Manufacture of Automatic Heating Equipment for AES

This paper introduced the design and application of automatic heating equipment for Auger Emission Spectroscopy(AES).The special electric furnace used in the AES was designed,the Al_2O_3 glass window which allows both visible light and infrared ray to pass through was made,and the MA2S/B thermo-meter based on infrared ray radiant energy from the sample was selected.The equipment gives dynamic analyzingby AES.It offers possibilities for widening the fields of materials surface and interface research.As a sample,the FeCr_(17) alloy was studied by in situ AES in the heating progress with the help of automaticheating equipment.

Study on Curing Effect and the Waste Heat Recovering Equipment Design of Flue Gas of Bulk Curing Barn

In order to realize tobacco curing with energy saving and emission reduc- ing and lower cost, the waste heat recovering equipment was designed and built on blowing-upward type bulk curing barn. The comparative experiment of tobacco leaf curing was conducted between a bulk curing barn with waste heat of flue gas and conventional bulk curing barn. The results showed that the effect of saving coal in bulk curing barn with waste heat of flue gas was obvious than the contrast. The coal consumption quantity was 1.531 kg per kg of dry tobacco leaf. The saving coal in bulk curing barn with use waste heat of flue gas was 0.181 kg per kg of dry tobacco leaf than the contrast and saving coal rate was 10.57%. The electricity consumption quantity was 0.593 kWh per kg of dry tobacco leaf. The saving elec- tricity quantity in bulk curing barn with use waste heat of flue gas was 0.022 kWh/kg and the saving electricity rate was 3.58% than the contrast. The saving curing cost was 0.158 yuan per kg of dry tobacco leaf and saving cost rate 9.09% in bulk cur- ing barn with use waste heat of flue gas than the contrast. The appearance quality, grade structure and primary chemical composition had no significant difference be- tween bulk curing barn with use waste heat of flue gas and the contrast.

Effects of high-pressure heat treatment on the solid-state phase transformation and microstructures of Cu_(61.13)Zn_(33.94)Al_(4.93) alloys

The phase transformation activation energy of the Cu61.13Zn33.94A14.93 alloys, which were treated at 4 GPa and 700 ℃ for 15 minutes, was calculated by means of differential scanning calorimetry curves obtained at various heating and cooling rates. Then, the effects of high-pressure heat treatments on the solid-state phase transformation and the microstructures of Cu61.13Zn33.94A14.93 alloys were investigated. The results show that high-pressure heat treatments can refine the grains and can change the preferred orientation from （111） to （200） of α phase. Compared with the as-cast alloy, the sample with high-pressure heat treatment has finer grains, lower β＇→β and/β→β＇ transformation temperature and activation energy. Furthermore, we found that high cooling rate favours the formation of fine needle-like α phase in the range of 5-20℃/min.

The regulation of ferrocene-based catalysts on heat transfer in highpressure combustion of ammonium perchlorate/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene/aluminum composite propellants

The regulation of the burning rate pressure exponent for the ammonium perchlorate/hydroxylterminated polybutadiene/aluminum(AP/HTPB/Al)composite propellants under high pressures is a crucial step for its application in high-pressure solid rocket motors.In this work,the combustion characteristics of AP/HTPB/Al composite propellants containing ferrocene-based catalysts were investigated,including the burning rate,thermal behavior,the local heat transfer,and temperature profile in the range of 7-28 MPa.The results showed that the exponent breaks were still observed in the propellants after the addition of positive catalysts(Ce-Fc-MOF),the burning rate inhibitor((Ferrocenylmethyl)trimethylammonium bromide,Fc Br)and the mixture of Fc Br/catocene(GFP).However,the characteristic pressure has increased,and the exponent decreased from 1.14 to 0.66,0.55,and 0.48 when the addition of Ce-FcMOF,Fc Br and Fc Br/GFP in the propellants.In addition,the temperature in the first decomposition stage was increased by 7.50℃ and 11.40℃ for the AP/Fc Br mixture and the AP/Fc Br/GFP mixture,respectively,compared to the pure AP.On the other hand,the temperature in the second decomposition stage decreased by 48.30℃ and 81.70℃ for AP/Fc Br and AP/Fc Br/GFP mixtures,respectively.It was also found that Fc Br might generate ammonia to cover the AP surface.In this case,a reaction between the methyl in Fc Br and perchloric acid caused more ammonia to appear at the AP surface,resulting in the suppression of ammonia desorption.In addition,the coarse AP particles on the quenched surface were of a concave shape relative to the binder matrix under low and high pressures when the catalysts were added.In the process,the decline at the AP/HTPB interface was only exhibited in the propellant with the addition of Ce-Fc-MOF.The ratio of the gas-phase temperature gradient of the propellants containing catalysts was reduced significantly below and above the characteristic pressure,rather than 3.6 times of the difference in the blank propellant.Overall,the obtained results demonstrated that the pressure exponent could be effectively regulated and controlled by adjusting the propellant local heat and mass transfer under high and low pressures.

THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF HIGH-PRESSURE ADSORPTION OF METHANE AND HEATS OF METHANE ADSORPTION ON MICROPOROUS CARBONS

The study was done for high pressure adsorption of methane on microporous carbons, which has an ANG vehicular application background. Adsorption isotherm of methane on super activated carbon up to 6 MPa was measured and isosteric heats of methane adsorption on a number of microporous carbons were determined from adsorption isosteres by the Clausius Clapeyron equation. The variation of the isosteric heats of adsorption with the amount of methane adsorbed was discussed.

Influence of high-pressure heat treatment on magnetocaloric effects and magnetic phase transition in single crystal Gd_(3)Ga_5O_(12)

The magnetic properties and magnetic phase transition critical behavior of Gd_(3)Ga_5O_(12)single crystals subjected to high-pressure heat treatment were investigated.The results show that high-pressure heat treatment reduces the Curie temperature and magnetization of the sample.Under a magnetic field change of 5 T,the maximum isothermal magnetic entropy of the sample is approximately 19.73 J/(kg·K).High-pressure heat treatment increases the phase transition temperature range and leads to an increase in the magnetic refrigeration power.Both Gd_(3)Ga_(5)O_(12)single crystals and the high-pressure heat-treated sample undergo a second-order phase transition.The critical behavior of the samples aligns with the mean field model acquired via critical model fitting.This indicates that the samples exhibit long-range exchange interactions in the system near the Curie temperature.Thus,this material can be used as a magnetic refrigerant for low-temperature applications.

Development of in-situ testing equipment of rock and soil thermophysical properties

A mobile in-situ testing equipment used to detect geotechnical thermophysical properties was developed. The equipment is composed of a heat pump, frequency pumps, an electric tee joint regulator valve, some sensors, an electric control system, data acquisition and control system, which can do tests under the condition of extracting and storing subsurface heat. Applying the line source and the cylinder source heat transfer model, and combining the parameters estimation, the average thermophysieal property parameters of rock and soil will be calculated, which provides the basis for designing the ground source heat pump systems.

地铁车站弱电设备间设备发热量确定方法

介绍了一种地铁车站弱电设备间设备发热量确定新方法,该方法利用弱电设备发热量实测数据与模型预测数据相互验证,可以有效提高弱电设备发热量确定结果的准确性。研究了室内气温、地铁是否运营、设备额定功率和车站类型等因素对设备发热量的影响。研究结果表明:基于间接测量和预测模型的地铁车站弱电设备间设备发热量确定方法可以提高和保障设备发热量计算结果的准确性;室内气温会显著影响设备外表面和围护结构内表面温度及围护结构内表面热流密度,但对设备外表面热流密度的影响较小;地铁是否运营对弱电设备间设备发热量有较大影响,地铁运营期间设备发热量大于非运营期间;设备额定功率对弱电设备间设备发热量峰值有较大影响,车站类型和建筑面积对设备发热量峰值的影响很小。

地面风传感器加热装置设计及试验研究

在冬季雨雪、冻雨、雨凇和雾凇等天气现象发生时,自动气象站风传感器转动部件容易发生冻结,造成风向风速观测数据缺测。为解决风传感器冻结的问题,设计一种基于分级加热技术的风传感器加热装置,采用多级加热元件组合控制的方式,实现自适应启动不同级别的加热模式。通过试验对风传感器加热装置性能进行测试,以及对风向风速观测数据进行处理分析,评估风传感器加热装置在气象观测业务中应用的可行性。结果表明,带有加热装置的风传感器起到了很好的防冻结作用,运行更加稳定;带有加热装置的风向风速数据完整性优于未带有加热装置的风传感器,两者风速具有较强的相关性,相关系数均在95%以上;两者风向一致性显著,均在80%以上,10 min风向一致性优于2 min风向一致性。可见,风传感器加热装置可有效减少风传感器冻结发生的次数,及时消除结冰层,降低观测人员设备维护工作量,提高风传感器运行的稳定性和数据的连续性,为风传感器加热装置应用于气象观测业务提供决策支撑。

