Soil erosion and its causes in high-filling body:A case study of a valley area on the Loess Plateau,China

Large-scale land consolidation projects(LCPs)have been carried out on the Loess Plateau to increase the area of agriculture land.The newly created land is prone to soil erosion under the effects of water and gravity.Taking a typical high-filling body(HFB)formed by LCPs in Yan’an,China as the subject,this study comprehensively investigated the types and causes of soil erosion with multiple methods of field investigation,on-site monitoring and laboratory tests.Results showed that the HFB presented a composite pattern of soil erosion with multiple types mainly including underground erosion,mixed water-gravity erosion,seepage erosion,and scouring erosion.The type of erosion varied spatially in different parts of the HFB depending on the dominant factors,mainly including the groundwater state,rainfall,runoff,gravity action,topography,and soil erodibility.The underground erosion mainly occurred at the positions with higher groundwater level and larger hydraulic gradient,while scouring erosion mainly occurred at the positions with extensive interactions of surface runoff,channel slope gradient and soil properties.And near the leading edge of the top of the slope,a band of mixed watergravity erosion occurred owing to the effects of water and gravity.In addition,nearly saturated soils at the toe of HFB displayed groundwater exfiltration and slope-face slumping.Based on our findings on the causes and variation of soil erosion for the HFB,we proposed the following erosion prevention and control measures to protect the LCPs on the Loess Plateau:to construct drainage ditches and blind ditches to form a complete drainage system,plant alfalfa on the top platform to increase rainfall interception and reduce surface runoff,set seepage ditches and plant deep-rooted plants at the toe of the slope to improve slope toe stability,monitor groundwater level and slope deformation to learn the erosion dynamics and slope stability,and optimize the geometry of HFB such as the slope gradient and slope steps to reduce soil erosion.

Mechanism and calculation method of rheological settlement of high-filled embankment

The characteristics of high-filled embankment rheological settlement were analyzed;mechanical calculation model of high-filled embankment rheological settlement during constructing and running period was also put forward.Combining the macroscopic and microscopic deformation properties of the engineering soil grain,its constitutive model was set up and its characters were fully revealed,at the same time,its practical calculation formula under the action of dead-weight load was derived,which is feasible by analysis and comparison.

Wireless remote spatiotemporal monitoring of high-fill foundation deformation

The spatial and temporal deformation patterns and deformation control indicators of highfill foundations directly affect the design,construction and operational safety of high-fill projects.In situ monitoring can comprehensively reflect the deformation of high-fill during and after construction.In this paper,we have first designed and installed an integrated wireless remote monitoring system for high-fill to achieve real-time dynamic monitoring of settlement,pore water pressure and soil pressure of the fill foundation.Based on the monitoring results of nearly one year of the construction period and two years after construction,it was found that the deformation amount and deformation rate of the high-fill foundation showed a non-linear growth relationship with the filling rate and filling height.The settlement deformation of the high-fill foundation during the loading period was mainly dominated by the original foundation soil,accounting for 54.4%of the total settlement on average;the settlement deformation during the post-construction period was mainly dominated by the filling body,accounting for 77.04%of the total settlement on average,and the settlement deformation during the post-construction period mainly occurred in the first year after construction.The analysis of the deformation mechanism suggests that the deformation of the filling body is dominated by exhaust consolidation during the loading period and drainage consolidation during the post-construction period;the deformation of the original foundation soil is dominated by drainage consolidation during the loading period and drainage consolidation develops slowly during the post-construction period.It is recommended that the original foundation should be reinforced before the large area filling construction,and that the filling rate should be strictly controlled during construction.The research results can provide a scientific basis for deformation calculation and stability assessment of high-fill foundations.

Finite Element Analysis Study of Box Culvert Jacking-Out Construction under Existing Railway Line

To shorten the existing box culvert demolition construction period and ensure the normal operation of the railway, the jacking-out construction method was adopted. The ABAQUS finite element software was used to establish a three-dimensional model of the box culvert and soil body of the relying project, and three excavation thickness (0m, 1 m, 2 m) were used as the main variation parameters for numerical analysis and research, and the change law of the box culvert itself and soil body stress during the culvert jacking out process was obtained. The results show that the jacking force-displacement curves of the three working conditions can be divided into two stages, and the jacking force reaches the maximum value at the moment when the static friction turns into sliding friction at the end of the first stage. The stress distribution at the bottom slab of the box culvert in the jacking process is approximately normal, and the stress decreases with the increase of the roadbed excavation thickness. The increase of the roadbed excavation thickness can reduce the soil pressure on the side of the box culvert and effectively reduce the deformation of the roadbed in the jacking-out process. The deformation of the roadbed during the jacking process can be reduced by increasing the thickness of the roadbed excavation.

