A Method for the Damage Detection of Pile Foundation in High-Pile Wharf Based on A Curvature Mode Deletion Model

As the top of the pile foundation in high-pile wharf is connected to the superstructure and most of the pile bodies are located below the water surface, traditional damage detection methods are greatly limited in their application to pile foundation in service. In the present study, a new method for pile foundation damage detection is developed based on the curve shape of the curvature mode difference(CMD) before and after damage. In the method, the influence at each node on the overall CMD curve shape is analyzed through a data deletion model, statistical characteristic indexes are established to reflect the difference between damaged and undamaged units, and structural damage is accurately detected. The effectiveness and robustness of the method are verified by a finite element model(FEM) of high-pile wharf under different damage conditions and different intensities of Gaussian white noise. The applicability of the method is then experimentally validated by a physical model of high-pile wharf. Both the FEM and the experimental results show that the method is capable of detecting pile foundation damage in noisy curvature mode and has strong application potential.

The Research on Safety Evaluation of High-pile Wharf Structure

Due to a combination of the sea erosion,the ship collision,the change of ground condition,the effect of alternative static and dynamic load and the material deterioration,the structure of high-pile wharf is easily damaged.Once the structure of high-pile wharf destroyed,it is bound to be a great threat to the safety of various facilities and personnel in the port.Given all of that,the multi-level comprehensive evaluation method based on the extension theory is proposed in this paper.Using this method to assess the safety of high-pile wharf structure,the reasonable advice on its maintenance and reinforcement can be given in time.What’s more,the method is simple and can give more objective result of the evaluation.

Seismic response and correlation analysis of a pile-supported wharf to near-fault pulse-like ground motions

Earthquake investigations have shown that near-fault pulse-like(NF-P)ground motions have unique characteristics compared to near-fault non-pulse-like(NF-NP)and far-field(FF)ground motions.It is necessary to study the seismic response of pile-supported wharf(PSW)structures under NF-P ground motions.In this study,a three-dimensional finite element numerical model is created to simulate a PSW.By imparting three types of ground motion,the engineering demand parameters(EDPs)of PSW under NF-P ground motions were analyzed and compared,in which EDPs are the maximum displacement and bending moment of the piles.Twenty intensity measures(IMs)were selected to characterize the properties of ground motions.The correlation between IMs and EDPs was explored.The results show that the piles present larger displacement and bending moment under NF-P ground motions compared to NF-NP and FF ground motions.None of the IMs have a high correlation with EDPs under NF-P ground motions,and these IMs are more applicable to FF ground motions.The correlation coefficients between EDPs and IMs under three types of ground motion were obtained,which will provide a valuable reference for the seismic design of PSWs.

Experimental Investigation of Irregular Wave Uplift Force on Deck of Exposed High-Pile Jetties

A laboratory setup was developed to investigate irregular wave uplift loads on exposed high-pile jetties. It is shown that the dimensionless uplift load increases to the maximum with an increasing relative clearance and then decreases. The relative clearance corresponding to the peak force is linked to a range from 0.4 to 0.8. When the relative clearance exceeds a certain value, the wave can not reach the underside of the deck and the force becomes zero. Distinct trends of dimensionless force with a relative width of deck show that the force tends to decrease as the relative deck width increases, and then the decrease slows down after the relative deck width increases or decreases to a certain value. The pressure distribution length associated with the maximum uplift force is equivalent to the wave contact width x. When x is larger than the width of deck B, it is taken as B. The statistical distribution of loads obeys the Weibull distribution. The results from the analyses of the real data suggest a new dimensionless prediction model on wave-in-deck uplift loads and the conversion ratio between wave loads at different exceedance probabilities. A comparison is made between the new prediction model and the existing widely used three prediction models. These results are used as useful references for structural design of the jetty.

Application of Converted Displacement for Modal Parameter Identification of Offshore Wind Turbines with High-Pile Foundation

In the actual measurement of offshore wind turbines(OWTs),the measured accelerations usually contain a large amount of noise due to the complex and harsh marine environment,which is not conducive to the identification of structural modal parameters.For OWTs with remarkably low structural modal frequencies,displacements can effectively suppress the high-frequency vibration noise and amplify the low-frequency vibration of the structure.However,finding a reference point to measure structural displacements at sea is difficult.Therefore,only a few studies on the use of dynamic displacements to identify the modal parameters of OWTs with high-pile foundations are available.Hence,this paper develops a displacement conversion strategy to study the modal parameter identification of OWTs with high-pile foundations.The developed strategy can be divided into the following three parts:zero-order correction of measured acceleration,high-pass filtering by the Butterworth polynomial,and modal parameter identification using the calculated displacement.The superiority of the proposed strategy is verified by analyzing a numerical OWT with a high-pile foundation and the measured accelerations from an OWT with a high-pile foundation.The results show that for OWTs with high-pile foundations dominated by low frequencies,the developed strategy of converting accelerations into displacements and then performing modal parameter identification is advantageous to the identification of modal parameters,and the results have high accuracy.

