A Method for the Damage Detection of Pile Foundation in High-Pile Wharf Based on A Curvature Mode Deletion Model

As the top of the pile foundation in high-pile wharf is connected to the superstructure and most of the pile bodies are located below the water surface, traditional damage detection methods are greatly limited in their application to pile foundation in service. In the present study, a new method for pile foundation damage detection is developed based on the curve shape of the curvature mode difference(CMD) before and after damage. In the method, the influence at each node on the overall CMD curve shape is analyzed through a data deletion model, statistical characteristic indexes are established to reflect the difference between damaged and undamaged units, and structural damage is accurately detected. The effectiveness and robustness of the method are verified by a finite element model(FEM) of high-pile wharf under different damage conditions and different intensities of Gaussian white noise. The applicability of the method is then experimentally validated by a physical model of high-pile wharf. Both the FEM and the experimental results show that the method is capable of detecting pile foundation damage in noisy curvature mode and has strong application potential.

The Research on Safety Evaluation of High-pile Wharf Structure

Due to a combination of the sea erosion,the ship collision,the change of ground condition,the effect of alternative static and dynamic load and the material deterioration,the structure of high-pile wharf is easily damaged.Once the structure of high-pile wharf destroyed,it is bound to be a great threat to the safety of various facilities and personnel in the port.Given all of that,the multi-level comprehensive evaluation method based on the extension theory is proposed in this paper.Using this method to assess the safety of high-pile wharf structure,the reasonable advice on its maintenance and reinforcement can be given in time.What’s more,the method is simple and can give more objective result of the evaluation.

Simplified Calculation Methods for All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

All-vertical-piled wharf is a kind of high-piled wharf, but it is extremely different from the traditional ones in some aspects, such as the structural property, bearing characteristics, failure mechanism, and static or dynamic calculation methods. In this paper, the finite element method （FEM） and theoretical analysis method are combined to analyze the structural property, bearing behavior and failure mode of the all-vertical-piled wharf in offshore deep water, and to establish simplified calculation methods determining the horizontal static ultimate bearing capacity and the dynamic response for the all-vertical-piled wharf. Firstly, the bearing capability and failure mechanism for all-vertical-piled wharf are studied by use of FEM, and the failure criterion is put forward for all-vertical-piled wharf based on the ＇plastic hinge＇. According to the failure criterion and P-Y curve method, the simplified calculation method of the horizontal static ultimate bearing capacity for all-vertical-piled wharf is proposed, and it is verified that the simplified method is reasonable by comparison with the FEM. Secondly, the displacement dynamic magnification factor for the all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and ship impact loads is calculated by the FEM and the theory formula based on the single degree of freedom （SDOF） system. The results obtained by the two methods are in good agreement with each other, and the simplified calculation method of the displacement dynamic magnification factor for all-vertical-piled wharf under dynamic loads is proposed. Then the simplified calculation method determining the dynamic response for the all-vertical-piled wharf is proposed in combination with P-Y curve method. That is, the dynamic response of the structure can be obtained through the static calculation results of P-Y curve method multiplied by the displacement dynamic magnification factor. The feasibility of the simplified dynamic response method is verified by comparison with the FEM under different conditions.

Dynamic Characteristics and Simplified Numerical Methods of An All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

There has been a growing trend in the development of offshore deep-water ports in China. For such deep sea projects, all-vertical-piled wharves are suitable structures and generally located in open waters, greatly affected by wave action. Currently, no systematic studies or simplified numerical methods are available for deriving the dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses of all-vertical-piled wharves under wave cyclic loads. In this article, we compare the dynamic characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf with those of a traditional inshore high-piled wharf through numerical analysis; our research reveals that the vibration period of an all-vertical-piled wharf under cyclic loading is longer than that of an inshore high-piled wharf and is much closer to the period of the loading wave. Therefore, dynamic calculation and analysis should be conducted when designing and calculating the characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf. We establish a dynamic finite element model to examine the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and compare the results with those under wave equivalent static load; the comparison indicates that dynamic amplification of the structure is evident when the wave dynamic load effect is taken into account. Furthermore, a simplified dynamic numerical method for calculating the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf is established based on the P-Y curve. Compared with finite element analysis, the simplified method is more convenient to use and applicable to large structural deformation while considering the soil non-linearity. We confirmed that the simplified method has acceptable accuracy and can be used in engineering applications.

