EVALUATION OF EMBRITTLEMENT BEHAVIOR DUETO SENSITIZATION IN A CRYOGENIC AUSTENITICSTAINLESS STEEL BY MEANS OF SMALL PUNCHAND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TESTS

In order to evaluate the tendency of mechanical properties degrudation due to weld-ing and other processing in materials used for supporting coils in super conducting rnaguets utilized in thermonuclear jusion reactore, a small punch (SP) test was used.This test, which was originally developed to study irradiation damage using miniatursized specimens was performed at 77 and 4 K for solution treated and sensitized JN1 austenitic stainless steel, a candidate cryogenic structural material. The area under the load-deflection curve up to the maximum applied load in SP test was defined as the SP enerpy, to characterize the resistance to fracture. Although solution treated material exhibited ductile fracture mode with high SP enerpy, embrittlement behavior due to sensitization at 650-800°for 1-5 h was shown clearlg by SP test with brittle intergranular fracture and decreased SP enerpy. Comparison of the results obtained by SP test with those by fracture toughness test showed the usefulness of SP test for evaluation of sensitization induced embrittlement at cryogenic temperature. The re-sults obtained in this study can be very usefol in predicting the degradation due to welding and other processing in cryogenic materials.

Hot cracking susceptibility research in BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel

Baosteel’s first BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel exhibits strong deformation-induced hardening characteristics.Compared with common low-alloy martensitic wear-resistant steels in the market, it has improved impact wear resistance, hard abrasive wear, erosion wear performance, and impact toughness.The metallurgical properties of such austenitic wear-resistant steel lead to the risk of failure because of hot cracking defects in the welded structure.In wear-resistant applications, evaluating hot cracking susceptibility is necessary to avoid the effect of welding defects.In this study, the Varestraint test is used to quantitatively analyze and evaluate the hot cracking susceptibility of BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel.The test results show that by controlling the content of impurity elements and grain refinement, BTW1 austenitic high-manganese wear-resistant steel effectively reduces hot cracking tendency and has a low incidence of hot cracking under small strain conditions.The developed matching welding process can effectively avoid the influence of hot cracking susceptibility.

FORMATION OF PRECIPITATED AUSTENITE IN 9%Ni STEEL AND ITS PERFORMANCE AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURE

The formation of precipitated austenite in 9% Ni steel exposed at the temperature of α+γ re- gion and its influence on impact tonghness at cryogenic temperature have been studied. Austenite-rich and ferrite-rich bands are formed during soaking because of the re-distribu- tion of elements of C,N and Ni.The former phase is enriched of Ni,Mn,C and N,while the latter one is relatively pure.Part of the austenite formed at intermediate temperatures trans- forms into martensite when the steel is cooled down to room temperature.The complex struc- ture which consists of fine martensite and austenite exhibits a moderate strength and high enough cryogenic toughness.The austenite enriched of C,N and Ni is still stable at the cryogenic temperature.The tearing ridges on the impact fracture surface is densely occupied by the precipitated austenite,elongated along the tearing direction.One of the important cause of the excellent eryogenic properties is that the precipitated austenite absorbs the impurities and thus purifies the matrix of the steel.

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the formation of nano-sized carbides and the wear behavior of D2 tool steel

The effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardness, and wear behavior of D2 tool steel was studied by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, hardness test, pin-on-disk wear test, and the reciprocating pin-on-fiat wear test. The results show that deep cryogenic treatment eliminates retained austenite, makes a better carbide distribution, and increases the carbide content. Furthermore, some new nano-sized carbides form during the deep cryogenic treatment, thereby increasing the hardness and improving the wear behavior of the samples.

Influence of Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure and Properties Improvement of Die Steel

Cryogenic treatment has been increasingly applied to enhance the hardness, antiwear ability and fatigue performance of die steel. On the basis of reading a large number of research papers and references across the world, the author makes a detailed analysis and brief summary of the influence of cryogenic treatment on microstructure after quenching process or quenching plus tempering process, on first and second carbides, on content of retained austenite, on surface hardness, on mechanical properties and antiwear ability of die steels. It’s proved that cryogenic treatment on die steel significantly improves its hardness, antiwear capacity and service life. It’s the cryogenic process to make die steel have higher hardness, better antiwear ability, better ductility and longer service life because cryogenic process actually has a good influence on die steel of its microstructure, retained austenite volume and amount and size of the second carbide.