波纹板加固技术在铁路病害涵洞中的应用研究

涵洞是铁路的重要组成部分,也是日常管养中最容易忽略的铁路设备,涵洞结构的劣化状况和受力性能直接影响线路的安全与稳定。针对提速改造条件下重载铁路涵洞出现的承载能力不足、沉降过大、错位和耐久性降低等诸多问题,基于有限元分析、试验检测和工程应用等方法,开展拼装波纹板加固涵洞机理分析、波纹板关键参数加固涵洞性能与敏感性分析,以及波纹板加固涵洞实际工程应用技术研究。研究结果表明:既有涵洞采用波纹板加固技术后,涵洞结构整体刚度显著提高,涵洞顶板受力和变形明显降低,加固效果较好;同样尺寸条件下,相对于矩形和三角形波纹板结构,采用圆弧形波纹板加固涵洞后,其顶板跨中最大竖向位移和最大应力值均能减小20%及以上,圆弧形波纹板具有更好的加固效果;主力组合荷载作用下,随波纹板波高和波距增加,波纹板Mises应力表现为逐渐减小趋势,且Mises应力与涵洞跨度基本成反比关系。16座涵洞现场实测结果表明,采用波纹板加固后,不同跨径盖板涵和框构涵受力和变形显著降低,跨中挠度及动应变较加固前降低幅度均超过40%,波纹板技术在重载铁路病害涵洞中具有较好的加固效果。

Utility Impact below Bridge or Culvert Soffit on Open Channel Flow

The background to this research was a flooding incident that occurred in Bridgend, Co. Donegal, Ireland in August 2017. While several properties were flooded, a flooding case study of a single dwelling house adjacent to the Bridgend River at Riverdale, Bunamayne, Co. Donegal, Ireland is used herein. For this study the flooded site shall be referred to as the “Hegarty property”. A structure in the form of a stone arched culvert is located directly adjacent to the two-storey detached dwelling house on the Hegarty Property. While the culvert is referred to locally as a bridge, within this research the word culvert will be used in connection with the structure. The culvert has a concrete surrounded utility (watermain) crossing at a gradient below the culvert soffit on the upstream face of the structure. The utility obstructed flow through the culvert and contributed to the flooding event. Given the implication of climate change and the increased probability of more extreme flooding events, it was decided to explore the case study to ascertain the factors that contribute to flooding events when utilities are positioned at culvert or bridge structures. This work was completed to assist undergraduate students, researchers, and local authorities in a relatively unknown area of flood causation.

Design and Construction Technology of Prefabricated Reinforced Concrete Slab Culverts

Compared with traditional cast-in-situ concrete slab culverts,prefabricated reinforced concrete slab culverts can be produced more quickly and has strong quality controllability,strong earthquake resistance,and repeatability.They will be the primary production method of slab culverts in the future.This article offers a comprehensive review of the design and construction technology associated with prefabricated reinforced concrete slab culverts.The objective is to provide a valuable reference for related enterprises,enhance the quality of design and construction in precast pile configuration,and,in turn,contribute to the advancement of construction projects within our country.

高填方大直径钢波纹管涵变形机制与控制技术研究

目的 研究高填方大直径钢波纹管涵变形机制与控制技术,解决其结构变形过大的问题。方法 基于管道压缩变形公式,提出在管涵两侧一定范围内填筑水泥土材料的新技术;通过室内试验确定水泥土材料中最优水泥质量分数,再基于数值模拟和现场试验分析采用新技术施工的管涵结构的受力及变形特征及其上部竖向土压力分布规律,确定最优管侧填筑范围。结果 新填筑技术能充分利用水泥土的刚度限制管涵的变形,当管涵两侧2/3管径范围内采用水泥质量分数为8%水泥土回填时,管涵的最大竖向及水平变形分别减少了35.1%和55.0%,结构最大应力也由管顶处转移至管涵上部45°附近,受力更为合理。结论 新填筑技术使管涵更好地与周围土体逐步变形协调,产生荷载重分布形成土拱效应,将管顶土压力由管中心向管边缘处转移,有效减小了钢波纹管涵结构变形和应力集中。