Analysis of Soil arching effect for Blind sheet-pile wharf based on ABAQUS

Combined with practical engineering, based on the introduction of soil arching theory, we explore the impact of barrier piles in blind sheet-pile bank connecting structure. Besides, we build a plane strain model by ABAQUS sot＇cware to study the impact of cross section type, the pile spacing and soil properties on soil arching effect. We find that cross section type of the pile has a certain influence on soil stress distribution in front of the barrier piles by comparing circular cross section and rectangular cross section. We also find that clear distance between the barrier piles and cohesive force of the soil have a great influence on that impact. We can increase clear distance between the barrier piles appropriately to improve the efficiency of construction and reduce the proiect cost.

南京某高桩码头靠泊能力仿真分析与在线监测预警

高桩码头服役环境复杂,码头结构在数十年的运行期内会发生不同程度的损伤,影响码头的安全运营。在码头运行过程中,船舶荷载是高桩码头结构的主要荷载,对码头结构的安全性、耐久性影响较大。本文对南京港某码头靠泊能力进行了有限元仿真分析,提出船舶靠泊过程中的三级安全预警阈值;结合长期在线监测,为码头结构安全服役提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:在船舶撞击1#排架的情况下,船舶撞击力达到238 kN时,码头结构响应达到三级预警指标,码头位移为3.8 mm,桩基顶部应变为69×10-6;船舶撞击力达到323 kN时,码头结构响应达到二级预警指标,码头位移为5.1 mm,桩基顶部应变为100×10-6;船舶撞击力达到471 kN,码头结构响应达到一级预警指标码头位移为7.5 mm,桩基顶部应变为156×10-6。在线监测预警结果表明,码头结构具备5 000吨级船舶靠泊能力,在规范靠泊的前提下,能够满足8 000吨级船舶靠泊的结构安全要求。

高桩码头结构安全监测预警模型及工程应用

高桩码头结构在服役期内会出现不同程度的损伤,导致码头结构安全性降低。为保证码头长期安全运行,可通过实时监测确定码头运行状态并及时预警。提出一种高桩码头结构安全监测预警模型,采用不同结构状态的设计控制值作为不同级别的预警阈值,每级预警阈值对应不同的风险程度,针对不同级别的预警提出相应处置措施。将该预警模型应用于南京港某高桩码头的安全监测,对可变荷载作用下码头结构位移和桩基应变进行实时监测,并计算设置码头结构位移和桩基应变三级安全预警阈值。结果表明,码头安全预警阈值的设置及安全告警的应对措施科学有效,实现了码头结构全工况整体技术状态评估和安全预警。

高桩码头系缆墩和钢联桥一体化结构创新设计

针对由装卸平台、系缆墩、钢联桥组成的一字形布置高桩墩式码头,常规的设计思路考虑三者独立受力,弱化各结构之间的传力效应。从三者协同受力的角度出发,提出一种适应于特定布置形式的系缆墩和钢联桥一体化结构设计方案,结合工程案例介绍该结构的形式和受力分析方法,并从受力和造价方面与传统的高桩墩台方案进行比较。结果表明:在满足使用功能的前提下,一体化方案有利于发挥结构的整体受力优势,减少系缆墩和钢联桥的工程量,降低工程造价。

基于无基准动态位移监测的江苏某高桩码头变位特征与安全预警

高桩码头服役环境复杂,船舶与门机等可变荷载作用下结构变位安全问题突出。然而,高桩码头通常不具备参照基准,且在离岸严苛条件下服役是常态,动态位移监测成为挑战。采用码头无基准动态位移监测技术,对江苏某高桩码头进行实时位移监测。详细分析门机作业和船舶撞击条件下码头位移响应规律,基于码头适用性、安全性提出该码头的两级预警指标。结合数值仿真计算,提出该码头不同吨级船舶靠泊建议。研究表明:门机的作业位置是影响码头位移响应大小的直接因素。码头第一结构段在船舶撞击作用下,因引桥等边界条件的影响,导致A_(2)监测点的位移响应在X、Y方向上均较大。一级预警指标由码头主要荷载作用组合的最大值推算,位移响应值为15.39 mm。二级预警指标由混凝土抗拉极限应力值为评判标准,位移响应值为19.14 mm。相应地,1万吨级船舶靠泊时法向速度不应超过0.19 m/s, 5 000吨级船舶靠泊时法向速度不应超过0.22 m/s。

重力式码头升级改造板桩墙后土压力分布

针对重力式码头升级改造新建板桩墙方案板桩墙后土压力分布问题,开展新建板桩墙距已有重力式墙身不同距离的土压力分布规律研究。采用有限元数值模拟和理论公式计算对比分析,得出作用在前板桩墙上的土压力小于理论主动土压力,即存在贮仓效应的结论。建议重力式码头改造工程设置前板桩墙时,采用公式合理选取贮仓尺寸,或根据新建板桩墙距已有码头墙身的距离采用有限元计算作用在板桩墙上的土压力,避免保守或激进设计。

