Development of vehicle-recognition method on water surfaces using LiDAR data:SPD^(2)(spherically stratified point projection with diameter and distance)

Swarm robot systems are an important application of autonomous unmanned surface vehicles on water surfaces.For monitoring natural environments and conducting security activities within a certain range using a surface vehicle,the swarm robot system is more efficient than the operation of a single object as the former can reduce cost and save time.It is necessary to detect adjacent surface obstacles robustly to operate a cluster of unmanned surface vehicles.For this purpose,a LiDAR(light detection and ranging)sensor is used as it can simultaneously obtain 3D information for all directions,relatively robustly and accurately,irrespective of the surrounding environmental conditions.Although the GPS(global-positioning-system)error range exists,obtaining measurements of the surface-vessel position can still ensure stability during platoon maneuvering.In this study,a three-layer convolutional neural network is applied to classify types of surface vehicles.The aim of this approach is to redefine the sparse 3D point cloud data as 2D image data with a connotative meaning and subsequently utilize this transformed data for object classification purposes.Hence,we have proposed a descriptor that converts the 3D point cloud data into 2D image data.To use this descriptor effectively,it is necessary to perform a clustering operation that separates the point clouds for each object.We developed voxel-based clustering for the point cloud clustering.Furthermore,using the descriptor,3D point cloud data can be converted into a 2D feature image,and the converted 2D image is provided as an input value to the network.We intend to verify the validity of the proposed 3D point cloud feature descriptor by using experimental data in the simulator.Furthermore,we explore the feasibility of real-time object classification within this framework.

Multi-channel & high-precision data acquisition devi ce for aerospace

This paper describes the detailed desi gn of data acquisition device with multi-channel and high-precision for aerosp ace.Based on detailed analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of tw o common acquisition circuits,the design factors of acquisition device focus o n accuracy,sampling rate,hardware overhead and design space.The me chanical structure of the system is divided into different card layers according to different functions and the structure has the characteristics of high reliability,conveni ence to install and scalability.To ens ure reliable operation mode,the interface uses the optocoupler isolated from th e e xternal circuit.The transmission of signal is decided by the current in the cur rent loop that consists of optocouplers between acquisition device and t est bench.In multi-channel switching circuit,by establ ishing analog multiplexer model,the selection principles of circuit modes are given.

Data Logic Structure and Key Technologies on Intelligent High-precision Map

Taking autonomous driving and driverless as the research object,we discuss and define intelligent high-precision map.Intelligent high-precision map is considered as a key link of future travel,a carrier of real-time perception of traffic resources in the entire space-time range,and the criterion for the operation and control of the whole process of the vehicle.As a new form of map,it has distinctive features in terms of cartography theory and application requirements compared with traditional navigation electronic maps.Thus,it is necessary to analyze and discuss its key features and problems to promote the development of research and application of intelligent high-precision map.Accordingly,we propose an information transmission model based on the cartography theory and combine the wheeled robot’s control flow in practical application.Next,we put forward the data logic structure of intelligent high-precision map,and analyze its application in autonomous driving.Then,we summarize the computing mode of“Crowdsourcing+Edge-Cloud Collaborative Computing”,and carry out key technical analysis on how to improve the quality of crowdsourced data.We also analyze the effective application scenarios of intelligent high-precision map in the future.Finally,we present some thoughts and suggestions for the future development of this field.

CNN-Transformer结合对比学习的高光谱与LiDAR数据协同分类

针对高光谱图像(hyperspectral images,HSI)与LiDAR数据多模态分类任务中的跨模态信息表达和特征对齐等问题,提出一种基于对比学习CNN-Transformer高光谱和LiDAR数据协同分类网络(Contrastive Learning based CNNTransformer Network,CLCT-Net)。CLCT-Net通过由ConvNeXt V2 Block构成的共有特征提取模块,获得不同模态间的共性特征,解决异构传感器数据之间语义对齐的问题。构建了包含空间-通道分支和光谱上下文分支的双分支HSI编码器,以及结合频域自注意力机制的LiDAR编码器,以获取更丰富的特征表示。利用集成对比学习进行分类,进一步提升多模态数据协同分类的精度。在Houston 2013和Trento数据集上的实验结果表明,相较于其他高光谱图像和Li‐DAR数据分类模型,本文所提模型获得了更高的地物分类精度,分别达到了92.01%和98.90%,实现了跨模态数据特征的深度挖掘和协同提取。

