Review of the Analysis and Suppression for High-frequency Oscillations of the Grid-connected Wind Power Generation System

High-frequency oscillation(HFO)of gridconnected wind power generation systems(WPGS)is one of the most critical issues in recent years that threaten the safe access of WPGS to the grid.Ensuring the WPGS can damp HFO is becoming more and more vital for the development of wind power.The HFO phenomenon of wind turbines under different scenarios usually has different mechanisms.Hence,engineers need to acquire the working mechanisms of the different HFO damping technologies and select the appropriate one to ensure the effective implementation of oscillation damping in practical engineering.This paper introduces the general assumptions of WPGS when analyzing HFO,systematically summarizes the reasons for the occurrence of HFO in different scenarios,deeply analyses the key points and difficulties of HFO damping under different scenarios,and then compares the technical performances of various types of HFO suppression methods to provide adequate references for engineers in the application of technology.Finally,this paper discusses possible future research difficulties in the problem of HFO,as well as the possible future trends in the demand for HFO damping.

Identification and Analysis of High-Frequency Oscillations in the Eyewalls of Tropical Cyclones

High-frequency oscillations, with periods of about 2 hours, are first identified by applying wavelet analysis to observed minutely wind speeds around the eye and eyewall of tropical cyclones（TCs）. Analysis of a model simulation of Typhoon Hagupit（2008） shows that the oscillations also occur in the TC intensity, vertical motion, convergence activity and air density around the eyewall. Sequences of oscillations in these variables follow a certain order.

Variations in High-frequency Oscillations of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific

Variations in the high-frequency oscillations of tropical cyclones （TCs） over the western North Pacific （WNP） are studied in numerical model simulations. Power spectrum analysis of maximum wind speeds at 10 m （MWS10） from an ensemble of 15 simulated TCs shows that oscillations are significant for all TCs. The magnitudes of oscillations in MWS10 are similar in the WNP and South China Sea （SCS）; however, the mean of the averaged significant periods in the SCS （1.93 h） is shorter than that in the open water of the WNP （2.83 h）. The shorter period in the SCS is examined through an ensemble of simulations, and a case simulation as well as a sensitivity experiment in which the continent is replaced by ocean for Typhoon Hagupit （2008）. The analysis of the convergence efficiency within the boundary layer suggests that the shorter periods in the SCS are possibly due to the stronger terrain effect, which intensifies convergence through greater friction. The enhanced convergence strengthens the disturbance of the gradient and thermal wind balances, and then contributes to the shorter oscillation periods in the SCS.

A note for the mechanism of high-frequency oscillation instability resulted from absorbing boundary conditions

In this paper the explanation of the mechanism of high-frequency oscillation instability resulted from absorbing boundary conditions is further improved. And we analytically prove the proposition that for one dimensional discrete model of elastic wave motion, the module of reflection factor will be greater than 1 in high frequency band when artificial wave velocity is greater than 1.5 times the ratio of discrete space step to discrete time step. Based on the proof, the frequency band in which instability occurs is discussed in detail, showing such high-frequency waves are meaningless for the numerical simulation of wave motion.

COMPARISON OF HIGH-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION VEN-TILATION WITH CONVENTIONAL MANDATORY VENTILATION IN ANIMAL ARDS MODEL

To compare effect of high-frequency oscillation ventilation （HFOV） and conventional mandatory ventilation （CMV） on lung injury development in rabbit with acute respiratory distress syndrome （ ARDS）. Methods Animals that underwent saline lung lavage to produce lung injury were randomized to one of the two treatment groups （ HFOV or CMV, n =6）. PaCO2 was maintained between 35 -45mmHg and arterial oxygen saturation （ SaO2 ） was maintain 〉 88% by adjusting corresponding ventilator parameters. Ventilation period was 6h. Lung fluids were aspirated before and at the end of ventilation for cell analysis. Then the animals were euthanized, lung tissue was removed for wet/dry weight measurement, light and electron microscopic examination. Besults The difference of artery blood gas analyses（pH, PaO2, PaCO2 ） between HFOV and CMV was insignificant. The difference between HFOV and CMV in cytological examination of lung fluids, wet/dry weight measurement was also insignificant. But compared with CMV, HFOV not only reduced the area of lung injury, but also reduced lung injury score in light and electron microscopic examination. Conclusion When same artery blood gas analysis was obtained, HFOV significantly reduced lung injury development in ARDS animal than CMV. As a lung protection strategy, HFOV can be used in the treatment of ARDS.