考虑氢储能和需求响应的综合能源系统双层优化配置

在双碳目标下,为改善综合能源系统功率不平衡,提高能源运营商收益,降低用户购能成本,首先,结合氢储能可作为源-荷-储的优点以及电制热的能源转换特性,设计了考虑氢储能的综合能源系统双层框架。其次,根据两种不同时间尺度,提出了一种考虑负荷侧需求响应和含电制热设备用户群的综合能源系统氢储能双层优化配置模型,上层模型结合氢储能特性进行长时间尺度优化配置;下层模型利用需求响应和电制热设备对用户群负荷进行优化,以求解短时间尺度含氢储能综合能源系统优化运行问题。再次,采用KKT条件和Big-M法将模型转为单层线性问题。最后,结果显示,通过配置氢储能以及采用电制热设备和需求响应,可提高运营商收入和新能源消纳,降低用户群成本,减少功率失衡风险。

城市轨道交通车辆段再生制动能量电阻吸收装置选型及散热分析

[目的]城市轨道交通车辆段再生制动能量电阻吸收装置散热量较大,为有效解决此类装置的散热问题,需对再生制动能量电阻吸收装置进行选型,并对其散热能力进行分析。[方法]通过推导得出的城市轨道交通车辆段再生制动能量的计算方法,以及车辆段内的列车运行工况,对再生制动能量电阻吸收装置的电阻值选取、选型及散热分析等方面进行了详细分析。[结果及结论]结合列车在车辆段内的实际运行工况,提出了车辆段再生制动能量电阻吸收装置中制动电阻的计算及选取方法。再生制动能量电阻吸收装置的散热量一般依据该装置峰值功率,并结合其间歇工作的特性进行估算,但该计算方法未考虑热电阻工况,其理论计算值与实际运行工况存在一定程度的偏差。提出了再生制动能量电阻吸收装置的散热功率估算方法,以及散热功率的校验方法,并提出了该装置布置方式的建议方案。

纺织空调绿色生产技术途径

探讨纺织空调实现绿色生产的途径和方法。针对纺织空调运行能耗高、耗水量大的问题,以创建绿色工厂为目标,从提高设备能效、优化空调热湿处理方法、加强运行调试与能源管理等方面提出具体要求和措施,并提出了细纱车间热分流、热回收、送回风系统低能耗运行的方法。认为:做好纺织空调节能降耗工作有助于实现纺织车间绿色生产。

基于高精度热泵模型的电热协同独立微网设备优化配置

为实现含丰富工业余热、数据中心余热、生活污水余热等低品位热源的区域协同供能,以及提高区域清洁能源利用效率,针对区域独立微网供能系统的设备优化配置策略进行研究。基于多类型低品位热源的不同温度品位特征,提出用于提升热源温度品位的关键电热泵设备多参数拟合模型,并生成热泵拟合模型的误差不确定性场景;考虑微网在实际运行不确定性场景下产生的供热舒适度补偿、切负荷与切光伏风险,提出基于多条件风险价值(CVaR)理论的独立微网设备容量优化配置双层模型,上层模型基于全寿命周期成本费用年值与年CVaR值优化设备配置方案,下层模型基于场景分析法优化运行成本;采用遗传算法对双层模型进行求解。算例结果证明:考虑热泵拟合模型误差有效降低了系统运行风险,且低品位热源的回收利用具有较大经济性潜力。

复合纳米流体强化换热研究进展

随着科学技术的进步,电子器件、太阳能和机械加工等系统均趋向于高功率和微型化发展.然而,这些系统内部产生的热量也随之增加,导致系统过热甚至烧毁,因此,亟需发展高效热管理系统,以及时带走系统热量.近年来,多种新型热管理技术被广泛研究和应用,其中,复合纳米流体强化换热技术因具有效果显著、成本低廉和无额外能耗等优势而备受关注,成为研究和应用的热点之一.本文对复合纳米流体强化换热技术的研究进展进行全面综述.首先总结了近年来复合纳米流体制备的研究现状,然后分析了复合纳米流体的一般性能、传热性能及相关影响因素,着重讨论了复合纳米流体强化换热机制.此外,还介绍了复合纳米流体在微电子、太阳能装置及散热器等领域的应用.最后,讨论了复合纳米流体强化换热技术目前面临的挑战,并提出了未来的发展方向.

