Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of a Low-reaction Axial Compressor Stage

There is introduced a new low-reaction, highly-loaded axial compressor design concept which is coupled with boundary layer suction method. The characteristic features of the concept are made clear through its comparison with the MIT boundary layer suction compressor. Also are pointed out the potential applications of this concept as well as its key technological problems. Based on this concept, a single-stage, low-reaction and low-speed axial compressor is constructed in association with analysis and computation of boundary layer suction on vanes with the aid of a three-dimensional numerical approach. The results attest to the effectiveness of this way to control separation in blade cascades by the boundary layer suction and the feasibility of this proposed design concept.

Flow Field Improvement by Bowed Stator Stages in a Compressor with Different Axial Gaps Under Near Stall Condition

The outlet flow fields of a low-speed repeating-stage compressor with bowed stator stages are measured with five-hole probe under the near stall condition when the rotor/stator axial gap varies. The performances of the straight stator stages are investigated and compared to those of the bowed stator stages. The results show that using bowed stator stages could alleviate the flow separation at both upper and low corners of the suction surface and the endwalls, and decrease the losses along the flow passage as well as the outlet flow angle. As the rotor/stator axial gap decreases, although the diffusion capacity of the compressor increases obviously, the outlet flow field in the straight stator stages deteriorates quickly. By contrast, little changes occur in the bowed stator stages, indicating that as the rotor/stator axial gap decreases, improved performance is achieved in the bowed stator stages.

EFFECT OF AXIAL SPACING ON COMPRESSOR STABILITY

Experimental studies are carried out at a low speed axial compressor with five different rotor/stator gaps. Analysis of the effect of axial spacing of two successive blade rows on the measured mean flow coefficient at stall inception and on the flow range of compressor under multi-cell rotating stall operating conditions proves that the stator can suppress the flow disturbance in the compressor and strengthen the stability of the compressor. Experimental data show that the stall flow coefficient decreases by reducing the axial spacing of successive blade rows. Moreover, by reducing the axial spacing, the stall pattern transition pace from multi-cell stall to single-cell stall can be shifted. And the compressor directly slips into single-cell stall at 21.0% CR axial spacing. By analyzing the pressure fluctuation closed to the surge line, it can be known that there exists an eigenfrequency where the amplitude of the oscillating pressure suddenly and dramatically increases as the compressor runs close to the surge line and this pressure disturbance is relevant to the compressor instability.

Effects of Deposition Models on Deposition and Performance Deterioration in Axial Compressor Cascade

A new particle deposition model, namely partial deposition model, is developed in order to improve the accuracy of prediction to particle deposition. Concepts of critical velocity and critical angle are proposed and used to determine whether particles are deposited or not. The comparison of numerical results calculated by partial deposition model and existing deposition model shows that the deposition distribution obtained by partial deposition model is more reasonable. Based on the predicted deposition results, the change of total pressure loss coefficient with operating time and the distribution of pressure coefficients on blade surface after 500 hours are predicted by using partial deposition model.

Numerical study of a 3.5-stage axial compressor at on-and off-design conditions

Numerical investigation is conducted on a 3.5-stage axial compressor,on which numerous experimental projects were carried out at the Institute during the last years and an experimental database was established.In the current study five on-and off-design operating points are simulated using a RANS solver and the results are compared with the measurement.The result shows that the compressor performance can be qualitatively predicted by the mixing-plane method.Better agreement is obtained for the on-design operating point.However,as the flow unsteadiness is insufficiently considered,the numerical method produces end-wall low-speed flow layers accumulated with the flow passing through the passage,which is in no good agreement with the experimental data.In the numerical simulation the rotor rows receive less work and this difference from the measurement increases with the rotational speed.In contrast,the stator rows increase the pressure more efficiently than the measurement.In the simulation the flow in the last stator row tends more to separate on the pressure side of the blade.For the operating points close to the surge line,the predicted separation is more intense than the experimental observation.But for the operating points close to the choke,the separation is suppressed.

Investigation of Stator Wake Variability in Single Stage Axial-Compressor

In this paper, we investigate the stator wake variability along the axial direction under different rotating speeds and mass flow conditions, in the terms of wake-core position, wake depth, wake width and wake velocity gradient. Experimental study is carried out in a single stage axial compressor by using Hot-wire Anemometer (HWA). Simultaneously, the numerical calculation is brought out in the same experiment rig. Firstly, we analyze the time-averaged velocity and radial vorticity at different axial positions, and explore the wake variability along the axial direction. Then, we present the effects of operation conditions on the wake-core position, and find out the inlet Mach number and incident angle are both the key influence factors of the wake-core position. Finally, we summarize four preliminary conclusions of the wake variability.

