对颗粒分布特性进行量化分析。研究表明:提高流体表观黏度和流体入口速度,颗粒停留时间缩短,COV值降低,混合效果提高。在第4~8个扭旋叶片中间截面上均形成了两对对称的无粒子孤岛,降低流体表观黏度和提高流体入口速度,孤岛边界更清晰。扭旋叶片诱导的内流涡旋和近壁面涡旋有较高的涡量,涡旋中心局域形成无粒子孤岛,相邻叶片交错区域,随着涡旋耗散孤岛消失。

非牛顿流体在叶片式静态混合器中的传热强化特性

非牛顿流体在化学、食品和材料等领域具有关键作用,但高表观黏度使其通常具有低传热特性。叶片式静态混合器作为一种高效的传热强化设备,在化工过程强化中具有鲜明的技术特色。本文针对非牛顿流体在Kenics静态混合器(KSM)和Lightnin静态混合器(LSM)内的流动和传热特性进行了比较研究。重点分析了体积流量、元件长径比及流体浓度等参数对羧甲基纤维素(CMC)幂律流体的流动及传热影响。结果表明,在相同工况下,随着CMC溶液的体积流量增大,管道内的换热系数和压降均增大。静态混合元件的插入使得换热系数和压降显著提高且Lightnin元件产生的影响更明显。元件长径比和CMC溶液浓度影响流体在管道内的流动和换热。随着长径比的减小,传热性能得到提高,但其增大的阻力系数影响占据主导地位,综合换热性能系数(PEC)降低。溶液浓度的增大使得管道换热能力逐步削弱,并对管道内压降的提升有显著影响,综合换热性能降低。总结得出,在体积流量为4.5×10^(-4)m^(3)/s,质量分数为0.374%、长径比为3.0时,KSM的PEC最大为2.114。

立式紊流搅拌机多相流场及混合性能

为研究液体与固体颗粒在大容积立式搅拌机中的混合特性,建立了转轴与转筒耦合运动形式的双轴立式搅拌机和单轴立式搅拌机模型,利用计算流体动力学仿真软件Fluent中的双欧拉模型和RNG k-ε湍流模型,以污泥和铁尾矿颗粒作为混合介质,分别模拟2种搅拌机内部物料的混合过程,对流体流动特性以及固相颗粒体积分布规律进行分析,并对比分析了双轴搅拌和单轴搅拌对液固两相混合性能的影响.结果表明:相同工况下,2种搅拌机内的流场特性差异较大,双轴搅拌机内流体的紊流效果明显强于单轴搅拌机;固相颗粒在单轴搅拌机内从上到下呈阶梯状分布,而在双轴搅拌机内各处均匀分布;结合示踪剂扩散时间可得出,双轴搅拌机单位体积混合能耗远小于单轴搅拌机,所以双轴搅拌机的搅拌混合效果以及混合效率优于单轴搅拌机.研究结果可为大容积搅拌混合设备的设计与优化提供重要的参考.