Numerical Study of the High-Frequency Wave Loads and Ringing Response of A Bottom-Hinged Vertical Cylinder in Focused Waves

This paper presents a numerical study on the high-frequency wave loads and ringing response of offshore wind turbine foundations exposed to moderately steep transient water waves.Input wave groups are generated by the technique of frequency-focusing,and the numerical simulation of focused waves is based on the NewWave model and a Fourier time-stepping procedure.The proposed model is validated by comparison with the published laboratory data.In respect of both the wave elevations and the underlying water particle kinematics,the numerical results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data.Furthermore,the local evolution of power spectra and the transfer of energy into higher frequencies can be clearly identified.Then the generalized FNV theory and Rainey’s model are applied respectively to calculate the nonlinear wave loads on a bottom-hinged vertical cylinder in focused waves.Resonant ringing response excited by the nonlinear high-frequency wave loads is found in the numerical simulation when frequency ratios(natural frequency of the structure to peak frequency of wave spectra)are equal to 3–5.Dynamic amplification factor of ringing response is also investigated for different dynamic properties(natural frequency and damping ratio)of the structure.

Strength reduction and step-loading finite element approaches in geotechnical engineering

The finite element limit analysis method has the advantages of both numerical and traditional limit equilibrium techniques and it is particularly useful to geotechnical engineering.This method has been developed in China,following well-accepted international procedures,to enhance understanding of stability issues in a number of geotechnical settings.Great advancements have been made in basic theory,the improvement of computational precision,and the broadening of practical applications.This paper presents the results of research on（1） the efficient design of embedded anti-slide piles,（2） the stability analysis of reservoir slopes with strength reduction theory,and（3） the determination of the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations using step-loading FEM（overloading）.These three applications are evidence of the design improvements and benefits made possible in geotechnical engineering by finite element modeling.

RADIAL VIBRATIONS OF AXISYMMETRICALLY LOADED STEPPED PRESSURE VESSELS

Differential equations of free/forced radial vibrations of axisymmetrically loaded stepped pressure vessels are established by using singular functions. Furthermore, their general solutions are solved, the expression of vibration mode function and frequency equations on usual supports are derived with W operator and the forced response of such vessels are calculated.

Reciprocating Engine Step Load Response in Islanded Power Generation

The step load response of reciprocating engines is one of the key characteristics when considering its application in medium to large scale stationary power generation especially with islanded generation. This paper discusses the impacts of power frequency deviation on the generators and electrical equipment in the network and presents the relationship between step load capabilities and generator operating parameters. For a power plant consisting of a number of generators both step load and power output requirements must be satisfied. An analysis method is proposed to facilitate the development of an operation strategy which can meet both step load and power demand requirements in the full load range.? Typical reciprocating engine step load curves are used to demonstrate the analysis method and the results are further optimised for lower operational cost. This analysis method provides a general approach to operation strategy of large reciprocating engines used in islanded power generation.

Elastic stability of shallow pin-ended parabolic arches subjected to step loads

Buckling could be induced when shallow arches were subjected to vertical step loads. In-plane static and dynamic buckling of shallow pin-ended parabolic arches with a horizontal cable was investigated. Based on the equations of motion derived from Hamilton's principle, nonlinear equilibrium equations and static buckling equilibrium equations were deduced. Through the pseudo-static analysis, approximate solutions to the lower and upper dynamic buckling loads under step loads were obtained, for shallow parabolic arches. The results show that dynamic buckling and snap-through buckling are impossible when modified slenderness ratio λ<λc and λ>λs, where λc and λs denote critical slenderness ratios of bucking and snap-through buckling, respectively; effects of the stiffness of the horizontal cable on the dynamic buckling are significant; and the dynamic buckling loads under a equivalent central concentrated step load are lower than the loads under a distributed load appreciably.

Bending Properties of GCr15 Steel Guide Rail under the Multi-step Loading

To analyze the bending properties of GCr15 steel guide rail based on the elastic-plastic theory, the novel bending loading method consisting of multi-step loading and corresponding unloading was applied in three specimens with different cross section shape and different heat treatment condition. According to the experimental results, using numerical calculation software program and the numerical simulation with finite element analysis （FEA）, the relationships among the maximal load and displacement on cross section shape with each step bend loading, the loading stroke with the heat treatment condition, and the loading stroke with cross section shape were gained, and also those curves were discussed qualitatively. Finally, the contrast results between the numerical simulation and experiment were carried out to study the influence about the multi-step loading on specimen. It is put forward that enlightenment for the straightening stroke in the precision linear guide rail manufacture process.