INVESTIGATING MULTISTAGE AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR INSTABILITIES

A numerical methodology for investigating compressor instabilities in a multistage environment is presented. The method is based on a stage-by-stage dynamic compression model and considers air compressibility explicitly throughout the compressor. It involves discretizing the compression system into distinct elements and a use of the local elemental characteristic of mean performance. The models are presented in both nonlinear and linearized forms. The linearised form permits well surge condition prediction for multistage axial compressors, while the non-linear form is able to investigate the growth of local flow disturbances, and helps to develop practical control strategy. Validations were carried out using the data from several aircraft engine compressors. A good experiment-model consistency is achieved.

Experimental investigation about the effect of non-axisymmetric wake impact on a low speed axial compressor

Non-axisymmetric wake impact experiments were carried out after the best exciting frequency for a low speed axial compressor had been found by axisymmetric wake impact experiments. When the number and circumferential distribution of inlet guide vanes （IGV） are logical, the wakes of non-axisymmetric IGVs can exert beneficial unsteady exciting effect on their downstream rotor flow fields and improve the compressor＇s performance. In the present paper, four non-axisymmetric wake impact plans were found working better than the axisymmetric wake impact plan. Compared with the base plan, the best non-axisymmetric plan increased the compressor＇s peak efficiency, and the total pressure rise by 1.1 and 2%, and enhanced the stall margin by 4.4%. The main reason why non-axisymmetric plans worked better than the axisymmetric plan was explained as the change of the unsteady exciting signal arising from IGV wakes. Besides the high-frequency components, the nonaxisymmetric plan generated a beneficial low-frequency square-wave exciting signal and other secondary frequency components. Compared with the axisymmetric plan, multifrequency exciting wakes arising from the non-axisymmetric plans are easier to get coupling relation with complex vortices such as clearance vortices, passage vortices and shedding vortices.

Structural and Conceptual Design Analysis of an Axial Compressor for a 100 MW Industrial Gas Turbine (IND100)

The structural design of the IND100 axial compressor requires a multistage interrelationship between the thermodynamic, aerodynamic, mechanical design and structural integrity analysis of the component. These design criteria, sometimes act in opposition, hence engineering balance is employed within the specified design performance limits. This paper presents the structural and conceptual design of a sixteen stage single shaft high pressure compressor of IND100 with an overall pressure ratio of 12 and mass flow of 310 kg/s at ISOSLS conditions. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the conceptual design analysis, basic parameters like compressor sizing, load and blade mass, disc stress analysis, bearings and material selections, conceptual disc design and rotor dynamics are considered using existing tools and analytical technique. These techniques employed the basic thermodynamic and aerodynamic theory of axial flow compressors to determine the temperature and pressure for all stages, geometrical parameters, velocity triangle, and weight and stress calculations of the compressor disc using Sagerser Empirical Weight Estimation. The result analysis shows a constant hub diameter annulus configuration with compressor overall axial length of 3.75 m, tip blade speed of 301 m/s, maximum blade centrifugal force stress of 170 MPa, with major emphasis on industrial application for the structural component design selections.

NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR CASING TREATMENT

Using an inviscid model with inlet total pressure gradient and a J. D. Denton scheme, this paper for the first time numerically solves the 3D flow field of compressor casing treatment, and also explores some boundary singularities and numerical stability. Agreement is attained in qualitative explanations of some, casing treatment test results and its mechanism.

叶顶间隙对多级轴流压气机性能退化的影响

以某F级燃机压气机为研究对象,考虑燃机实际运行过程中腐蚀和磨损作用导致的压气机叶顶间隙变化,通过三维数值模拟方法开展了不同腐蚀/磨损状态下多级轴流压气机的性能退化机理研究,分析了叶顶间隙变化对多级轴流压气机性能的影响规律。结果表明:叶顶间隙增大会导致压气机特性曲线整体向质量流量减小的方向偏移,使得压气机的质量流量、效率及压比均产生一定程度的衰退;随着叶顶间隙的增大,压气机峰值效率逐渐降低,喘振裕度明显降低;叶顶间隙增大会导致压气机通道内的流动分离加剧,动叶叶顶间隙变化对压气机流动分离的影响更严重;静叶吸力面尾缘附近的流动分离导致形成低马赫数区,同时逆流的低速涡团导致叶根附近的损失显著增大,造成压气机性能衰退。