Tensile deformation behavior of nickel-free high-manganese austenitic cryogenic-temperature steel

Nickel-free high-manganese austenitic Fe–24.4Mn–4.04Al–0.057C steel was produced by smelting,and the homogenized forged billet was hot-rolled.The plastic deformation mechanism was investigated through tensile testing of the hot-rolled sample.Different characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,electron backscattered diffraction,and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructural evolution of steel under different strain levels.The steel had a single austenite phase,which was stable during deformation.After hot rolling,annealing twins were observed in the microstructure of the steel.The steel showed an excellent combination of mechanical properties,like a tensile strength of 527 MPa,impact energy of 203 J at−196℃,and an elongation of 67%till fracture.At the initial deformation stage,the dislocations were generated within the austenite grains,entangled and accumulated at the grain boundaries and annealing twin boundaries.Annealing twins participated in plastic deformation and hindered the dislocation movement.As the deformation progressed,the dislocation slip was hindered and produced stress concentration,and the stacking faults evolved into mechanical twins,which released the stress concentration and delayed the necking.

Precipitation and stability of reversed austenite in 9Ni steel

A new method was used to analyze the factors affecting the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering. The samples were kept at various tempering temperatures for 10 min and their length changes were recorded. Then, the precipitation of reversed austenite which led to the length reduction was shown by thermal expansion curves. The results show that the effects of process parameters on the precipitation of reversed austenite can be determined more accurately by this method than by X-ray diffraction. When the quenching and tempering process is adopted, both the lower quenching temperature and higher tempering temperature can promote the precipitation of reversed austenite during tempering; and when the quenching, lamellarizing, and tempering process is used, intercritical quenching is considered beneficial to the precipitation of reversed austenite in the subsequent tempering because of Ni segregation during holding at the intercritical temperature.

Combination of cold drawing and cryogenic turning for modifying surface morphology of metastable austenitic AISI 347 steel

The application of components often depends to a large extent on the properties of the surface layer.A novel process chain for the production of components with a hardened surface layer from metastable austenitic steel was presented.The investigated metastable austenitic AISI 347 steel was cold-drawn in solution annealed condition at cryogenic temperatures for pre-hardening,followed by post-hardening via cryogenic turning.The increase in hardness in both processes was due to strain hardening and deformation-induced phase transformation from y-austenite to^-martensite.Cryogenic turning experiments were carried out with solution annealed AISI 347 steel as well as with solution annealed and subsequently cold-drawn AISI 347 steel.The thermomechanical load of the workpiece surface layer during the turning process as well as the resulting surface morphology was characterized.The forces and temperatures were higher in turning the cold-drawn AISI 347 steel than turning the solution annealed AISI 347 steel.After cryogenic turning of the solution annealed material,deformation-induced phase transformation and a significant increase in hardness were detected in the near-surface layer.In contrast,no additional phase transformation was observed after cryogenic turning of the cold-drawn AISI 347 steel.The maximum hardness in the surface layer was similar,whereas the hardness in the core of the cold-drawn AISI 347 steel was higher compared to that in the solution annealed AISI 347 steel.

Correlations of Ni Contents, Formation of Reversed Austenite and Toughness for Ni-Containing Cryogenic Steels

It has been widely demonstrated that addition of Ni in low-carbon steels can effectively improve the cryogenic toughness, but the mechanism behind it has yet to be clarified. In the present work, the evolutions of microstructure and mechanical properties after quenching and tempering for Ni-containing cryogenic steels with different Ni contents （3.5-9 wt%） were investigated. The results showed that after quenching and tempering, the Ni-containing cryogenic steels were composed of tempered martensite and reversed austenite. The volume fraction of reversed austenite has increased from 0 up to 6.3% when the Ni content increases from 3.5% to 9%. The Charpy impact tests indicated that the low- temperature toughness was markedly improved with the increase in Ni content, which can be correlated with the increase in reversed austenite amount. The main contribution of reversed austenite to the toughness lies in： （1） the elimination of cementite precipitates improved the plastic deformation capacity of matrix, and （2） the crack propagation is hindered through plastic deformation.

Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on Formation of Reversed Austenite in Super Martensitic Stainless Steel

The effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the formation of reversed austenite （RA） in super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. RA was found to form in steels without （A） and with （B） deep cryogenic treatment. The volume fraction of RA initially increased and then decreased with increasing tempering temperature over 550-- 750 ℃ for the two steels, which were quenched at 1050 ℃. In addition, for both with and without deep cryogenic treatment, the RA content reached a maximum value at 650 ℃ although the RA content in steel B was greater than that in steel A over the entire range of tempering temperatures. Furthermore, the hardness （HRC） of steel B was greater than that of steel A at tempering temperatures of 550--750 ℃. From these results, the basic mechanism for the formation of RA in steels A and B was determined to be Ni diffusion. However, there were more Ni enriched points, a lower degree of enrichment, and a shorter diffusion path in steel B. It needed to be noted that the shapes of the RA consisted of blocks and stripes in both steels. These shapes resulted because the RA redissolved and trans- formed to martensite along the martensitic lath boundaries when the tempering temperature was 650--750 ℃, and a portion of RA in the martensitie lath divided the originally wider martensitic laths into a number of thinner ones. In- terestingly, the RA redissolved more rapidly in steel B and consequently resulted in a stronger refining effect.

高锰奥氏体低温钢发展现状、成分设计及热处理焊接工艺分析

以价格低廉的Mn替代价格较为昂贵的Ni,研发新型无Ni低温钢,已成为液化天然气(LNG)储罐用钢当前研究的新热点。本文依次介绍低温钢的概念和特点,以及高锰奥氏体低温钢国内外的发展现状,并详细列举了国家与团体标准中关于高锰奥氏体低温钢成分及性能的要求。综合分析不同元素对高锰奥氏体低温钢力学性能的影响,表明Fe-24Mn-0.45C-3Cr-0.5Cu系高锰奥氏体低温钢综合性能优异,可作为高锰奥氏体低温钢成分体系优化设计参考依据。研究表明,适当热处理可有效提升高锰钢低温韧性,而采用保护金属电弧焊后的焊缝低温韧性要优于埋弧焊,尽管两者屈服强度和抗拉强度无较大差别。

Effects of traditional heat treatment and a novel deep cryogenic treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of low-carbon high-alloy martensitic bearing steel

The effects of traditional heat treatment(quenching and then tempering)and deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon high-alloy martensitic bearing steel were studied by Rockwell hardness test,X-ray diffractometry,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The results show that the deep cryogenic treatment promotes the transformation of the retained austenite to martensite during cooling,which leads to the hardness of the sample after deep cryogenic treatment higher than that at the quenched state.Also,the carbon content in the martensite matrix after different treatments was calculated and the results indicated that deep cryogenic treatment can promote the segregation of carbon atoms in martensite to dislocations.The segregated carbon atoms act as and grow into nuclei for the formation of fine carbide particles during subsequent tempering.And this resulted in the fact that the hardness of the tempered experimental steel after deep cryogenic treatment is higher than that without deep cryogenic treatment.

Microstructure and mechanical properties in core of a carburizing 20CrNi2MoV bearing steel subjected to cryogenic treatment

Microstructure and mechanical properties in core of a carburizing 20CrNi2MoV bearing steel subjected to cryogenic treatment were investigated.Conventional treatment sample was quenched and tempered at 180℃ for 2 h.Cryogenic treatment samples were quenched,cryogenically treated at−80 and−196℃ for 4 h,slowly returned to room temperature and thereafter tempered at 180℃ for 2 h,and finally tempered at 180℃ for 2 h.The scanning electron microscope,electron backscattering diffraction,X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope were adopted for microstructure characterization.The results show that cryogenic treatment increases the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries and the precipitation of finely dispersed carbides in the matrix,decreases the volume fraction of inter-lath retained austenite,and hence improves the strength and hardness.Compared with the conventional treatment,the hardness,yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the steel after cryogenic treatment are increased by 11.7%,12.6%and 18.3%,respectively,while the impact energy is decreased by 9.8%.

19Cr-17 Ni-5Mn-4Mo奥氏体不锈钢焊缝金属超低温断裂韧性试验研究

为了解决托克马克核聚变装置D型线圈盒19Cr-17 Ni-5Mn-4Mo奥氏体不锈钢焊缝金属4.2 K超低温断裂韧性值偏低和不稳定的问题,通过使用不同的焊接线能量、焊道布置、道间温度和清洁度控制等条件下进行焊接试验,探索了这些焊接变数对焊缝金属超低温断裂韧性的影响规律;并采用金相分析、EBSD和断口电镜扫描等表征方法研究了微观组织与超低温断裂韧性内在关系,为优化焊接工艺提供了理论基础。研究结果表明:通过降低焊接线能量和层间温度来细化晶粒和减少析出相,及通过提高氩弧焊气保护质量、加强道间清理和优化焊道布置等措施来提高焊缝纯净度和均匀性等措施可以有效提高焊缝的低温断裂韧性。