南京某高桩码头靠泊能力仿真分析与在线监测预警

高桩码头服役环境复杂,码头结构在数十年的运行期内会发生不同程度的损伤,影响码头的安全运营。在码头运行过程中,船舶荷载是高桩码头结构的主要荷载,对码头结构的安全性、耐久性影响较大。本文对南京港某码头靠泊能力进行了有限元仿真分析,提出船舶靠泊过程中的三级安全预警阈值;结合长期在线监测,为码头结构安全服役提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:在船舶撞击1#排架的情况下,船舶撞击力达到238 kN时,码头结构响应达到三级预警指标,码头位移为3.8 mm,桩基顶部应变为69×10-6;船舶撞击力达到323 kN时,码头结构响应达到二级预警指标,码头位移为5.1 mm,桩基顶部应变为100×10-6;船舶撞击力达到471 kN,码头结构响应达到一级预警指标码头位移为7.5 mm,桩基顶部应变为156×10-6。在线监测预警结果表明,码头结构具备5 000吨级船舶靠泊能力,在规范靠泊的前提下,能够满足8 000吨级船舶靠泊的结构安全要求。

高桩码头结构安全监测预警模型及工程应用

高桩码头结构在服役期内会出现不同程度的损伤,导致码头结构安全性降低。为保证码头长期安全运行,可通过实时监测确定码头运行状态并及时预警。提出一种高桩码头结构安全监测预警模型,采用不同结构状态的设计控制值作为不同级别的预警阈值,每级预警阈值对应不同的风险程度,针对不同级别的预警提出相应处置措施。将该预警模型应用于南京港某高桩码头的安全监测,对可变荷载作用下码头结构位移和桩基应变进行实时监测,并计算设置码头结构位移和桩基应变三级安全预警阈值。结果表明,码头安全预警阈值的设置及安全告警的应对措施科学有效,实现了码头结构全工况整体技术状态评估和安全预警。

基于无基准动态位移监测的江苏某高桩码头变位特征与安全预警

高桩码头服役环境复杂,船舶与门机等可变荷载作用下结构变位安全问题突出。然而,高桩码头通常不具备参照基准,且在离岸严苛条件下服役是常态,动态位移监测成为挑战。采用码头无基准动态位移监测技术,对江苏某高桩码头进行实时位移监测。详细分析门机作业和船舶撞击条件下码头位移响应规律,基于码头适用性、安全性提出该码头的两级预警指标。结合数值仿真计算,提出该码头不同吨级船舶靠泊建议。研究表明:门机的作业位置是影响码头位移响应大小的直接因素。码头第一结构段在船舶撞击作用下,因引桥等边界条件的影响,导致A_(2)监测点的位移响应在X、Y方向上均较大。一级预警指标由码头主要荷载作用组合的最大值推算,位移响应值为15.39 mm。二级预警指标由混凝土抗拉极限应力值为评判标准,位移响应值为19.14 mm。相应地,1万吨级船舶靠泊时法向速度不应超过0.19 m/s, 5 000吨级船舶靠泊时法向速度不应超过0.22 m/s。

高桩码头系缆墩和钢联桥一体化结构创新设计

针对由装卸平台、系缆墩、钢联桥组成的一字形布置高桩墩式码头,常规的设计思路考虑三者独立受力,弱化各结构之间的传力效应。从三者协同受力的角度出发,提出一种适应于特定布置形式的系缆墩和钢联桥一体化结构设计方案,结合工程案例介绍该结构的形式和受力分析方法,并从受力和造价方面与传统的高桩墩台方案进行比较。结果表明:在满足使用功能的前提下,一体化方案有利于发挥结构的整体受力优势,减少系缆墩和钢联桥的工程量,降低工程造价。

装配式海岸工程混凝土结构研究与应用进展

码头和防波堤建筑物是典型的海岸工程混凝土结构。这类结构的下部结构构件多为预制,而上部结构构件多为现浇。针对3类典型装配式海岸工程混凝土结构(高桩码头、板桩码头、桩基透空式防波堤),系统介绍了其结构特点、典型节点与连接构造,总结分析了国内外有关这3类典型结构的力学性能、技术标准与工程应用的最新进展。最后,对今后装配式海岸工程混凝土结构的应用与研究前景进行了展望。