多元荷载作用下软基深水高桩码头结构承载特性研究

软基深水高桩码头结构受到恶劣外海环境荷载及复杂工作荷载等多元荷载的共同作用。研究表明,船舶撞击荷载是该结构水平向控制荷载,但波浪长期循环荷载作用会引起桩周土体软化,进而导致码头结构在其它荷载作用下承载特性的劣化。鉴于此,首先基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立了深水高桩码头结构-地基土体相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元模型;然后,借助USDFLD子程序实现了同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减的模拟,进而开展了未考虑土体软化、仅考虑土体强度弱化、仅考虑土体刚度衰减以及同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减对码头结构承载特性影响的对比分析。研究结果表明,与未考虑土体软化时撞击荷载作用下码头结构安全系数相比,仅考虑土体强度弱化时其值降低14.72%,仅考虑土体刚度衰减时其值降低15.28%,同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减时其值降低19.44%,且考虑土体软化后桩周土体的塑性应变范围明显增大,极限状态时桩身应力值减小,结构稳定性显著降低。

自平衡法和高应变检测在码头灌注桩中的应用

海南某高桩码头工程地质条件特殊,表面覆盖硬岩层,下部为黏土层,码头基础采用灌注桩结构,以硬黏土层为持力层。施工后分别采用自平衡法静载试验和高应变法检测桩基承载力,将检测结果与规范理论计算结果进行比较。结果表明,通过自平衡检测的荷载-位移关系曲线判断,桩端依旧处于弹性阶段,并根据在加载过程中桩身轴力沿桩身轴向的分布情况,可分别判断各桩侧摩阻力、端承载力的发挥值,从而判断桩阻力并没有全部发挥,桩基的实际极限承载力大于试验值。高应变检测法检测桩侧摩阻力结果大于理论计算结果,桩端承载力小于理论计算结果,总桩基承载力二者比较接近,因此可以作为静载试桩的辅助验证。在港口码头工程中采用自平衡静载测试法,并用高应变检测法进行验证,可以解决水域条件下大质量桩基承载力的检测问题。

基于Copula理论的高桩码头岸坡可靠性分析

高桩码头岸坡稳定性对整体码头结构安全至关重要。为进一步探究高桩码头岸坡土体强度参数相关性及空间变异性对高桩码头岸坡可靠性的影响规律,基于Copula理论考虑岸坡土体参数的联合概率分布特性,采用PLAXIS计算平台建立高桩码头-岸坡体系数值计算模型,进一步通过Python API接口,编译完成了可自动数据交互与求解的外挂子程序SAPW,并实现了高桩码头岸坡体系参数化前处理、样本工况计算和可靠性求解的一体化、全链条可靠性分析框架流程,并在此基础之上结合蒙特卡罗模拟方法,开展了相关数值计算与参数化分析,探讨了黏聚力、内摩擦角变异系数以及二者相关系数对高桩码头岸坡可靠性的影响规律。结果表明:在高桩码头设计与分析中,忽略土体参数相关性和空间变异性会高估岸坡失效概率,进而导致相关可靠度分析偏于保守,在高桩码头岸坡可靠度分析中宜采用多种Copula函数进行综合考虑。

装配式海岸工程混凝土结构研究与应用进展

码头和防波堤建筑物是典型的海岸工程混凝土结构。这类结构的下部结构构件多为预制,而上部结构构件多为现浇。针对3类典型装配式海岸工程混凝土结构(高桩码头、板桩码头、桩基透空式防波堤),系统介绍了其结构特点、典型节点与连接构造,总结分析了国内外有关这3类典型结构的力学性能、技术标准与工程应用的最新进展。最后,对今后装配式海岸工程混凝土结构的应用与研究前景进行了展望。

淤积与船舶撞击对高桩码头桩基受力的影响分析

中国部分高桩码头下方存在较大的泥沙淤积,且初始设计时并未考虑淤积的影响,较大淤积时淤积土体及船舶撞击会对码头桩基受力产生耦合影响。建立了船舶撞击-上部结构-桩基-土体相互作用的三维有限元数值模型,模拟分析回淤土体和船舶撞击作用对高桩码头桩基受力的影响。结果表明,土体淤积严重位置处的桩顶局部最大主应力、剪力、弯矩相较回淤前均增幅较大,淤积土体对桩基受力的影响十分显著。当法向船舶撞击速度为0.1和0.2 m/s时,船舶撞击力对桩基的影响小于回淤土体的影响。码头不同排架之间的桩基受力存在一定差异。码头后方桩基顶部最为危险,桩基顶部弯矩接近混凝土开裂弯矩,导致桩基容易出现开裂损伤。

