Simulation Study on the Migration Range of CO_(2) in the Offshore Saline Aquifer

The geological storage of carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) is a crucial technology for mitigating climate change. Offshore deep saline aquifers have elicited increased attention due to their remarkable potential for storing CO_(2). During long-term storage, CO_(2) migration in a deep saline aquifer needs special attention to prevent it from reaching risk points and leading to security issues. In this paper, a mechanism model is established according to the geological characteristics of saline aquifers in an offshore sedimentary basin in China. The CO_(2) migration over 100 years is simulated considering geological changes such as permeability, dip angle, thickness, and salinity. The effects of injection conditions on the CO_(2) migration range are also investigated. Results reveal that the migration range of CO_(2) in the injection period exceeds 70%, even if the postinjection period's duration is five times longer than that of the injection period. As the values of the above geological parameters increase, the migration range of CO_(2) increases, and permeability has a particularly substantial influence. Moreover, the influences of injection rate and well type are considerable. At high injection rates, CO_(2) has a greater likelihood of displacing brine in a piston-like scheme. CO_(2) injected by long horizontal wells migrates farther compared with that injected by vertical wells. In general, the plane migration range is within 3 000 m, although variations in the reservoir and injection parameters of the studied offshore saline aquifers are considered. This paper can offer references for the site selection and injection well deployment of CO_(2) saline aquifer storage. According to the studied offshore aquifers, a distance of at least 3 000 m from potential leakage points, such as spill points, active faults, and old abandoned wells, must be maintained.

Stochastic Simulation of Saline Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Saloum, Senegal

In the Saloum region of central-western Senegal, water needs are essentially met by tapping an underground aquifer associated with the sandy-clay formations of the Continental Terminal, in contact with both the ocean to the west and the highly saline waters of the Saloum River to the north. In this estuarine and deltaic zone with its very low relief, the hydraulic loads in the water tables are generally close to zero or even negative, creating a reversal of the natural flow and encouraging saline intrusion into this system, which makes it very vulnerable. This study concerns the implementation of a numerical model of saline intrusion to provide a better understanding of the vulnerability of the water table by analyzing the variability of the freshwater/saltwater interface. The Modflow-2005 code is used to simulate saline intrusion using the SWI2 module, coupled with the GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) software under the Linux operating system with the steep interface approach. The probable expansion of the wedge is studied in three scenarios, taking into account its position relative to the bedrock at 1 m, 5 m and 10 m. Simulations carried out under imposed potential and river conditions, based on variations in groundwater reserves using two effective porosity values, 10−1 and 10−2, show that the water table is highly vulnerable in the northwest sector. The probable expansion of the wedge increases as the storage coefficient decreases and is more marked with river conditions in the areas surrounding the Saloum River, reaching 6 km with a probability of 1. The probability of the wedge reaching a certain degree of expansion decreases from 1 to 0.5, and then cancels out as it moves inland. The probable position of the wedge is limited to 500 m or even 1 km depending on the corner around the coast to the southwest and in the southern zone. This modelling, carried out under natural conditions, will be developed further, taking into account climatic parameters and pumping from wells and boreholes.

Potential evaluation of saline aquifers for the geological storage of carbon dioxide: A case study of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member in northeastern Ordos Basin

The well-developed coal electricity generation and coal chemical industries have led to huge carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions in the northeastern Ordos Basin.The geological storage of CO_(2) in saline aquifers is an effective backup way to achieve carbon neutrality.In this case,the potential of saline aquifers for CO_(2) storage serves as a critical basis for subsequent geological storage project.This study calculated the technical control capacities of CO_(2) of the saline aquifers in the fifth member of the Shiqianfeng Formation(the Qian-5 member)based on the statistical analysis of the logging and the drilling and core data from more than 200 wells in the northeastern Ordos Basin,as well as the sedimentary facies,formation lithology,and saline aquifer development patterns of the Qian-5 member.The results show that(1)the reservoirs of saline aquifers in the Qian-5 member,which comprise distributary channel sand bodies of deltaic plains,feature low porosities and permeabilities;(2)The study area hosts three NNE-directed saline aquifer zones,where saline aquifers generally have a single-layer thickness of 3‒8 m and a cumulative thickness of 8‒24 m;(3)The saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member have a total technical control capacity of CO_(2) of 119.25×10^(6) t.With the largest scale and the highest technical control capacity(accounting for 61%of the total technical control capacity),the Jinjie-Yulin saline aquifer zone is an important prospect area for the geological storage of CO_(2) in the saline aquifers of the Qian-5 member in the study area.

A CO_(2) storage potential evaluation method for saline aquifers in a petroliferous basin

According to the requirements for large-scale project implementation, a four-scale and three-level CO_(2)storage potential evaluation method is proposed for saline aquifers in a petroliferous basin in China, considering geological,engineering and economic factors. The four scales include basin scale, depression scale, play scale and trap scale, and the three levels include theoretical storage capacity, engineering storage capacity, and economic storage capacity. The theoretical storage capacity can be divided into four trapping mechanisms, i.e. structural & stratigraphic trapping, residual trapping, solubility trapping and mineral trapping, depending upon the geological parameters, reservoir conditions and fluid properties in the basin. The engineering storage capacity is affected by the injectivity, storage security pressure, well number, and injection time.The economic storage capacity mainly considers the carbon pricing yield, drilling investment, and operation cost, based on the break-even principle. Application of the method for saline aquifer in the Gaoyou sag of the Subei Basin reveals that the structural & stratigraphic trapping occupies the largest proportion of the theoretical storage capacity, followed by the solubility trapping and the residual trapping, and the mineral trapping takes the lowest proportion. The engineering storage capacity and the economic storage capacity are significantly lower than the theoretical storage capacity when considering the constrains of injectivity, security and economy, respectively accounting for 21.0% and 17.6% of the latter.

