Mesoscale and Microphysical Characteristics of a Double Rain Belt Event in South China on May 10–13,2022

A second rain belt sometimes occurs ahead of a frontal rain belt in the warm sector over coastal South China,leading to heavy precipitation.We examined the differences in the mesoscale characteristics and microphysics of the frontal and warm sector rain belts that occurred in South China on May 10–13,2022.The southern rain belt occurred in an environment with favorable mesoscale conditions but weak large-scale forcing.In contrast,the northern rain belt was related to low-level horizontal shear and the surface-level front.The interaction between the enhanced southeasterly winds and the rainfall-induced cold pool promoted the persistent growth of convection along the southern rain belt.The convective cell propagated east over the coastal area,where there was a large temperature gradient.The bow-shaped echo in this region may be closely related to the rear-inflow jet.By contrast,the initial convection of the northern rain belt was triggered along the front and the region of low-level horizontal shear,with mesoscale interactions between the enhanced warm-moist southeasterly airflow and the cold dome associated with the earlier rain.The terrain blocked the movement of the cold pool,resulting in the stagnation of the frontal convective cell at an early stage.Subsequently,a meso-γ-scale vortex formed during the rapid movement of the convective cell,corresponding to an enhancement of precipitation.The representative raindrop spectra for the southern rain belt were characterized by a greater number and higher density of raindrops than the northern rain belt,even though both resulted in comparable hourly rainfalls.These results help us better understand the characteristics of double rain belts over South China.

Aero-Hydrodynamic Coupled Dynamic Characteristics of Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Under Inflow Turbulence

In this study,the frequency characteristics of the turbulent wind and the effects of wind-wave coupling on the low-and high-frequency responses of semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines(FOWT)are investigated.Various wave load components,such as first-order wave loads,combined first-and second-order difference-frequency wave loads,combined first-and second-order sum-frequency wave loads,and first-and complete second-order wave loads are taken into consideration,while different turbulent environments are considered in aerodynamic loads.The com-parison is based on time histories and frequency spectra of platform motions and structural load responses and statistical values.The findings indicate that the second-order difference-frequency wave loads will significantly increase the natural frequency of low-frequency motion in the responses of the platform motion and structure load of the semi-submersible platform,which will cause structural fatigue damage.Under the action of turbulent wind,the influences of second-order wave loads on the platform motion and structural load response cannot be ignored,especially under extreme sea conditions.Therefore,in order to evaluate the dynamic responses of semi-submersible FOWT more accurately,the actual environment should be simulated more realistically.

Extraction of Echo Characteristics of Underwater Target Based on Cepstrum Method

The analysis and characteristic extraction of target echo characteristics are important in underwater target detection and recognition. Rigid acoustic scattering components are generally used as major echo contributors with relatively stable characteristic information. Previous studies focus on echo characteristics from a single angle, thereby limiting the amount of extracted characteristic information. This paper aims to establish a full-angle rigid echo components model and overcome the difficulty of the extraction of time delay characteristics of narrow-band acoustic scattering echoes. On the basis of the analysis of the target echo highlight model, the echo characteristics of rigid acoustic scattering components are extracted in the cepstrum domain, and a wavelet process is proposed to enhance the effect of time delay estimation. Experimental data indicate that the extracted time delay characteristics accord with the rigid echo characteristics of underwater target, thereby validating the effectiveness of the cepstrum method.

Analysis of echo signal modulation characteristic parameters on aerial and space targets

Based on the scattering characteristic,the comparison of RCS(radar cross-section)at different positions of a target in the same direction of incidence can be obtained first by extruding or deleting part of the entity.A simulation method of aerial&space targets echo characteristics(A&STEC)is proposed that is universal to aerial and space targets.We utilize a fixed-wing UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)and typical missiles in simulation.The echo signal modulation characteristic parameters are calculated theoretically by the atmospheric attenuation model,the finite element method and a MUMPS solver.The verification simulations show that this method can analyze the influence of the target shape,incident direction,detection position and detection frequency on echo waveform,intensity and energy distribution.The results show that the profile of echo waveform can invert the general shape of the target.The relationship between time and intensity can determine whether the target is moving towards or away from the detector in addition.These conclusions can provide a reference for the ballistic missile target tracking and the defense against UVA intrusion in theory.