基于大数据流水线系统的算法模型整合方法研究——以基于机器学习方法的LiDAR数据树木生物量反演为例

【背景】激光雷达(LiDAR)数据在森林资源分析利用方面有着广泛应用,科研人员研制了很多涉及大数据管理和人工智能的专业算法模型,这些算法模型目前多数散落在研究人员手里,尚缺乏新型信息化平台对其进行整合。【方法】大数据流水线系统πFlow软件具有大数据管理能力和大数据算法集成能力,并可以所见即所得方式构建流水线并调度运行流水线,适合于LiDAR数据复杂算法模型的整合,且流水线可定制、可复用。【内容】本文介绍了πFlow的特点和功能,并以基于LiDAR冠层高度模型(CHM)数据的树冠解析及利用机器学习方法估测树木生物量为例,介绍了将算法整合到πFlow并构建LiDAR数据分析处理流水线的方法和技术,且对流水线进行了测试运行。【结果】利用πFlow构建的可重复信息化平台可支撑野外站观测网络的LiDAR数据生物量快速反演,为数据密集型的专业数据处理算法模型的整合提供了创新方法技术。

改进的密度聚类精确自适应提取LiDAR电力线点云方法

原有邻域半径r_(Eps)与密度阈值p_(MinPts)两个参数的初始赋值导致电力线点云的提取结果存在不确定性,在密度聚类的基础上增添了点云簇类自适应判别方法,该方法避免人员重复测试初始参数的繁琐过程,采用C++语言完成了对该算法电力线精确提取及电力线拟合程序的开发与测试。结果表明:改进后的密度聚类法在电力线点云提取的损失率仅0.02%,三维重建残差为0.213 m;该方法大幅提高了电力线点云提取的准确性与便捷性,适用于高压电力走廊的电力巡检与三维重建等工作。

Algorithmic Foundation and Software Tools for Extracting Shoreline Features from Remote Sensing Imagery and LiDAR Data

This paper presents algorithmic components and corresponding software routines for extracting shoreline features from remote sensing imagery and LiDAR data. Conceptually, shoreline features are treated as boundary lines between land objects and water objects. Numerical algorithms have been identified and de-vised to segment and classify remote sensing imagery and LiDAR data into land and water pixels, to form and enhance land and water objects, and to trace and vectorize the boundaries between land and water ob-jects as shoreline features. A contouring routine is developed as an alternative method for extracting shore-line features from LiDAR data. While most of numerical algorithms are implemented using C++ program-ming language, some algorithms use available functions of ArcObjects in ArcGIS. Based on VB .NET and ArcObjects programming, a graphical user’s interface has been developed to integrate and organize shoreline extraction routines into a software package. This product represents the first comprehensive software tool dedicated for extracting shorelines from remotely sensed data. Radarsat SAR image, QuickBird multispectral image, and airborne LiDAR data have been used to demonstrate how these software routines can be utilized and combined to extract shoreline features from different types of input data sources: panchromatic or single band imagery, color or multi-spectral image, and LiDAR elevation data. Our software package is freely available for the public through the internet.