自平衡法和高应变检测在码头灌注桩中的应用

海南某高桩码头工程地质条件特殊,表面覆盖硬岩层,下部为黏土层,码头基础采用灌注桩结构,以硬黏土层为持力层。施工后分别采用自平衡法静载试验和高应变法检测桩基承载力,将检测结果与规范理论计算结果进行比较。结果表明,通过自平衡检测的荷载-位移关系曲线判断,桩端依旧处于弹性阶段,并根据在加载过程中桩身轴力沿桩身轴向的分布情况,可分别判断各桩侧摩阻力、端承载力的发挥值,从而判断桩阻力并没有全部发挥,桩基的实际极限承载力大于试验值。高应变检测法检测桩侧摩阻力结果大于理论计算结果,桩端承载力小于理论计算结果,总桩基承载力二者比较接近,因此可以作为静载试桩的辅助验证。在港口码头工程中采用自平衡静载测试法,并用高应变检测法进行验证,可以解决水域条件下大质量桩基承载力的检测问题。

防波堤和码头一体的双圆筒沉箱结构设计

针对兼具作业和防浪功能于一体的直立式双圆筒沉箱结构设计,提出船舶作业期间平均越浪量≤0.1 L∕(s·m)和风暴期间(100 a一遇)越浪量≤50 L∕(s·m)的高程控制标准。研究双圆筒采用混凝土薄板和厚板2种连接方式,并对其受力特性、计算模型、内力情况进行介绍。总结直立堤护底设计的推荐计算方法,发现CEM图表法与3D物模试验一致,OCDI法计算结果偏大,国标查图法计算块体稳定质量偏小。研究海侧挡浪墙设置在圆沉箱中部并设置反弧角的结构方案,提出的EurOtop法适用性广且结果贴近试验值;提出预制工字块封堵沉箱间填料并采用厚板连接堤头4个沉箱成整体的堤头保护方法;通过开展2D、3D模型试验验证了结构方案的可行性。研究成果可为类似设计提供参考。

码头工程建设对红树林湿地的影响及修复措施

受码头建设的影响,北海铁山港榄根作业区附近的红树林湿地出现受损退化现象。为了恢复稳定良好的湿地生态,2021年9月在对该区域红树林及其生境进行调查采样的基础上,分析了红树林湿地的受损退化原因。结果表明,码头工程建设期间,高岭土悬浮物沉积或附着于红树林根部及叶片上,不仅严重影响植物呼吸和光合作用,而且致其根部腐烂进而导致死亡;码头建设导致的红树林湿地内水流减缓,以及因围填活动引起的局部滩面抬高也是红树林受损退化的原因。提出新增或拓宽现有潮汐通道、局部微地形改造,以及红树林造林恢复等生态修复措施,为沿海地区开展码头工程建设对红树林的影响研究与生态修复实践提供借鉴。

陆丰甲湖湾电厂配套码头水工结构创新

码头面不均匀沉降、大小泊位衔接不顺等是重力式码头中的常见质量问题。广东陆丰甲湖湾电厂1、2号机组和3、4号机组配套码头为岸壁式重力式码头,相比常规码头2000 t左右的沉箱构件,该码头主体采用4600 t以上的超大沉箱,减少了构件和结构缝数量,并通过统一主要构件的受力条件、设置过渡板针对性解决码头面不均匀沉降,通过设置过渡沉箱和预制块体解决了大小泊位衔接处的基床夯实问题。同时在码头结构与上部结构一体化设计以及附属设施选型方面均进行了一系列创新,实践表明达到了预期效果。

重力式码头升级改造板桩墙后土压力分布

针对重力式码头升级改造新建板桩墙方案板桩墙后土压力分布问题,开展新建板桩墙距已有重力式墙身不同距离的土压力分布规律研究。采用有限元数值模拟和理论公式计算对比分析,得出作用在前板桩墙上的土压力小于理论主动土压力,即存在贮仓效应的结论。建议重力式码头改造工程设置前板桩墙时,采用公式合理选取贮仓尺寸,或根据新建板桩墙距已有码头墙身的距离采用有限元计算作用在板桩墙上的土压力,避免保守或激进设计。

基于响应复合能量因子的波浪激励下高桩码头桩基损伤识别

波浪是高桩码头桩基长期、重要外部激励,探索波浪激励下桩基损伤识别对构建码头健康监测体系具有重要意义。由于波浪激励下桩基动力响应呈现多类型信号混叠、窄带、非平稳的特性,使得现有损伤识别方法难以实现准确判定。为解决上述问题,首先构建基于自适应噪声的完备集成经验模态分解与K-means++的信号自动重构方法,以提取损伤特征子信号;然后,通过融合能量、相位等信息,构建新型复合能量损伤识别指标,以提高微小波浪激励下损伤识别的敏感性和鲁棒性。进一步,在高桩码头桩基多种损伤工况下开展波浪激励试验,验证新方法在损伤识别方面的有效性。结果表明,新构建的复合能量因子兼顾能量、相位的优点,能准确识别出损伤存在、损伤位置和损伤程度。