Step-Loading Characteristics of Gas Engine Cogeneration System Using Doubly-Fed Induction Generator in Stand-Alone Operation

Application of a DFIG （doubly-fed induction generator）, which is one of adjustable speed generators, to a gas engine cogeneration system has been investigated. To operate during a blackout as an emergency power supply is one of important roles for the gas engine eogeneration system. In the case of conventional constant speed of synchronous generator, the amount of the allowed step load is limited to around 30% of the rated power. On the other hand, DFIG is expected to increase the amount of step load during the stand-alone operation. In this paper, it has been demonstrated that an increase in the gas engine speed resulted in an increase in the maximum amount of step load using experimental equipment with a real gas engine. It has been concluded that the proposed system can improve the performance of an emergency power supply at step-loading.

Some qualitative properties of incompressible hyperelastic spherical membranes under dynamic loads

Some nonlinear dynamic properties of axisymmetric deformation are ex- amined for a spherical membrane composed of a transversely isotropic incompressible Rivlin-Saunders material. The membrane is subjected to periodic step loads at its inner and outer surfaces. A second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation approximately describing radially symmetric motion of the membrane is obtained by setting the thick- ness of the spherical structure close to one. The qualitative properties of the solutions are discussed in detail. In particular, the conditions that control the nonlinear periodic oscillation of the spherical membrane are proposed. In certain cases, it is proved that the oscillating form of the spherical membrane would present a homoclinic orbit of type ＂∞＂, and the amplitude growth of the periodic oscillation is discontinuous. Numerical results are provided.

基于LABVIEW和STEP7的典型惯性模拟负载控制系统的设计和实现

基于LABVIEW和STEP7软件,设计并实现了用于模拟飞机典型惯性模拟负载控制系统。该统具有优异的电功率输出和调节能力,良好的人机交互功能和保护功能,能较好的满足民用飞机电气系统的试验需求。基于LABVIEW和STEP7的直流调速系统的成功实现,不仅保障了民用飞机电气系统设计验证工作,而且还积累了民用飞机电气系统试验配套设施研制经验,对民用飞机电气系统试验具有重要的指导意义。

垭口微地形下档内线路不均匀覆冰研究

明确垭口地形因子对垭口输电线路覆冰的影响规律,对山区输电线路的差异化防冰非常关键。该文基于水文分析中反地形理论提出山腰垭口,建立垭口风场数值模型,并通过风洞实验验证该模型。依据垭口风场分布,选定3类垭口线路的架设路径,得出垭口线路的风速区间。将初始状态下导线单次覆冰冰层厚度不得超过线径的7%作为覆冰步长取值依据,循环计算流场、粒子传输模型、热力学方程得出线路风速区间内导线的覆冰情况,进而得出垭口线路的冰荷载曲线,山腰、山脉、双山垭口线路冰荷载曲线在弧垂区分别出现了弯折、下行、下凹的走势。通过野外垭口线路自然覆冰实验,验证了覆冰计算的有效性,证实横跨垭口线路的不均匀覆冰性,不均匀覆冰规律与计算冰荷载曲线类似。计算不同地形因子组合下3类垭口的冰荷载曲线,并提出最大应力比概念,作为评判覆冰所引起线路事故可能性的标准,量化了不同垭口地形因子与线路最大应力比之间的关系。

NONLINEAR STABILITY OF TRUNCATED SHALLOW SPHERICALSHELL WITH VARIABLE THICKNESS UNDERUNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

In this paper, to begin with. the nonlinear differential equations of a truncaled shallow spherical shell with variable thickness under uniformal distributed load are linearized by step-by-step loading method. The linear differential equations can be solved by spline collocanon method. Critical loads have been obtained accordingly.