CHARACTERISTICS AND RELATIONS OF LIGHTNING AND RADAR ECHOES FOR STRONG CONVECTIVE RAINSTORMS IN YUNNAN

Based on cloud-ground lightning data and Doppler weather radar echo products, both thecharacteristics and the relations of lightning and radar echoes for strong convective rainstorms over Yunnanare analyzed during the flood season of 2007. The results show that most rainstorms are convective in whichlightning is mostly negative and the negative lightning number accounts for more than 90% of the total.Although the correlation between precipitation and the lightning number is small on the rainstorm day, thelarge day-lightning frequency usually produces heavy precipitation. Hourly evolution of precipitation andlightning frequency shows peak-style characteristics. And their evolution is very coherent in strongrainstorm, but lightning often occurs before precipitation, whose peaks are in phase with or 1-to-2-hourlagged behind that of lightning frequency. Meanwhile the peaks of positive frequency are in phase with orfall behind that of precipitation. When the wind field is heterogeneous in radial velocity, it is conducive toboth the development of convection echoes and occurrence of lightning. Strong lightning-producingconvective rainstorms correspond to strong echo fields and usually result in reflectivity above 30 dBZ andecho top ET of more than 9 km, respectively.

Research on the underwater echo characteristics by hollow coaxial cylinder-cone assembled elastic shell

For the purpose to research the underwater echo characteristics of elastic shell,the numerical expressions of surface sound pressure and particle vibration velocity are derived based on finite element and boundary element theories.The echo characteristics of hollow coaxial cylinder-cone assembled elastic shell are calculated with simulation and experiment methods to obtained the azimuth angle and frequency characteristics.It's shown in the results that the more quantity of mesh point,the higher precision of calculation.Meanwhile,the magnitude of mirror reflection wave is largest in the echo wave between 20 and 40 kHz,and increases as the scattering cross-section.The backscatter sound pressure of elastic shell has the obvious frequency characteristic.

A study on characteristic indexesof railway ballast bed underhigh-frequency radar

Purpose–In this paper,a high-frequency radar test system was used to collect the data of clean ballast bed and fouled ballast bed of ballasted tracks,respectively,for a quantitative evaluation of the condition of railway ballast bed.Design/methodology/approach–Based on original radar signals,the time–frequency characteristics of radar signals were analyzed,five ballast bed condition characteristic indexes were proposed,including the frequency domain integral area,scanning area,number of intersections with the time axis,number of timedomain inflection points and amplitude envelope obtained by Hilbert transform,and the effectiveness and sensitivity of the indexes were analyzed.Findings–The thickness of ballast bed tested at the sleep bottom by high-frequency radar is up to 55 cm,which meets the requirements of ballast bed detection.Compared with clean ballast bed,the values of the five indexes of fouled ballast bed are larger,and the five indexes could effectively show the condition of the ballast bed.The computational efficiency of amplitude envelope obtained by Hilbert transform is 140 s$km
1,and the computational efficiency of other indexes is 5 s$km
1.The amplitude envelopes obtained by Hilbert transform in the subgrade sections and tunnel sections are the most sensitive,followed by scanning area.The number of intersections with the time axis in the bridge sections was the most sensitive,followed by the scanning area.The scanning area can adapt to different substructures such as subgrade,bridges and tunnels,with high comprehensive sensitivity.Originality/value–The research can provide appropriate characteristic indexes from the high-frequency radar original signal to quantitatively evaluate ballast bed condition under different substructures.