Simulation of wind-induced near-inertial oscillations in a mixed layer near the east coast of Korea in the East/Japan Sea

Using a simple damped slab model, it was possible to show that a local wind induced 88% （15 of 17） of the near-inertial oscillations （NIO） observed in the mixed layer near the east coast of Korea from 1999 to 2004. The model, however, overestimated the energy level in about two-thirds of the simulated cases, because the slab model was forced with winds whose characteristic period was shorter than the damping time scale of the model at 1.5 d. At the observation site, due to typhoons and orographic effects, high-frequency wind forcing is quite common, as is the overestimation of the energy level in the slab model results. In short, a simple slab model with a damping time-scale of about 1.5 d would be enough to show that the local wind was the main energy source of the near-inertial energy in this area, but the model could not be used to accurately estimate the amount of the work done by the wind to the mixed layer.

Prognostic value of high-frequency oscillations combined with multimodal imaging methods for epilepsy surgery

Background:The combination of high-frequency oscillations(HFOs)with single-mode imaging methods has been proved useful in identifying epileptogenic zones,whereas few studies have examined HFOs combined with multimodal imaging methods.The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of ripples,an HFO subtype with a frequency of 80 to 200 Hz is combined with multimodal imaging methods in predicting epilepsy surgery outcome.Methods:HFOs were analyzed in 21 consecutive medically refractory epilepsy patients who underwent epilepsy surgery.All patients underwent positron emission tomography(PET)and deep electrode implantation for stereo-electroencephalography(SEEG);11 patients underwent magnetoencephalography(MEG).Sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and accuracy in predicting surgical outcome were calculated for ripples combined with PET,MEG,both PET and MEG,and PET combined with MEG.Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were conducted in each group to estimate prognostic value.Results:The study included 13 men and 8 women.Accuracy for ripples,PET,and MEG alone in predicting surgical outcome was 42.9%,42.9%,and 81.8%,respectively.Accuracy for ripples combined with PET and MEG was the highest.Resection of regions identified by ripples,MEG dipoles,and combined PET findings was significantly associated with better surgical outcome(P<0.05).Conclusions:Intracranial electrodes are essential to detect regions which generate ripples and to remove these areas which indicate good surgical outcome for medically intractable epilepsy.With the assistance of presurgical noninvasive imaging examinations,PET and MEG,for example,the SEEG electrodes would identify epileptogenic regions more effectively.

High-frequency oscillations detected by electroencephalography as biomarkers to evaluate treatment outcome,mirror pathological severity and predict susceptibility to epilepsy

High-frequency oscillations(HFOs)in the electroencephalography(EEG)have been extensively investigated as a potential biomarker of epileptogenic zones.The understanding of the role of HFOs in epilepsy has been advanced considerably over the past decade,and the use of scalp EEG facilitates recordings of HFOs.HFOs were initially applied in large scale in epilepsy surgery and are now being utilized in other applications.In this review,we summarize applications of HFOs in 3 subtopics:(1)HFOs as biomarkers to evaluate epilepsy treatment outcome;(2)HFOs as biomarkers to measure seizure propensity;(3)HFOs as biomarkers to reflect the pathological severity of epilepsy.Nevertheless,knowledge regarding the above clinical applications of HFOs remains limited at present.Further validation through prospective studies is required for its reliable application in the clinical management of individual epileptic patients.

Expert consensus on clinical applications of high-frequency oscillations in epilepsy

Studies in animal models of epilepsy and pre-surgical patients have unanimously found a strong correlation between high-frequency oscillations(HFOs,>80 Hz)and the epileptogenic zone,suggesting that HFOs can be a potential biomarker of epileptogenicity and epileptogenesis.This consensus includes the definition and standard detection techniques of HFOs,the localizing value of pathological HFOs for epileptic foci,and different ways to distinguish physiological from epileptic HFOs.The latest clinical applications of HFOs in epilepsy and the related findings are also discussed.HFOs will advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of epilepsy.

三相不平衡高频振荡的相量测量方法

实时测量高频振荡相量可为高频振荡自适应抑制环节提供信息支撑。然而,高频振荡频率处正负序都可能存在不稳定模式,从而导致振荡信号三相不平衡特征明显,影响高频振荡相量测量准确度。因此,提出一种基于sinc插值函数的高频振荡相量测量方法。首先,对系统三相信号进行Clark变换;然后,基于sinc插值函数对负序振荡分量进行建模,进一步求解得到高频振荡相量和频率;最后,通过采用数值仿真信号、PSCAD仿真数据和实测数据进行测试发现,所提方法比传统方法具有更好的负序分量干扰抑制能力,准确度更高。

Overview of Mechanism and Mitigation Measures on Multi-frequency Oscillation Caused by Large-scale Integration of Wind Power