无人机LiDAR点云与无人机影像匹配点云分析比较

随着无人机技术的不断发展,无人机数码航测技术和无人机LiDAR技术在测量领域的应用越来越广泛。为分析无人机LiDAR点云和无人机影像匹配点云2种点云的差异,该文通过对西南某铁路一个测区在同一飞行高度的情况下同时进行无人机数码航摄及无人机LiDAR航摄2种方式航摄。对2种不同的摄影方式获取的点云进行比较,分析出2种方法获取点云在形态表现、滤波分类,以及利用2种点云制作DEM高程精度方面的差异,为实际工程航飞方式的选择提供一个参考。

Estimating above-ground biomass by fusion of LiDAR and multispectral data in subtropical woody plant communities in topographically complex terrain in North-eastern Australia

We investigated a strategy to improve predicting capacity of plot-scale above-ground biomass （AGB） by fusion of LiDAR and Land- sat5 TM derived biophysical variables for subtropical rainforest and eucalypts dominated forest in topographically complex landscapes in North-eastern Australia. Investigation was carried out in two study areas separately and in combination. From each plot of both study areas, LiDAR derived structural parameters of vegetation and reflectance of all Landsat bands, vegetation indices were employed. The regression analysis was carded out separately for LiDAR and Landsat derived variables indi- vidually and in combination. Strong relationships were found with LiDAR alone for eucalypts dominated forest and combined sites compared to the accuracy of AGB estimates by Landsat data. Fusing LiDAR with Landsat5 TM derived variables increased overall performance for the eucalypt forest and combined sites data by describing extra variation （3% for eucalypt forest and 2% combined sites） of field estimated plot-scale above-ground biomass. In contrast, separate LiDAR and imagery data, andfusion of LiDAR and Landsat data performed poorly across structurally complex closed canopy subtropical minforest. These findings reinforced that obtaining accurate estimates of above ground biomass using remotely sensed data is a function of the complexity of horizontal and vertical structural diversity of vegetation.

An Integrated Framework for Road Detection in Dense Urban Area from High-Resolution Satellite Imagery and Lidar Data

Automatic road detection, in dense urban areas, is a challenging application in the remote sensing community. This is mainly because of physical and geometrical variations of road pixels, their spectral similarity to other features such as buildings, parking lots and sidewalks, and the obstruction by vehicles and trees. These problems are real obstacles in precise detection and identification of urban roads from high-resolution satellite imagery. One of the promising strategies to deal with this problem is using multi-sensors data to reduce the uncertainties of detection. In this paper, an integrated object-based analysis framework was developed for detecting and extracting various types of urban roads from high-resolution optical images and Lidar data. The proposed method is designed and implemented using a rule-oriented approach based on a masking strategy. The overall accuracy (OA) of the final road map was 89.2%, and the kappa coefficient of agreement was 0.83, which show the efficiency and performance of the method in different conditions and interclass noises. The results also demonstrate the high capability of this object-based method in simultaneous identification of a wide variety of road elements in complex urban areas using both high-resolution satellite images and Lidar data.

多源LiDAR和UAV影像的塔式建筑物三维建模方法

塔式建筑物由于立面结构复杂,使用单一数据源进行三维建模时容易出现部分区域空洞、纹理拉花等情况。为解决此问题,本文提出一种将无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)影像、机载LiDAR数据和手持LiDAR数据进行配准融合的塔式建筑物三维建模方法。以云南省玉溪市新平县的五彩云楼为例,使用UAV和手持激光扫描仪作为数据采集设备,首先分别采集塔式建筑物的UAV影像、机载LiDAR和手持LiDAR数据,然后基于摄影测量原理生成UAV影像的点云,其次基于最近点迭代算法方法将三种数据进行配准融合,最后通过构建不规则三角网表示其三维模型。实验结果表明:将多源LiDAR和UAV影像点云配准融合后生成的三维模型结构更加完整,避免了单一数据源构建三维模型存在的空洞问题。

融合LiDAR点云与无人机影像的滑坡动态监测技术

滑坡是一种危害性较大的自然灾害,如何对其进行高效准确的监测具有重要研究价值和实际意义。利用LiDAR、无人机航空摄影等技术进行滑坡监测,可以快速、安全、精确地获取滑坡区域地面信息。本文提出了融合LiDAR点云的无人机影像滑坡动态监测方法。首先,利用点云和影像获取高质量DSM;然后,设计一种基于不规则三角网和坡度融合的滤波算法,滤除DSM中低矮植被,生产高精度DEM;最后,通过对两期DEM进行差分,实现对滑坡区域的动态监测。以黄登水电站附近边坡区域的LiDAR数据与无人机影像数据开展试验,结果表明,采用本文方法进行滑坡动态监测可以直观地判断滑坡地形变化和位移趋势,具有一定的应用前景。