The Online Assessment of Electric Distribution Network Load Capability

To improve the security and reliability of a distribution network, several issues, such as influences of operation con-strains, real-time load margin calculation, and online security level evaluation, are with great significance. In this pa-per, a mathematical model for load capability online assessment of a distribution network is established, and a repeti-tive power flow calculation algorithm is proposed to solve the problem as well. With assessment on three levels: the entire distribution network, a sub-area of the network and a load bus, the security level of current operation mode and load transfer capability during outage are thus obtained. The results can provide guidelines for prevention control, as well as restoration control. Simulation results show that the method is simple, fast and can be applied to distribution networks belonged to any voltage level while taking into account all of the operation constraints.

双路卷积神经网络和序列到序列的多步短期负荷预测

为提高多步短期电力负荷预测精度,满足实际应用中对于不同时间长度的预测需求,提出一种双路卷积神经网络和序列到序列相结合的多步预测方法。首先,构造双支路并行结构的特征提取网络双路卷积神经网络对负荷输入数据进行不同尺度的深层次特征提取;其次,分别以双向门控循环单元和长短期记忆网络作为编码器和解码器构建序列到序列网络,利用编码器对双路卷积神经网络的输出特征进行编码,并引入注意力机制完成输入数据到动态变化的中间向量的信息转换;最后通过解码器解码实现未来多个时刻的负荷序列输出。实验结果表明,所提方法较其他方法具有更优的多步预测性能。

考虑柔性负荷和阶梯式碳交易的微电网鲁棒优化调度

针对低碳背景下微电网中可再生能源出力的不确定性以及碳排放问题,提出了一种考虑阶梯式碳交易机制同时柔性负荷参与调控的微电网两阶段鲁棒优化方法。在调度模型中引入阶梯式碳交易机制,限制系统的碳排放量;通过柔性负荷的调控作用弥补由于可再生能源出力波动造成的功率缺额,进一步减小了微电网的碳排放量和调度成本;模型中引入不确定参数调节系统的保守性,日前阶段基于预测数据并考虑系统日内可能遭受的最恶劣场景,制定预测数据下的日前调度方案,日内调控阶段则在日前调度方案的基础上进行二次优化,在最恶劣场景下给出系统的日内调控方案;模型利用嵌套C&CG算法对调度模型进行求解。算例仿真结果证明,鲁棒优化方法相较于确定性优化方法其总调度成本平均减少了3.1%;考虑阶梯式碳交易机制后,系统单日运行的碳排放量和总调度成本相较于未考虑碳交易机制时分别下降了17.7%和3.7%;考虑柔性负荷参与调度后,系统单日运行的碳排放量和总调度成本相较于未考虑柔性负荷时分别下降了26%和24.3%,验证了所提优化模型的有效性。

需求响应激励下耦合电转气、碳捕集设备的综合能源系统优化

为了充分调动用户侧柔性负荷资源,发挥氢能的低碳特性,本文提出了一种需求响应激励下耦合两阶段电转气和碳捕集设备的综合能源系统优化方法。首先,构建两阶段电转气、碳捕集、氢燃料电池和储氢罐等设备组成的氢基综合能源系统。其次,结合负荷能源转换间耦合关系与调节特性,引入阶梯型需求响应激励机制并对补偿基价、区间长度、价格增长率3个参数进行自适应优化。最后,设置多种场景,用多目标灰狼算法对系统的供能侧、需求侧和阶梯型需求响应激励机制进行优化求解。结果表明,基于此方法系统运行的总成本和CO_(2)排放量都有所降低。

基于负荷台阶的工业需求响应用户优选方法

在未来高比例新能源渗透下,供需平衡不确定性逐步增加,需求响应是通过挖掘用户侧灵活性资源保障系统电力电量平衡的重要手段。在电力部门进行需求响应工作时,需要使用历史数据来初步评估负荷响应潜力,以便选择潜力高的用户并展开动员工作。面向表征工业用户用能特点的负荷台阶,对其进行了定义并给出了数学表达,进而提出了基于负荷台阶的工业需求响应用户优选方法。首先,构建了基于负荷台阶的工业用户多时间尺度需求响应潜力指标体系;然后,构建了需求响应用户优选模型,实现对不同用户响应潜力的初评估,并利用k-means算法和近邻传播算法进行群体划分,在不同时间尺度对用户进行优选;最后,基于水泥、造纸等4个行业的多个工业用户实际负荷数据进行算例分析,呈现了所提方法下工业需求响应的用户优选结果。