离心式压气机变工况模拟及轴向力变化机理分析

在相继增压系统切换过程中增压器轴向力的变化会严重影响其稳定性,以Garrett TBP4增压器的压气机端为研究对象,建立了压气机全流道计算域并划分多面体网格,设计7个工况,利用CFD研究了相继增压系统切换过程中的切换时间、切换转速、切换出口压力变化对压气机轴向力的影响规律,同时结合内部流场分析轴向力变化机理。结果表明:切换时间主要影响轴向力的突增时刻,切换转速幅值主要影响最终轴向力的大小,切换出口压力幅值主要影响轴向力突增与否;叶片轴向力受流场影响最大。

一种降低燃气轮机试验平台启动系统功率的方法

采用轴流压气机作为负载单元的燃气轮机试验平台,启动系统-负载-燃气轮机之间采用柔性联轴器联接。启动阶段,随着机组转速的提高,轴流压气机的功耗逐渐增大。文章通过对比升速阶段燃气轮机常规启动、变工况启动两种方式对启动系统的功率需求,得出大幅降低启动功率的方式,为以后燃气轮机带负荷试验平台设计提供了参考和经验。

背压扰动平衡盘对涡旋压缩机黏性内流压力影响研究

在变转速工况下,电动涡旋压缩机背压腔中润滑油产生的背压力无法准确平衡轴向气体力。针对这一问题,提出了一种带有扰动片的背压扰动平衡盘,研究了背压扰动平衡盘对涡旋压缩机黏性内流压力的影响。首先,对背压扰动平衡盘作用原理进行了分析,使用贝塞尔曲线构建了扰动片型线,对润滑油被扰动后的静压增量进行了公式推导,计算了扰动片出口安装角和扰动片数对润滑油静压的影响;然后,建立了含背压扰动平衡盘的背压腔模型,将流体域分为旋转域和静止域,采用旋转坐标系的方法进行了数值模拟,研究了背压腔内润滑油的压力场;最后,根据理论计算,模拟了润滑油在不同出口安装角和扰动片数下的润滑油静压,对润滑油静压与压缩机所需最佳背压进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:采用背压扰动平衡盘可以使润滑油静压增加21%,且静压增量随主轴转速的增加而增大,适当增大扰动片出口安装角可使润滑油静压增加0.032 MPa;对比最佳背压可知,扰动前润滑油静压与最佳背压相差26%,而合理设计扰动片后的润滑油静压与最佳背压相差仅为9%,极大改善了电动涡旋压缩机在变转速下的轴向平衡。

引气量对多级轴流压气机性能影响的数值研究

以NASA 74A压气机前3.5级为研究对象,利用源项法探究级间引气量变化对压气机总体性能和内部流动的影响。结果表明:引气量越大压气机总体特性变化越显著,10%引气量下压气机流量范围拓宽25.72%,相比于未引气的压气机最高效率点效率增加5.6%,压比增加2.76%,而引气后进口气流冲角减小以及叶背处流动分离减弱所带来的气体流通量的增加是效率提升的主要原因;引气使得压气机稳定裕度升高,当最佳引气量8%时其稳定裕度增大21.80%;引气提高了压气机进口流量,但两者变化量不完全一致,在最高效率点处引气,引气量与进口质量流量增加量基本相等,然而,当低于最高效率点流量时,小流量点的增加量大于引气量,而大流量点则相反,这决定了出口流量的增减,影响了压气机总压比;引气对于气流周向角度影响更大,对径向角度的影响主要集中于引气位置附近。

基于范诺流理论的变截面涡旋压缩机轴向间隙泄漏研究

为了定量研究变截面涡旋压缩机轴向间隙泄漏,基于范诺流理论,考虑其主轴转速、介质粘度和摩擦等因素,探索建立变截面涡旋压缩机轴向间隙泄漏量计算模型,根据模型分析影响泄漏的主要参数,以便利用控制关键参数来降低轴向间隙泄漏。通过搭建涡旋压缩机试验平台,测定涡旋压缩机工作腔在实际工况下,不同间隙同一主轴转速和同一间隙不同主轴转速下泄漏量的实测值。结果分析表明:压差大小与泄漏量成正比,当主轴转速一定,间隙为0.02 mm时,实测值与理论值拟合较好,并且随着压差增大,泄漏变化较小;主轴转速越高,间隙泄漏量越小,当间隙一定,转速为3000 r/min时,实测值与理论值拟合较好,并且转速越高,泄漏量越大。通过理论计算与实际测量结果对比分析,所建立的泄漏量计算模型准确可靠。此模型的建立为深入研究和控制轴向间隙泄漏奠定基础,也为推广涡旋压缩机在大功率领域的应用提供理论基础。