黄河下游灌区引黄涵闸引水能力变化原因分析

黄河下游引黄涵闸受河床下切、河势变化等因素共同影响,引水条件与设计情况相比发生了变化,造成部分河段涵闸引水困难,影响农业适时灌溉和生产。为给应对引黄涵闸引水能力下降问题提供参考,基于黄河下游2000—2016年引黄涵闸引水水位和河道断面实测数据,分析引黄涵闸引水水位变化、河槽冲刷、引黄渠道淤积变化等因素对引黄涵闸引水能力产生的影响。结果表明:1)2016年黄河来水300~900 m^(3)/s时,黄河下游引黄涵闸实际引水能力仅为设计引水能力的13.63%~39.43%,引黄涵闸引水能力明显下降;2)相较2000年,2016年的引黄涵闸设计值对应黄河流量的水位,高村以上河段下降了2.95~3.35 m,高村以下河段下降了1.55~2.95 m;3)从河段河床平均冲刷厚度看,花园口—夹河滩、夹河滩—高村、高村—孙口、孙口—艾山、艾山—泺口、泺口—利津河段的冲刷厚度分别为3.88、3.06、1.84、1.88、1.88、2.02 m,河槽连续冲刷导致同流量水位明显降低,严重影响河南和山东段引黄涵闸正常引水;4)涵闸前后引、输水渠道淤积会导致引黄涵闸引水能力降低。

稳态渗流下非饱和土涵洞竖向土压力的迭代解与简化

为描述稳态渗流下不同类别非饱和土涵洞的竖向土压力变化,应用圆弧小主应力轨迹法和Mohr应力圆获得考虑土拱效应的滑移面土压力系数,继而基于非饱和土的有效应力强度公式与吸应力理论,由水平薄层单元的竖向力平衡分别建立稳态渗流下上埋式/沟埋式非饱和土涵洞竖向土压力的迭代解,给出应用步骤并开展对比验证与方法拓展,最后结合吸应力沿深度分布规律提出涵洞竖向土压力的简化实用公式。研究结果表明:涵洞竖向土压力迭代解能合理反映土体类别、水分蒸发、降雨入渗和土拱效应的综合影响,并得到文献现场实测和理论公式数据的正确性验证以及对非饱和土涵洞的适用性;涵洞竖向土压力实用公式可显式表达且精度良好,方便估算不同稳态渗流下涵洞主要荷载;砂土涵洞可忽略非饱和特性影响而按饱和土计算竖向土压力,粉土和黏土涵洞可简化吸应力沿深度为线性分布;上埋式涵洞土拱负效应使得竖向土压力增大,而沟埋式涵洞土拱正效应使得竖向土压力减小。

波纹钢形状与拱效应对加固盖板涵承载力的影响

为了探索波纹钢形状对加固盖板涵承载力的影响及填充混凝土的拱效应形成机制,采用室内试验与数值分析相结合的研究方法,以一个室内模型试验结果为基准,建立了72个箱形、圆弧及其之间的过渡形状的波纹钢加固盖板涵的数值模型,探明了加固体系承载力随波纹钢形状参数的变化规律;基于合理拱轴的概念,探明了填充混凝土的拱效应形成机理,并采用5个数值模型进行了验证。结果表明:拱腋半径保持不变时,加固体系的承载力随着拱顶、侧墙半径的增加而减小;拱顶、侧墙半径不变时,加固体系的承载力随着拱腋半径的增加而增大;提升加固体系承载力最有效的方式是增加拱腋半径,其次是减小拱顶和侧墙半径;填充混凝土的拱效应与荷载类型有关,当波纹钢的形状能保持拱轴连续并且在素混凝土刚性角以内时,加固体系的承载力最高。在设计波纹钢加固盖板涵结构时,应根据实际工程需要综合考虑波纹钢形状与填充混凝土的拱效应,尽量避免紧贴原盖板涵的加固设计。

跨地裂缝三孔斜交箱涵结构受力性能和变形规律研究

以西安站改扩建项目为工程背景,完成足尺三孔斜交箱涵结构受力性能数值模拟研究,分析荷载与地裂缝协同作用下结构的受力过程与可能破坏形态,开展缩尺比例为1∶15的三孔斜交箱涵缩尺模型静载试验,与有限元结果进行对比分析,明确变形缝斜交和板墙开洞等复杂条件下箱涵结构的裂缝发展、位移变形和应力分布规律,验证了数值分析的可行性,并提出设计建议。结果表明:足尺数值模型与缩尺试验模型的应力路径和裂缝分布吻合较好;最不利工况下,箱涵顶板混凝土开裂部位较多,纵向挠度变形较小;斜交变形缝处,钝角较锐角处更易产生应力集中现象,各部位易出现应力集中的顺序依次为跨中、钝角、锐角和板墙隅角;采用平行于变形缝的斜向布筋方式可降低因钢筋截断而产生的应力集中,优化传力路径;建议在顶板洞口横向位置处增设暗梁,洞角布置斜向钢筋,降低洞口周围的局部集中应力。