地铁列车运行产热量计算探讨

对列车产热量的详细计算有利于地铁环控系统的设备选型和节能运行,更有利于隧道热量的回收和再利用。本文引述了地铁列车运行产热量的相关计算方法,纠正了部分谬误,并增补了小时行车数、空调和电加热设备同时使用系数等影响因素,进一步细化了列车运行产热量的计算方法。案例计算结果表明:列车启动阻力产热量占比最小,仅为列车总产热量的0.1%;夏季空调产热量占比可达总热量的16.9%~32.5%。

考虑系统故障随机性的电热联合系统备用与DNE分布鲁棒协同优化调度

为实现电热联合系统的安全稳定运行,提高可再生能源消纳,提出考虑系统设备故障随机性的电热联合系统备用与“不超过”(DNE)分布鲁棒协同优化调度模型。首先,以常规机组和热电联产机组运行成本最小为综合优化目标,电功率平衡约束、热功率平衡约束等为约束条件,建立确定性电热联合系统优化调度模型;其次,在综合考虑风电功率、设备故障随机性以及DNE极限基础上建立电热联合系统分布鲁棒优化调度模型;最后,以修改的9节点系统为例,验证了所提模型可有效提高风电消纳率和系统的经济性。

制冷装置柔性接触式密封机构性能提升的关键技术研究进展

柔性接触式密封机构在制冷装置中起到重要的隔热隔湿作用。针对装配状态下刚-柔多体接触对其性能提升带来的技术挑战,从柔性接触式密封机构技术特点和总体发展出发,综述了影响其性能提升的测量、建模等关键性问题的研究现状,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。结果表明:基于反向热平衡的热传递测量技术精度不足,引入滤波算法可降低热流信号噪声波动;现有示踪气体技术未考虑湿空气在刚柔接触界面中的流动扩散,应运用界面微观检测及接触动力学理论来明确流动型式,构建匹配的示踪源和检测回路;对柔性接触式密封机构热流固耦合建模研究尚处于空白,仅建立了传热数值模型与流动平均解析方程,可采用数值计算温度、变形场与解析计算渗流参数的迭代算法来建立耦合模型。未来,除开展测量与建模的基础研究外,还需突破“尺寸效应”技术瓶颈,实现密封组件间的良好配合,应用超低导热材料和电磁感应技术,以提升密封机构的隔热隔湿作用。

热处理炉温场检测在装备修理过程中的应用

通过分析热处理工序中各类型热处理炉在航空装备修理过程中对金属材料或零件的作用及影响,确定了热处理过程对装备修理的重要性。结合企业热处理工作实际情况,简述了炉温均匀性对产品热处理结果的影响,以及在热处理炉炉温均匀性检测过程中遇到检测结果不符合情况的处理方法。通过技术手段确保热处理炉有效加热区炉温均匀性检测结果的符合性,提升装备修理产品的热处理质量,保障装备修理周期和修理质量。

热缩型纤维调控大体积混凝土抗裂性能研究

研究了高模量热缩型纤维与具有高微细连通孔的内养护集料协同作用对大体积混凝土力学性能、抗裂性能、收缩性能的影响,并进行了微观机理分析。结果表明:复掺热缩型纤维和内养护集料对大体积混凝土力学性能影响较小,但能明显提高大体积混凝土的抗裂性能并降低收缩变形,最大裂缝宽度和单位面积的总开裂面积较基准组分别降低了85.7%、94.9%,干燥收缩值降低了47.6%。SEM分析表明,热缩型纤维及内养护集料与胶凝浆体紧密结合、界面致密,从而提高了大体积混凝土的抗裂性能。

设备及管道绝热设计允许最大散热损失量的研究

《设备及管道绝热技术通则》(GB/T 4272)是保障我国工业设备及管道工况运行和节能降耗的重要基础性国家标准,已发布实施40余年,现行版本为2008版,被国内60余项国家标准规范、行业标准所引用。标准中给出的常年和季节工况运行最大允许散热损失量是石化、电力、冶金等行业进行设备及管道绝热设计时的重要基础参数,也是绝热工程施工、验收及绝热效果测试评价的重要依据。该标准被列入2022年国家双碳标准专项计划,已于2024年1月顺利通过审查会。本文详细介绍了GB/T 4272修订工作中对最大散热损失量的研究和分析,阐述了最大允许散热损失量的修订方案的确定依据和过程。