基于LiDAR数据与光谱影像融合的单木提取方法

针对现有的机载数据单木分割方法对林型的普适度不高,尤其在高郁闭度阔叶林地带提取精度偏低的问题,选用海南省海口市热带阔叶林地带的光谱影像和LiDAR数据,先采用基于距离阈值的单木分割方法,利用高分光谱影像分割得到的树冠边缘,对初始探测树顶点进行位置约束。获得单木顶点的精确定位后,采用基于种子点的单木分割方法分割,完成了阔叶林的单木提取。结果显示,与已有的基于单木间相对间距单木分割方法相比,本研究通过选取最佳分割尺度结合光谱影像进行精确定位,改善了原有单一尺度分割方法导致的过分割现象,将单木识别精确率由0.67提升至0.92。该方法在使用遥感对森林单木进行分割工作中,可以更好地识别单木,对不同林型适用度较高,可以为后续的单木信息提取工作提供数据基础。

一种改进的机载LiDAR数据构建DEM地面种子点选取方法

针对机载激光雷达(LiDAR)数据使用传统方法获取的地面种子点密度低,种子点之间空白区域的地形信息缺失,不利于后续提取地面点和构建高质量数字高程模型(DEM)的问题,本文提出了一种基于新的网格遍历规则的地面种子点选取方法。与传统方法中的起始网格在X和Y方向上每次移动1个规则网格宽度不同,该方法每次移动1/2个网格宽度,增加规则网格数量,获取的地面种子点个数相较于传统方法提高约200%,可补充种子点之间空白区域的地形信息,有利于提高后续点云数据处理的精度和相关产品的可靠性。

Analysis of Morphological Processes in a Disturbed Gravel-Bed River （Piave River）： Integration of LiDAR Data and Colour Bathymetry

The magnitude of river morphological changes are better analyzed through the use of quantitative approaches, wherein resolution accuracy and uncertainty assessment are treated as crucial key-factors. In this sense, the creation of precise DEMs （Digital Elevation Models） of rivers represents an affordable tool to analyze geomorphic variations and budgets, except for wetted areas, where reliable channel digitalization can normally be obtained only using expensive bathymetric surveys. The proposed work aims at improving channel surface models without having available bathymetric sensors, by deriving dry areas elevations from LiDAR data and water depth of wetted areas from aerial photos through a predictive depth-colour relationship. The methodology was applied to two different sub-reaches of the Piave River, a gravel-bed river which suffered severe flood events in 2010. Erosion and deposition patterns were identified through DEM differencing, showing a predominance of scour processes which can lead to channel instability situations. The bathymetric output was compared to other previously-derived models confirming the accuracy of the in-channel elevation estimates. Finally, a discussion on the role played by longitudinal protections during the studied flood events is proposed, focusing the attention on the incidence of two major bank erosions that removed significant volumes of stable areas.

基于LiDAR的道路景观需求研究——以郑州市三环内主干道为例

为研究人行、车行对城市主干道景观需求满足度,选择郑州市主干道为研究对象,通过背包式激光雷达获取道路景观三维点云数据,利用层次分析法构建评价体系并利用熵值法确定评价体系指标权重,在此基础上,采用k-means聚类分析划分道路评价等级。得出不同基础条件下,郑州市三环内主干道景观需求满足度及评价等级,并对道路景观结构进行相似性和差异性分析。该体系能够衡量城市主干道中蕴含的生态及安全风险,为今后城市主干道绿化景观改善提供科学依据。

A Random Fusion of Mix 3D and Polar Mix to Improve Semantic Segmentation Performance in 3D Lidar Point Cloud