省水船闸闸底水平分流式连通廊道布置形式优化

省水船闸闸墙长廊道侧支孔输水系统通常采用闸底水平分流式连通廊道布置形式,以减少工程开挖量,分流均匀性是此类船闸输水过程的核心难题。针对该问题,依托我国某省水船闸工程,采用三维水流数值模拟方法对其连通廊道布置形式进行优化研究。结果表明:增大连通廊道与闸墙长廊道的接口面积,可有效改善两侧支廊道流量震荡问题。连通廊道水平分流口两侧宽度与分流墩两侧半径间的比值K表征分流口两侧分流的均匀性,当K=1.064时,两侧支廊道分流均匀性、闸室支孔出流均匀性及水流条件较佳。研究成果可为类似省水船闸连通廊道布置提供技术参考。

带加强圈的多跨钢波纹板拱涵施工力学行为试验研究

以4孔跨度9m钢波纹板拱涵为背景开展现场试验研究,针对拱背浇筑泡沫混凝土和拱顶回填土体施工过程,分析不同拱跨、有无加强圈断面关键位置的受力和变形特征。主要结论为:不同拱跨与有无加强圈对拱涵位移影响较小,且拱涵变形总体较小,最大约为4mm,应力满足设计标准,但拱脚截面应进行重点监控;不对称回填和不同回填材料造成边中跨、边跨两侧应力存在差异,在拱顶回填中,边跨钢波纹板、钢筋和加强圈内混凝土的应力均比中跨对应位置要大,最大差值分别为31.06,27.29,1.93MPa;加强圈仅在拱顶回填时充分参与受力,能显著减小拱脚波峰位置钢波纹板应力,减小量约为其设计强度的10%。

不同截面选型对波纹钢箱涵受力性能影响分析

波纹钢箱形结构相较于圆形、拱形和管拱形波纹钢结构截面利用率更高,更适用于路基高度受限的情况。目前对波纹钢箱涵加强措施的研究较多,但缺乏对波纹钢截面形式选择的研究。该文使用有限元分析软件Abaqus对波纹钢箱涵侧墙倾斜角度分别为0°、5°、10°、15°和20°共5种工况建立有限元模型,对结构应力和变形结果进行分析。结果表明:增大波纹钢箱涵侧墙的倾斜角度可以有效减小结构的竖向变形和结构的最大应力;但为充分发挥波纹钢箱涵截面利用率高的优势,推荐选用倾斜角度5°~10°的波纹钢箱涵形式。

城市排水泵站水力特性及整流措施

为了解弧形进水箱涵城市排水泵站水力特性,探寻改善泵站内部不良流态的整流措施,采用数值模拟方法对城市排水泵站水力流态及整流措施进行研究,并通过物理模型对整流效果进行验证。研究结果表明:弧形进水箱涵城市排水泵站的前池存在主流偏斜与分离流动现象,前池主流集中在中上层,中下层出现大范围的立面环流,底层存在回流,进水池内流态紊乱并出现旋涡,导致水泵进水不够顺畅;设计优化的“方形立柱+组合横梁”的组合式整流措施能够改善前池和进水池的水力流态,前池内的偏流和分离流动消除,底层回流消失,进水池旋涡得到有效抑制,3台水泵进水流道入口流速分布均匀度分别提升了12.0%、8.7%、8.3%,入流速度加权平均角分别提升了7.08°、9.07°、11.40°。

钢混加强圈对钢波纹板裸拱涵动力特性的影响研究

基于现场试验和数值仿真手段研究了设置钢混加强圈的钢波纹板拱涵的动力特性。首先,采用锤击试验原理,测试了某实际钢波纹板裸拱的轴向、环向及局部振动传递特性。然后,采用有限元法计算了结构振动响应,并与试验结果对比验证其可靠性。在此基础上,分析了有无加强圈、加强圈间距、加强圈填充混凝土的影响规律。结果表明:钢混加强圈能有效提高钢波纹板拱涵结构的整体刚度,并起到显著阻振隔振效果;与不设加强圈相比,设加强圈时相同距离测点的加速度频响衰减量增大约30dB;空心钢板加强圈和钢混加强圈均能对振动衰减起积极作用,但钢混加强圈的隔振效果远好于空心钢板加强圈。

基于振动台试验的加筋土柔性桥台抗震设计参数取值方法对比分析

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