Effect of Mn Content on Microstructure and Cryogenic Mechanical Properties of a 7%Ni Steel

The effect of Mn content on the microstructure and cryogenic mechanical properties of a 7% Ni steel was investigated within the Mn content range from 0.13% to 0.36%. The microstructure of the steel as determined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron backscattering diffraction and X-ray diffraction was presented, and the low-temperature mechanical properties were given. The size of prior austenite grain did not change a lot as Mn content increased. Film-like reversed austenite, having high stability, was found mainly in the specimens with lower Mn content; however, in the specimen with the highest Mn content, the role of Mn was not obvious in stabilizing reversed austenite. Besides, with increasing Mn content, the amount of reversed austenite at grain boundaries gradually decreased. The variable Mn content had a significant effect on cryogenic toughness~ but not apparent on cryogenic tensile strength or yield strength. An excellent combination of cryogenic tensile and impact properties was obtained when Mn content of steel was 0.13%.

两相区热处理过程中回转奥氏体的形成规律及其对9Ni钢低温韧性的影响

通过XRD测定了9Ni钢中的回转奥氏体含量,并采用EBSD技术观察其在基体上的分布,研究了两相区热处理后回转奥氏体含量、分布及其稳定性的变化以及这些因素对9Ni钢低温韧性的影响.结果表明:经过两相区处理后,9Ni钢的低温韧性有不同程度的改善,其中两相区处理温度为650℃时,-196℃的冲击功最高,达到177J,此时测得的回转奥氏体含量也最多,达到10.15%,表明回转奥氏体含量对9Ni钢的低温韧性有重要的影响.EBSD结果则表明:经两相区处理,回转奥氏体不仅在晶界和板条束界形成,也在晶内的板条界上形成,因此即便在其含量低于淬火+回火处理的条件下,9Ni钢的低温韧性也有明显提高,证明同转奥氏体的分布也是影响9Ni钢低温韧性的一个主要因素.对稳定性的分析显示,在本文的工艺条件下,回转奥氏体的稳定性均未达到最佳.

奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器室温应变强化技术

随着低温液化气体的日益广泛应用,深冷容器的需求量不断增加。在安全的前提下,实现深冷容器的轻量化,对于节能降耗具有重要意义。采用室温应变强化技术可以提高奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度,显著减薄奥氏体不锈钢制深冷容器的壁厚,减轻重量。中国、美国、德国、澳大利亚等已将该技术用于制造奥氏体不锈钢深冷容器。在简要介绍室温应变强化技术发展历史、标准和优点的基础上,着重分析讨论了该技术推广应用中遇到的常见问题。

深冷处理对T12钢磨料磨损性能的影响

采用磨料磨损试验机和透射电镜研究了深冷处理对T1 2钢耐磨性及显微组织的影响 ,用X 射线衍射仪对晶体结构作了定量分析。结果表明 ,深冷处理可提高T1 2钢的耐磨性 ,残留奥氏体部分转变为马氏体 ,微细碳化物将在马氏体孪晶带及位错线处析出 ,碳化物类型为 η F2 C。

高锰奥氏体超低温钢低温脆断机制的研究

研究了高锰奥氏体钢的低温断裂机制。高锰奥氏体钢随温度降低其断裂机制由韧窝状断裂转变到晶界断裂。在固溶处理时快速冷却过程中锰在奥氏体晶界产生不平衡偏聚。由于锰的偏聚层的强度、应变硬化指数和应变硬化率均高于晶内基体材料，因此在加载形变过程中位错在偏聚层处塞积而产生很大的内应力，在偏聚层处的应力远大于晶内，因此在晶界偏聚层处产生晶界断裂。

9%Ni钢焊接粗晶区的韧化因素

采用热模拟技术,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等现代物理测试手段,研究晶粒尺寸、残余奥氏体和M-A组元等因素对液化天然气储罐用9%Ni钢焊接粗晶区低温韧性的影响。研究结果表明,经历焊接热循环后,焊接粗晶区的韧性与母材相比有显著的下降。在焊接粗晶区中,临界粗晶区是9%Ni钢低温下主要的局部脆性区。残余奥氏体数量的变化不是韧性变化的决定因素;晶粒尺寸增加,低温韧性显著下降;M-A组元的尺寸越大、含碳量越高、数量越多,则越不利于材料的韧性。根据分析结果得出,为改善9%Ni焊接粗晶区的低温韧性、防止焊接接头发生脆性断裂,现场焊接时应采用较小的焊接热输入配合较高的层间温度来控制晶粒尺寸和显微组织。