Analysis on the Radar Echo's Characteristics of One Severe Rainstorm in Central Guangxi

[Objective] The aim was to analyze radar echo characteristic of a heavy rainstorm in central Guangxi in June, 2010. [Method] Using conventional observations and automatic stations, Doppler radar and other data, a severe rainstorm in central of Guangxi which occurred on 31 May to 1 June 2010 was analyzed. The characteristics of weather radar data were analyzed to reveal the characteristics of radar echo during the heavy precipitation process. [ Result] The heavy rainstorm had gone through many singular wind storms towards MCS variation. The existence of ultra-sin- gular and ＂train effect＂ was the main reason of the heavy rainstorm. The results showed that during the heavy rainfall experienced an evolution process from multi-cell storm to MCS, and found that super cell and the ＂train effect＂ was the major reason which caused this torrential rain. The echo centroid of multi-cell storm stretching along its moving reverse order was the key factor which maintained the heavy rain. Analysis also found that the average echo intensity had a good relationship with rainfall. Strong echoes were in quasi-stationary state for a long time and was favorable heavy rain. In the diameter velocity diagram, mesoscale convergence line, the adverse wind regions and the mid-cyclone were the important basis to determine producing and keeping heavy rainfall. Radar wind profile can reflect the configuration of layers of wind conditions, and it was an effective tool to determine whether the trough was in transition or not. [ Conclusion] The study provided reference for the short-term and nowcasting report.

Characteristic-knowledge-aided spectral detection of high frequency first-order sea echo

To detect high frequency （HF） first-order sea echo spectra contaminated with ships, ionosphere interference, and other, a new characteristic-knowledge-aided detection method is proposed. With 2-D image features in range-Doppler spectrum, the trend of first-order sea echoes is extracted as indicative information by a multi-scale filter. Detection rules for both single and splitting first-order sea echoes are given based on the characteristic knowledge combining the indicative information with the global characteristics such as amplitude, symmetry, continuity, etc. Compared with the classical algorithms, the proposed method can detect and locate the first-order sea echo in the HF band more accurately especially in the environment with targets/clutters smearing. Experiments with real data verify the validity of the algorithm.

Geochemical Characteristics and Sedimentary Control of Pinghu Formation(Eocene)Coal-bearing Source Rocks in Xihu Depression,East China Sea Basin

Coal-bearing source rocks of the Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression comprise an important material basis of oil and gas resources in the East China Sea Basin.Based on drilling core observation results combined with the analysis and test results of macerals,trace/rare earth elements,and rock pyrolysis,the geochemical characteristics and sedimentary control of coal-bearing source rocks formation are discussed in a high-frequency sequence framework.The results indicate that the macerals composition of the coal-bearing source rocks of the Eocene Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Depression is dominated by vitrinite,with low-medium abundance of exinite and almost no inertinite.The coals and carbonaceous mudstones display higher amounts of total organic carbon(TOC)(14.90%-65.10%),S1+S2(39.24-136.52 mg/g),and IH(191-310 HC/g TOC)respectively,as compared to the mudstones.Organic matter is plotted in typeⅢkerogens and partially in typeⅡ;it is mainly in the low maturity stage.The trace elements results imply that the samples were deposited in a weakly reducing to weakly oxidizing environment and were occasionally affected by seawater.The coal-bearing source rocks were deposited in a relatively oxygen-containing environment.The coal-bearing source rocks development is jointly controlled by the coal accumulation environment,the water conditions affected by ocean currents in offshore basins in China,oxidation-reduction cycles of aqueous media and paleoclimate evolution in a high-frequency sequence framework.