This paper focuses on the effective utilization of data augmentation techniques for 3Dlidar point clouds to enhance the performance of neural network models.These point clouds,which represent spatial information through a collection of 3D coordinates,have found wide-ranging applications.Data augmentation has emerged as a potent solution to the challenges posed by limited labeled data and the need to enhance model generalization capabilities.Much of the existing research is devoted to crafting novel data augmentation methods specifically for 3D lidar point clouds.However,there has been a lack of focus on making the most of the numerous existing augmentation techniques.Addressing this deficiency,this research investigates the possibility of combining two fundamental data augmentation strategies.The paper introduces PolarMix andMix3D,two commonly employed augmentation techniques,and presents a new approach,named RandomFusion.Instead of using a fixed or predetermined combination of augmentation methods,RandomFusion randomly chooses one method from a pool of options for each instance or sample.This innovative data augmentation technique randomly augments each point in the point cloud with either PolarMix or Mix3D.The crux of this strategy is the random choice between PolarMix and Mix3Dfor the augmentation of each point within the point cloud data set.The results of the experiments conducted validate the efficacy of the RandomFusion strategy in enhancing the performance of neural network models for 3D lidar point cloud semantic segmentation tasks.This is achieved without compromising computational efficiency.By examining the potential of merging different augmentation techniques,the research contributes significantly to a more comprehensive understanding of how to utilize existing augmentation methods for 3D lidar point clouds.RandomFusion data augmentation technique offers a simple yet effective method to leverage the diversity of augmentation techniques and boost the robustness of models.The insights gained from this research can pave the way for future work aimed at developing more advanced and efficient data augmentation strategies for 3D lidar point cloud analysis.

地面LIDAR在滑坡灾害三维实景建模中的应用

为快速获取邻近铁路滑坡体表面的三维坐标,实现对滑坡灾害快速响应和及时治理。以宝兰高铁上庄隧道出口滑坡为例,采用地面LIDAR技术,通过优化布设扫描站点,实现最大扫描范围并保证相邻站间的重叠度,以无靶标扫描方式获取滑坡体及周围地物的点云数据。在RiSCAN PRO软件中利用相邻扫描站间重叠点云进行拼接处理,点云拼接精度为6.9 mm,满足三维建模和地形图制作的精度要求。利用扫描站点坐标、测站全景影像,经过配准、坐标转换、纹理贴附、多边形拟合、曲面光滑等,建立可量测的三维实景模型,为辅助地形图制作和铁路滑坡灾害整治提供便利。研究表明,采用地面LIDAR技术以无靶标扫描方式快速建立铁路滑坡体三维实景模型,具有全天时、全天候、高精度、高密度、无接触的优势,打破了传统人工测量的局限性,提高作业效率,降低外业测量风险,可为同类型地质灾害数据获取及整治积累经验。

基于机载LiDAR大面积点云数据采集及其精度检测——以贵阳市六城区为例

通过机载激光雷达(Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR)按1∶1 000的比例对贵阳市六城区、贵安新区直管区和双龙新区(约3 000 km^(2))进行数据采集。为验证该点云成果精度满足何种应用场景的需要,在该区域选择分布相对均匀的房角、草地、成林、灌木、水田、旱地、硬化地表、苗圃、果园9类共计724个地物地貌点进行实地平面与高程精度检测,完成对数据精度的统计分析。该点云数据的精度统计结果,为同类工作从业者提供一定的参考。

机载激光 LiDAR点云数据滤波和分类设计

为提高机载激光LiDAR点云数据处理的精确性与效率,本文详细阐述了噪声去除、规则格网化处理、高程突变点提取、二面角滤波处理及基于区域分割与决策树的分类设计。首先,本文有效去除了点云数据中的噪声,并通过规则格网化实现有序组织。其次,利用坡度阈值法成功提取高程突变点,并通过二面角滤波进一步提升了分类精度。最后,本文设计了基于区域分割与决策树的分类方法,实现了点云数据的准确分类。研究结果表明,本文方法能够高效去除噪声、提取关键特征,并实现高精度的点云数据分类,为机载激光LiDAR技术的应用提供了有力支撑。