温度突变下人体热反应的实验研究

利用人工气候室模拟了不同季节对应的9种温度突变工况,对24名受试者开展了中性→热(冷)→中性往返式温度突变对人体热反应影响的实验研究,得到了环境温度发生突变时人体生理反应、主观反应及全身热负荷的变化规律。研究发现:在各突变工况下,主观反应变化超前于生理反应变化;突变前后人体生理和心理反应出现不对称现象;在热→中性突变工况下人体出现“冷感超越”,通过分析实验过程中人体各项散热量的变化规律,发现“冷感超越”的原因是皮肤蒸发散热量显著增大进而导致人体总散热量远大于产热量。温度突变动态环境中的热感觉与平均皮肤温度及其变化率均呈线性关系,得到了基于皮肤温度的热感觉预测模型。将人体热负荷及其变化量引入热感觉预测模型中,得到了基于热负荷的热感觉预测模型。PMV模型、基于皮肤温度的热感觉预测模型、基于热负荷的热感觉预测模型的对比显示,基于热负荷的预测模型能够更好地预测温度突变环境下的人体热感觉。

基于阶跃阻抗谐振器的四阶频率可调滤波器设计

提出一种基于阶跃阻抗谐振器的紧凑型四阶四零点频率可调滤波器设计。滤波器使用变容二极管加载的阶跃阻抗谐振器(VL-SIR),有效拓宽了滤波器的调谐范围。在VL-SIR之间引入交叉耦合,从而在滤波器通带近端产生一对传输零点,显著提高了滤波器的选择性。同时,引入源和负载端的交叉耦合,在通带远端生成一对传输零点,以提高带外抑制。此外,采用基于VL-SIR的频变耦合结构来实现恒定绝对带宽。仿真结果与实测结果吻合良好。测量结果显示,可调滤波器频率调谐范围为0.78~1.15 GHz,3 dB绝对带宽约为55±3 MHz,滤波器的回波损耗大于10 dB,插入损耗约为2.8~3.3 dB。

油气井斜承载台阶面强度研究——以万米超深井超重送入钻杆45°台阶面为例

为应对钻探深度增加带来的井口设备超重载荷挑战,解决超重载荷承载台阶设计校核缺乏统一标准等问题,开展对承载台阶强度的研究。首先,建立考虑摩擦力的斜面台阶力学模型,提出承载台阶剪切失效模型下的计算公式,并对不同设计准则、安全系数和标准下的结果进行对比分析。然后,以万米超深井超重尾管设计的新型带45°斜坡的送入钻杆为例,结合理论分析与弹塑性非线性有限元,进行多种方法求解极限载荷研究,得到轴向的许用载荷和极限载荷,并对钻杆台阶面进行局部应变等评价。研究结果表明:所提出剪切失效公式可用于斜面台阶承载极限载荷计算,建议采用ASME BPVCⅧ-3规定的弹塑性方法进行精细分析,载荷系数取1.8计算许用极限载荷。研究结果为油气井行业中井口设备承载的斜台阶设计与计算提供理论基础与参考。

主轴划痕对轴承系统抵御多种载荷冲击的动态性能影响

建立了1个考虑主轴划痕、轴瓦变形和沟槽结构的水润滑橡胶轴承混合润滑瞬态模型,研究了划痕对水润滑橡胶轴承在周期性载荷及非周期性载荷作用下的动态行为影响.结果表明:在偏心载荷下,划痕的存在会使得主轴与轴承出现“高温布朗运动”般的反复碰撞现象,且划痕深度及宽度的增大均会延长启动过程中的微凸体接触时间,严重降低水润滑轴承寿命;在受到脉冲载荷后,划痕会使轴心的运动范围变大,导致轴承与主轴更容易发生碰摩,降低轴承抵抗脉冲载荷冲击的能力;深划痕及宽划痕时,水润滑轴承受到阶跃载荷干扰会从弹流润滑状态进入混合润滑状态.主轴表面出现划痕使轴承系统遭遇外载荷干扰时的自动抵御能力退化.