In recent years,the large-scale integration of re-newable energy sources represented by wind power and the widespread application of power electronic devices in power systems have led to the emergence of multi-frequency oscillation problems covering multiple frequency segments,which seriously threaten system stability and restrict the accommodation of renewable energy.The oscillation problems related to renewable energy integration have become one of the most popular topics in the field of wind power integration and power system stability research.It has received extensive attention from both academia and industries with many promising research results achieved to date.This paper first analyzes several typical multi-frequency oscillation events caused by large-scale wind power integration in domestic and foreign projects,then studies the multi-frequency oscillation problems,including wind turbine’s shafting torsional oscillation,sub/super-synchronous oscillation and high frequency resonance.The state of the art is systematically summarized from the aspects of oscillation mechanism,analysis methods and mitigation measures,and the future research directions are explored.

igh-frequency Oscillations and the Seizure Onset Zones in Neocortical Epilepsy

Background： To study the characters of high-frequency oscillations （HFOs） in the seizure onset zones （SOZ） and the nonseizure onset zones （NSOZ） in the electrocorticography （ECoG） of patients with neocortical epilepsy. Methods： Only patients with neocortical epilepsy who were seizure-free after surgery as determined with ECoG were included. We selected patients with normal magnetic resonance imaging before surgery in order to avoid the influence of HFOs by other lesions. Three minutes preictal and 1 0 rain interictal ECoG as recorded in 39 channels in the SOZ and 256 channels in the NSOZ were analyzed. Ripples and fast ripples （FRs） were analyzed by Advanced Source Analysis soltware （ASA, The Netherlands）. Average duration of HFOs was analyzed in SOZ and NSOZ separately. Results： For ripples, the permillage time occupied by HFOs was 0.83 in NSOZ and 1.17 in SOZ during the interictal period. During preictal period, they were 2.02 in NSOZ and 7.93 in SOZ. For FRs, the permillage time occupied by HFOs was 0.02 in NSOZ and 0.42 in SOZ during the interictal period. During preictal period, they were 0.03 in NSOZ and 2 in SOZ. Conclusions： High-frequency oscillations are linked to SOZ in neocortical epilepsy. Our study demonstrates the prevalent occurrence of HFOs in SOZ. More and more burst of HFOs, especially FRs, means the onset of seizures.

发作间期的高频振荡定位药物难治性癫痫致痫灶（附1例报告并文献复习）

目的：报道对1例药物难治性癫痫患者应用深部电极脑电图（EEG）长程监测发现的发作间期高频振荡分布及与其它辅助检查、临床症状的一致性，结合手术后疗效，分析高频振荡对药物难治性癫痫的定位价值。方法：记录患者自然安静睡眠高频振荡脑电活动5min，对比围发作期症状、影像学资料、常规神经电生理资料，分析深部电极记录的高频振荡与其它资料的一致性，根据高频振荡进行手术后的临床效果评价，并结合文献资料进行分析。结果：29岁男性患者临床发作表现提示可能为右额病灶，PET-CT示右额中回低代谢，MRI表现为双海马萎缩，头皮EEG显示右额尖慢波，颅内电极高频振荡位于双颞叶内侧和右额，自然睡眠期左侧颞叶内侧最频发且波幅高（自动检测），深部皂极EEG提示右额为起源灶（术后8h内癫痫持续状态，与惯常发作有异），主要参考发作间期高频振荡分布，进行立体定向射频热凝毁损左侧颞叶内侧后，患者术后4个月仅留先兆，不影响正常工作生活。结论：在患者安静睡眠期记录颅内电极发作间期高频振荡5min，可以显示患者的潜在致痫灶，帮助临床定位。

电刺激大鼠右侧尾壳核诱导皮层脑电高频振荡的特征

目的探讨电刺激大鼠右侧尾壳核诱导皮层脑电高频振荡(HFO)功率谱特征。方法实验共用雄性SD大鼠56只,体质量150~250 g,氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉下行气管插管和开颅术。将一根双极不锈钢同芯刺激电极植于右侧尾壳核,重复施加电刺激(60 Hz,2 s,0.4~0.6 mA);将两个不锈钢螺丝钉旋入双侧皮层的颅骨内,一个不锈钢螺丝钉电极旋入小脑皮层表面的颅骨内,记录双侧皮层脑电,分析脑电HFO的功率谱特征。结果重复施加电刺激诱导出现持续时间长达近10 ms的HFO,其电活动模式呈现逐渐增大和减小的变化趋势;从功率谱上分析,显示其带宽范围为80~450 Hz,且施加刺激对侧HFO持续时间延长、振幅增强,潜伏期缩短。结论电刺激大鼠右侧尾壳核可以诱导出现双侧皮层HFO,对侧易感,形成尾壳核-皮层癫痫网络。