Sedimentary filling characteristics and controlling factors of lacustrine microbial carbonates sequence in the Santos Basin,Brazil

Based on comprehensive analysis of seismic,logging,core,thin section data,and stable isotopic compositions of carbon and oxygen,the sedimentary filling characteristics of the Lower Cretaceous Barra Velha Formation sequence in H oil field,Santos Basin,are studied,and the high-frequency sequence stratigraphic framework is established,and the spatial distribution of reef-shoal bodies are predicted and the controlling factors are discussed.During the depositional period of the Barra Velha Formation,the study area is a slope-isolated platform-slope sedimentary pattern from southwest to northeast and the change of climate background from rift to depression periods has resulted in the variation of sedimentary characteristics from the lower third-order sequence SQ1(BVE 300 Member)of low-energy deep water to the upper third-order sequence SQ2(BVE 200 and 100 members)of high-energy shallow water in the Barra Velha Formation.The activities of extensional faults and strike-slip faults in rift period and the sedimentary differentiation from platform margin to intra-platform in depression period made the sedimentary paleogeomorphology in these two periods show features of“three ridges and two depressions”.The reef-shoal bodies mainly developed in the SQ2-LHST period,with vertical development positions restricted by the periodic oscillation of the lake level,and developed on the top of each high-frequency sequence stratigraphic unit in SQ2-LHST in the platform.The strike-slip fault activity controlled the distribution of the reef-shoal bodies on the plane by changing the sedimentary paleogeomorphology.The positive flower-shaped strike-slip faults made the formation of local highlands at the margins of and inside the shallow water platforms and which became high-energy sedimentary zones,creating conditions for the development of reef-shoal bodies.

Evolution Characteristics of a Local Strong Hailstorm in Shandong Peninsula

On May 28,2018,a strong hailstorm accompanying gale(with speed of 17 m/s)and hail(with the maximum diameter of 42 mm)occurred in Yantai in Shandong Peninsula.Based on the conventional weather observation,Doppler weather radar,and automatic weather station data,the evolution characteristics of the strong hailstorm in Shandong Peninsula were analyzed.The results show that this multi-cell strong storm occurred under the background of high-altitude cold vortex.The strong cold advection at the middle and high altitudes and the weak warm advection at the low altitude formed a strong unstable stratification,and also led to cooling at the middle altitudes at the same time.The height of 0 and-20℃dropped significantly,which provided better environmental conditions for the growth of hail in the air.The lower temperature 0℃also ensured less melting of hail during falling,and the middle dry layer was conducive to the formation of thunderstorm gale.The vertical wind shear above medium intensity was the development and maintenance mechanism of thunderstorm cells gradually evolving into a strong hailstorm.From the analysis of radar echo characteristics,it is found that it was a strong hailstorm weather process caused by the linear multi-cell storm.The thunderstorm cells that could produce large hail occurred and developed,and the whole process lasted for 2 h under the triggering of the convergence line formed by the interaction of the sea breeze front and ground cold front.It had obvious characteristics of hail such as three-body scattering spikes,side-lobe echoes,high-hanging strong echoes,as well as the characteristics of thunderstorm gale such as arcuate echoes,middle-level radial convergence,and back side inflow.The storm development process was accompanied by backward propagation,but the long axis of the line storm was basically perpendicular to the movement direction of the storm,so there was no short-term heavy precipitation.The stratification instability conditions,water vapor conditions and ground convergence conditions in the eastern part of the peninsula were significantly worse than those in the western part.As a result,the thunderstorm cells first appeared in Laizhou,and then developed into the linear multi-cell storm in the process of eastward movement.Finally,it was rapidly weakened and disappeared after passing through Yantai.

Analysis on Three-dimensional Structure and Echo Characteristic Quantity of a Supercell Storm

[Objective] The research aimed to study three-dimensional structure and echo characteristic quantity of a supercell storm in central Gansu on May 30,2005.[Method] By monitoring data of Lanzhou CINRAD/CC Doppler radar,the three-dimensional structure characteristics of a rare supercell storm which happened in central Gansu on May 30,2005 were analyzed.We tried to reveal three-dimensional structure and echo characteristic index of supercell storm in the northeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and find reason of rare heavy hail appearance.[Result] The large-scale strong storm was formed by the common effect of Mongolia cold vortex,low-level jet and ground cold front.When the development of main echo was mature,on reflectivity factor map,it presented obvious inverted 'V' shaped structure in left front of low-level storm,typical hooked and 'person'-type echo characteristics in the right rear.The bounded weak echo zone(vault) in low level corresponded with strong echo overhanging body in high level.It surpassed 60 dBz in the strong reflectivity factor zone.It presented one weak meso-cyclone on corresponding radial velocity map.The jumped increase characteristic of VIL could be as one of indices for judging that hail started to grow.Almost all storms(VILD ≥4.0 g/m3) had more obvious indication significance than VIL for judging heavy hail(diameter ≥20 mm).[Conclusion] The research provided reference for nowcasting of strong convection weather and artificial hail suppression.