淤积与船舶撞击对高桩码头桩基受力的影响分析

中国部分高桩码头下方存在较大的泥沙淤积,且初始设计时并未考虑淤积的影响,较大淤积时淤积土体及船舶撞击会对码头桩基受力产生耦合影响。建立了船舶撞击-上部结构-桩基-土体相互作用的三维有限元数值模型,模拟分析回淤土体和船舶撞击作用对高桩码头桩基受力的影响。结果表明,土体淤积严重位置处的桩顶局部最大主应力、剪力、弯矩相较回淤前均增幅较大,淤积土体对桩基受力的影响十分显著。当法向船舶撞击速度为0.1和0.2 m/s时,船舶撞击力对桩基的影响小于回淤土体的影响。码头不同排架之间的桩基受力存在一定差异。码头后方桩基顶部最为危险,桩基顶部弯矩接近混凝土开裂弯矩,导致桩基容易出现开裂损伤。

多元荷载作用下软基深水高桩码头结构承载特性研究

软基深水高桩码头结构受到恶劣外海环境荷载及复杂工作荷载等多元荷载的共同作用。研究表明,船舶撞击荷载是该结构水平向控制荷载,但波浪长期循环荷载作用会引起桩周土体软化,进而导致码头结构在其它荷载作用下承载特性的劣化。鉴于此,首先基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立了深水高桩码头结构-地基土体相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元模型;然后,借助USDFLD子程序实现了同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减的模拟,进而开展了未考虑土体软化、仅考虑土体强度弱化、仅考虑土体刚度衰减以及同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减对码头结构承载特性影响的对比分析。研究结果表明,与未考虑土体软化时撞击荷载作用下码头结构安全系数相比,仅考虑土体强度弱化时其值降低14.72%,仅考虑土体刚度衰减时其值降低15.28%,同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减时其值降低19.44%,且考虑土体软化后桩周土体的塑性应变范围明显增大,极限状态时桩身应力值减小,结构稳定性显著降低。

考虑清淤策略的桩基时变可靠度分析

为发展淤积岸坡-高桩码头相互作用体系结构可靠性分析方法,基于Fick第二定律推导了能考虑氯离子侵蚀效应的二维扩散模型,并采用时间离散法提出了一种综合考虑结构抗力衰减、淤积作用量化和预测,以及桩基受力变形分析的高桩码头桩基时变可靠度数值计算方法。并结合以目标可靠度为导向的清淤策略,编写了淤积岸坡-高桩码头体系时变可靠度外挂求解程序DPRP。在此基础上,开展了多工况计算分析,探讨了高桩码头桩基时变可靠度的演化规律。计算分析结果表明:码头近海侧桩基可靠度更易低于目标可靠度,在实际工程中需重点养护与修复;泥沙淤积作用会降低多数桩基时变可靠度,而对于近海侧及近岸侧且向岸倾斜的斜桩,其时变可靠度则会因泥沙淤积作用而增大。该高桩码头桩基时变可靠度数值求解流程框架及对应外挂子程序DPRP,可为高桩码头-岸坡相互作用体系的相关工程设计与可靠性评价提供参考。

考虑参数空间变异性的高桩码头-岸坡体系可靠性分析

为进一步发展高桩码头-岸坡体系结构可靠性分析方法,基于KL-Copula互相关随机场模拟方法,综合考虑了岸坡土体参数空间变异性与其相关结构及大小的影响,提出一种岸坡-高桩码头体系互相关随机场模拟与可靠性求解数值实施流程,并基于PLAXIS计算程序平台,编写了高桩码头-岸坡体系互相关随机场模拟与可靠性分析外挂求解程序KLCPRP。在此基础上,进一步结合非侵入式随机分析方法进行相关算例分析,探讨不同岸坡强度参数Copula函数结构对互相关随机场模拟和高桩码头结构可靠性求解的影响规律。计算分析结果表明:不同Copula函数结构所对应模拟样本的线性相关系数、秩相关系数均存在一定差异性;对于有限实验数据情况,Gaussian Copula函数结构会导致随机场计算结果偏于保守;所提出的KL-Copula模拟随机场数值实施流程及对应外挂求解程序KLCPRP具有良好的精度和有效性,可为高桩码头-岸坡相互作用体系的相关工程设计及安全评价提供理论参考。