轮廓度误差对超声速压气机叶栅气动性能的影响

[目的]旨在评估轮廓度误差对压气机气动性能的影响,并为叶片鲁棒性设计提供参考。[方法]建立单峰值轮廓度误差分布数学模型,采用数值模拟方法,研究压力面和吸力面不同轮廓度组合误差对超声速压气机平面叶栅气动性能的影响。[结果]结果表明:吸力面轮廓度误差分布是影响叶栅总压损失的关键因素,随着吸力面轮廓度峰值误差位置向下游移动,总压损失系数逐渐降低;压力面和吸力面误差分布对气流折转角和静压升系数的影响趋势相反。对较低来流马赫数的叶栅,吸力面误差对气流折转角和静压升均起主导作用;对较高来流马赫数的叶栅,压力面误差对气流折转角和静压升影响明显。激波位置和激波强度、激波后扩张通道的流道型线综合决定了叶片表面和叶栅流道内的流动状态,使得近吸力面侧流动损失增大,近压力面侧流动损失减小,其综合效果决定了叶栅损失、气流折转角和静压升的变化。[结论]结果对指导跨声速压气机设计、加工和超差审理均具有重要意义。

整级端壁造型对压气机总体性能影响的数值研究

以NASA Stage35为研究对象,通过NUMECA/Design3d商用优化软件,采用人工神经网络(ANN)与多目标遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)相结合的方法,在喘振点附近对压气机转子和静子轮毂进行优化造型,对流场结构、气动性能以及压气机稳定性进行分析。结果表明:非轴对称端壁削弱了转子通道内的二次流强度,消除了静子前缘的马蹄涡,压气机的气动性能得到明显改善,压气机在不同设计转速下的喘振裕度都有增加,工作的稳定性得到提高。

基于非线性谐波法的多级轴流压缩机叶顶间隙流动分析

为了探究叶顶间隙对多级轴流压缩机的内部流动和气动性能的影响,对某12级多级轴流压缩机进行研究。首先,基于数值模拟预测出叶顶间隙为近零间隙(C_(n0))、设计间隙(C_(d))、1.5倍设计间隙(1.5C_(d))、2倍设计间隙(2C_(d))的压缩机性能曲线;然后,在此基础上采用非线性谐波法(NLH)对不同间隙模型进行非定常数值模拟计算;最后,对模拟结果的内部流场状况进行分析。研究结果表明:叶顶间隙大小不仅影响压缩机的流量特性曲线,而且在某个间隙时压缩机的性能最佳,同时在稳定的工作范围内存在一个最佳间隙,即失速裕度最佳值。通过对压缩机叶顶区域流场的分析,从非定常流场的角度阐明了叶顶泄漏流形成的涡对压缩机性能影响的原因,在近零间隙模型中,叶顶间隙涡不明显,由间隙过小导致堵塞引起叶片吸力面出现较大范围的高速流动区域。当叶尖间隙在最优值左右时,叶尖泄漏流动抑制了流动分离。而随着叶顶间隙的不断增大,叶顶间隙引起涡的尺度和强度也相应增大,使压缩机性能降低。

工业燃机轴流压气机级间引气结构的压损特性

为研究级间引气结构的压损特性,为工业燃机中的相关结构设计提供参考,采用仿真手段对真实的工业燃气轮机多级轴流压气机的级间引气结构进行数值研究,计算域涵盖压气机的多个主流通道和旁路的引气槽道、腔室、管路。结果表明:小引气率下,引气口的气流滞止和折转所导致的压力损失占总损失的五成以上;大引气率下,引气腔室内的流动掺混和引气支管口的流动分离所导致的压力损失占总损失的七成以上。不同区域的流动损失受引气率、引气管路的雷诺数、引气腔室的水力直径影响。下一步可以通过神经网络的方法训练得到零维的级间引气模型,用于进一步的性能评估。