空天目标雷达智能识别仿真系统设计与实现

雷达智能识别方法训练、测试与评估通常需要构建大样本的数据集,如何快速获得有效的数据集是亟待解决的问题。分析了空天目标雷达智能识别系统应用场景,并结合应用需求给出了空天目标雷达智能识别仿真系统建设思路;采用组件化、模块化设计方法,设计空天目标雷达智能识别仿真系统框架,构建空天目标智能识别仿真系统,快速准确模拟空天目标电磁特性和动态回波,具有可扩展、可重构能力。仿真结果和初步应用表明,该系统可用于不同应用场景下空天目标雷达智能识别方法的测试与评估。

压力容器小径支管角焊缝相控阵检测埋藏缺陷回波特性研究

采用CIVA仿真软件对实际规格的压力容器小径接管角焊缝模型进行了仿真分析,研究了球孔、横通孔、未熔合、未焊透和裂纹等典型缺陷的回波响应规律及特征,结果表明,相对于端角结构信号,不同缺陷的回波强度不同,面积型缺陷与声束角度90°时回波强度最大,同一类型缺陷位于不同位置时的回波强度差距明显,最大达到了13 dB。设计加工了典型缺陷的模拟试件,对5种典型缺陷的检测结果开展了试验分析,结果表明,试件中的缺陷均可被有效检测。总结了不同缺陷的回波特性变化规律,可为现场检测中的缺陷定性提供参考和依据。

四川两次极端暴雨强降水特征及与雷达回波和闪电关系分析

选取了2020年8月四川两次历史性极端暴雨过程,根据量级和持续时间对强降水进行划分,分析其时空分布特征及与雷达回波和闪电的关系。结果表明:短时强降水主要发生在22时—次日03时,降水强度为30~<50 mm/h的站次最多,区域集中在盆地西部。随着降水量级的增加,站点对应的闪电密度均增大,小时平均回波、最强回波、最弱回波均呈增强的趋势。随着降水持续时间的增加,站点对应的负地闪平均强度增强。第一次过程强降水站次与闪电频次的高值中心具有良好的对应关系。第二次过程随着降水量级增大,对应的回波均方根误差减小,而第一次过程则相反。

廊坊市雷暴大风多普勒雷达特征指标预警应用分析

利用北京、天津和沧州多普勒天气雷达对2010—2019年廊坊市发生的29次雷暴大风天气过程中的阵风锋、径向速度大值区、垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)≥40 kg·m^(-2)等预警指标进行验证分析,结果表明:51.9%的站次出现了阵风锋,其中61.0%的雷暴大风出现在主体回波移动前方中部到右侧;17 m·s^(-1)以上大风速区作为预警指标,预警的平均提前量达47.2 min。100%的弓形回波雷暴大风出现前上游及可能影响区域存在≥17 m·s^(-1)的大风速区,以此发布预警可提前37.1 min;71.4%的雷暴大风站点上空或10 km范围内VIL≥40 kg·m^(-2),平均预警提前量最高,达到52.7 min;依据带状回波前侧或右前侧出现阵风锋发布预警的平均提前量为60.6 min。73.7%的块状回波雷暴大风天气上游及可能影响区域有≥17 m·s^(-1)的大风速区。结合上游及可能影响区域≥17 m·s^(-1)和≥20 m·s^(-1)大风速区、阵风锋、VIL≥40 kg·m^(-2)出现位置可以提前30~60 min发布雷暴大风预警信号,且可更加精准地预测灾害性大风的落区、出现时间和强度。