重载码头堆场CFG桩网复合地基离心模型试验研究

CFG桩网复合地基广泛应用于处理软土地基。采用土工离心模型试验研究某码头堆场超大荷载下CFG桩网复合地基的变形和桩土应力特性,试验模拟了地基、CFG桩、树根桩、加筋垫层、防尘网和轨道梁基础、矿石堆载等,分析了超大荷载作用下复合地基表面变形、桩顶轴力、桩间土压力、桩土应力比的变化规律。试验结果表明,复合地基的沉降速率在稳定控制标准之内,沉降量满足堆场使用要求,防尘网基础和轨道梁基础水平位移和沉降均很小,桩土应力比为25.2~43.8,CFG桩网复合地基在350 kPa荷载作用下是稳定安全的,达到了预期加固效果。

基于响应复合能量因子的波浪激励下高桩码头桩基损伤识别

波浪是高桩码头桩基长期、重要外部激励,探索波浪激励下桩基损伤识别对构建码头健康监测体系具有重要意义。由于波浪激励下桩基动力响应呈现多类型信号混叠、窄带、非平稳的特性,使得现有损伤识别方法难以实现准确判定。为解决上述问题,首先构建基于自适应噪声的完备集成经验模态分解与K-means++的信号自动重构方法,以提取损伤特征子信号;然后,通过融合能量、相位等信息,构建新型复合能量损伤识别指标,以提高微小波浪激励下损伤识别的敏感性和鲁棒性。进一步,在高桩码头桩基多种损伤工况下开展波浪激励试验,验证新方法在损伤识别方面的有效性。结果表明,新构建的复合能量因子兼顾能量、相位的优点,能准确识别出损伤存在、损伤位置和损伤程度。

地震作用下高桩码头岸坡整体稳定性拟静力分析

高桩码头是一种常见的沿海水工建筑物,在强震作用下码头岸坡可能产生较大的侧向位移乃至整体失稳。采用极限分析上限法,从拟静力角度分析地震作用下高桩码头岸坡的整体稳定性。将码头排桩对岸坡的稳定作用简化为梯形分布力,采用对数螺旋破坏机制推导出临界地震系数理论公式,并通过优化分析确定临界地震系数的最小上限解和对应的临界破坏面。通过具体算例分析,将提出的理论方法与有限元极限分析结果对比,验证了其合理性。进一步地,结合强度折减法,研究了排桩布置和土体强度变化对地震作用下岸坡稳定性和破坏模式的影响规律。

高桩码头桩群对水动力参数影响的数值模拟

桩基码头是常用的码头结构形式,应用广泛。高桩码头桩群基础改变了周围水动力场,引起泥沙冲淤规律的变化,从而对码头结构稳定性产生影响,研究圆柱桩群阻力特性,对水流和底床冲淤变化研究具有重要意义。基于FVCOM的三维水动力模型,将桩柱绕流阻力等效为水流阻力,提出一种桩群阻水效果的概化方法,通过增加桩群阻力项来研究桩群对水动力环境参数的影响,构建了群桩下方和后方水动力规律的三维水动力改进模型。该模型应用于舟山某高桩码头附近流场的模拟计算,结果与实测值吻合良好,证明了模型的有效性;计算结果表明,桩群影响使得码头后方的流速减小,比码头前方减小约67%。所构建的模型可进一步研究高桩码头下方和后方冲淤演变规律,为码头建设和运维提供技术支撑。

考虑清淤策略的桩基时变可靠度分析

为发展淤积岸坡-高桩码头相互作用体系结构可靠性分析方法,基于Fick第二定律推导了能考虑氯离子侵蚀效应的二维扩散模型,并采用时间离散法提出了一种综合考虑结构抗力衰减、淤积作用量化和预测,以及桩基受力变形分析的高桩码头桩基时变可靠度数值计算方法。并结合以目标可靠度为导向的清淤策略,编写了淤积岸坡-高桩码头体系时变可靠度外挂求解程序DPRP。在此基础上,开展了多工况计算分析,探讨了高桩码头桩基时变可靠度的演化规律。计算分析结果表明:码头近海侧桩基可靠度更易低于目标可靠度,在实际工程中需重点养护与修复;泥沙淤积作用会降低多数桩基时变可靠度,而对于近海侧及近岸侧且向岸倾斜的斜桩,其时变可靠度则会因泥沙淤积作用而增大。该高桩码头桩基时变可靠度数值求解流程框架及对应外挂子程序DPRP,可为高桩码头-岸坡相互作用体系的相关工程设计与可靠性评价提供参考。