天气雷达三体散射长钉回波特征分析

利用2016—2020年中国中东部地区47个强对流个例中50部S波段多普勒天气雷达的基本反射率因子产品资料,在筛选出2626个样本的基础上,分析三体散射长钉(TBSS)特征。结果表明:TBSS在1.5 km和5 km高度附近出现频次最高;在2.4°仰角出现频次最高。TBSS主要出现在雷达静锥区边缘至雷达径向距离210 km范围,在距离雷达115 km附近达到峰值;TBSS在雷达极坐标系中呈现南多北少、西多东少的形势;当对流风暴移动方向与雷达径向方向的夹角大于30°时有利于观测到TBSS。TBSS回波强度在起始端径向向外0~15 km范围内迅速降低至5 dBz,15 km之后在-5~10 dBz波动,TBSS区域中70%以上为低于25 dBz的弱回波;99%的TBSS长度小于40 km,不同长度的TBSS形态符合正态分布。TBSS出现频次和长度与强回波的中心最高值和区域面积没有显著相关关系。

一次冰雹云发展的雷达回波特征分析及其防雹作业效果物理检验

利用云南昭通CC雷达和威宁探空等资料,对贵州省威宁县2017年7月23日的一次冰雹云发展过程的雷达基本反射率因子和径向速度的变化特征进行分析,同时通过插值得到剖面变化特征,研究雹云垂直结构演变,并根据雷达回波顶高、强回波中心(45 dBZ)高度、组合反射率和垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)这4个雷达探测特征物理量,进行时间序列分析,得到防雹作业效果。结果表明:(1)降雹前对流单体的合并使回波强度和VIL分别跃增至60 dBZ和50 kg·m^(-2)以上,冰雹云的雷达回波出现旁瓣回波和“V”形缺口。(2)中低层气流的径向辐合及高层强辐散带来的强烈抽吸作用所产生的上升气流,使雹云能够稳定维持和发展。(3)防雹作业后,雹云开始由上至下分裂直至完全分裂成两个孤立弱单体,回波顶高明显降低,组合反射率较峰值下降近30 dBZ。(4)在作业单元和对比单元的生命史时间内,作业单元的4个雷达探测特征物理量下降速率均大于对比单元的,表明防雹作业有效抑制了雹云的发展。通过对比分析发现,防雹作业24 min后,4个雷达探测特征物理量的双比值均小于1,进一步证明防雹作业取得了明显的正效果,加速了对流单体的消亡。

一次大暴雨中尺度短时强降水回波特征分析

为了做好江西宜丰大暴雨天气的预警预报服务,使用常规天气图、宜丰自动站雨量、江西雷达拼图等资料,采用天气学、雷达气象学等原理,对2022年6月3日江西宜丰地区大暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明,通过对6月3日宜丰大暴雨年月日统计特征进行分析,1981—2022年宜丰每年大暴雨出现频次在0~2次,主要集中出现在6月份。宜丰此次大暴雨过程前期雨势不大,但由于云系发展和地形、环境等条件的影响,在6月3日08时小时雨强达到了65 mm,到了09时小时雨强达到最大的70 mm,造成了局地的超短时强降水。受低槽及低层切变东移影响,边界层及地面增温明显,动力抬升加强。850 hPa低涡东侧的切变线一直延伸至赣北北部,切变线南侧西南急流达到14 m/s,宜丰处在西南急流的左前方,同时地面辐合线稳定在宜丰附近并与低层切变耦合,导致辐合扰动加强,有利于强风暴在辐合线附近发生。回波形态为絮状回波带结构,絮状回波带包含着多个较强单体回波,影响宜丰的组合反射率CR回波最强达到50 dBZ,≥45 dBZ回波稳定在宜丰南部,为短时强降水的生成形成了非常有利的条件,随着回波顶高的升高,加强了该单体回波的降水效率,08时出现了小时雨强65 mm/h的超强降水。