The Damaging Effects of Abstracting the Deep Aquifers’Groundwater in Jordan-Quality Constraints

The deep aquifers in Jordan contain non-renewable and fossil groundwater and their extraction is quasi a mining process, which ends in the depletion of these resources. Although aquifers in the majority of groundwater basins in Jordan are vertically and horizontally interconnected stratification in different water quality horizons with generally increasing water salinity with the depth is observed. Many officials and planners advocate the extraction of deep salty and brackish water to be desalinated and used in household, industrial, and agricultural uses. In this article, the quality of the groundwater in the different deep aquifers and areas in Jordan is discussed. The results of this study show that the consequences of the deep groundwater exploitation are not restricted to depletion of the deep aquifers but also that the overlying fresh groundwater will, due to vertical and horizontal interconnectedness of the different aquifers, percolate down to replace the extracted deep groundwater. This will cause the down-percolating fresh groundwater to become salinized in the deep saline aquifers, which means that extracting the deep brackish and saline groundwater is not only an emptying process of the deep groundwater but also it is an emptying process of the fresh groundwater overlying them. The results allow to conclude that any extraction of the deep groundwater in areas lying to the north of Ras en Naqab Escarpment will have damaging impacts on the fresh groundwater in the overlying fresh groundwater aquifers. This article strongly advises not to extract the deep brackish and saline groundwater, but to conserve that groundwater as a base supporting the overlying fresh groundwater resources, and that will help in protecting the thermal mineralized water springs used in spas originating from these deep aquifers. The increasing water needs of the country can be covered by the desalination of seawater at Aqaba, which is the only viable option for Jordan at present and in the coming decades.

Characteristics of CO_2 sequestration in saline aquifers

Storage of CO2 in saline aquifers is a viable option for reducing the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere. This paper provides an overall review of CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers. First, the principles of CO2 sequestration are presented, including CO2 phase behavior, CO2-water-rock interaction, and CO2 trapping mechanisms. Then storage capacity and CO2 injectivity are discussed as the main determinants of the storage potential of saline aquifers. Next, a site section process is addressed considering basin characteristics, reservoir characteristics, and economic and social concerns. Three main procedures are then presented to investigate the suitability of a site for CO2 sequestration, including site screening, detailed site characterization, and pilot field-scale test. The methods for these procedures are also presented, such as traditional site characterization methods, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulation. Finally, some operational aspects of sequestration are discussed, including well type, injection rate, CO2 purity, and injection strategy.

Sensitivity analysis of CO_2 sequestration in saline aquifers

Carbon capture and storage （CCS） technology has been considered as an important method for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and for mitigating global climate change. Three primary options are being considered for large-scale storage of CO2 in subsurface formations： oil and gas reservoirs, deep saline aquifers, and coal beds. There are very many large saline aquifers around the world, which could make a big contribution to mitigating global warming. However, we have much less understanding of saline aquifers than oil and gas reservoirs. Several mechanisms are involved in the storage of CO2 in deep saline aquifers, but the ultimate goal of injection of CO2 into the aquifers containing salt water is to dissolve the CO2 in the water. So it is important to study the solubility trapping and sensitivity factors of CO2 in saline aquifers. This paper presents results of modeling CO2 storage in a saline aquifer using the commercial reservoir simulator ECLIPSE. The objective of this study was to better understand the CO2/brine phase behavior （PVT properties） and quantitatively estimate the most important CO2 storage mechanism in brine-solubility trapping. This would provide a tool by performing theoretical and numerical studies that help to understand the feasibility of CO2 geological storage. A 3-dimensional, 2-phase （water/gas） conceptional reservoir model used finite, homogenous and isothermal formations into which CO2 is injected at a constant rate. The effects of main parameters were studied, including the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio kv/kh, salinity, and residual phase saturations. The results show that the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio has a significant effect on CO2 storage. Moreover, more CO2 dissolves in the brine at lower kv/kh values.

Interfacial Evolution and Migration Characteristics of Acid Gas Injected into a Saline Aquifer

Acid gas injection into saline aquifers is one of promising ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to dispose hazardous waste simultaneously. On the basis of Level Set method, an improved mathematical model that described interfacial dynamics of acid gas-brine system in a deep confined saline aquifer was proposed for predicting the propagation of the acid gas plume, which was featured by using Peng-Robinson equation and modified Lucas equation to describe variations of the density and viscosity of acid gas in saline aquifers. The evolutional characte^stics of acid gas plume were obtained through numerical simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a. The results showed that under intrinsic characteristics of aquifers and operational conditions given, the variation of acid gas density was the major factor that influences the patterns and shapes of the plume. The leading edge position of acid gas plume was intensively dependent on the acid gas composition. Under the scheme of fixed mass flow rate injection, as the molar fraction of H2S increased, the position of leading edge advanced gradually towards the injection well. Moreover, the estimation of the storage efficiency of acid gas in saline aquifers was clarified and discussed. The proposed approach and the simulation results will provide insights into the determination of optimal operational strategies and rapid identification of the consequences of acid gas injection into deep confined saline aquifers.

Seawater Intrusion and Salinization Processes Assessment in a Multistrata Coastal Aquifer in Italy

This paper presents the results of the investigations, driven by different techniques, including environmental tracers and geophysical methods, in the aim of better understand the causes of the current salt-water intrusion in the Pontina Plain, in the south of the Lazio Region (Italy). In the last 50 years many investigation campaigns have been carried out to evaluate the evolution of salt-water intrusion. This is an area with a strong man-made residential and tourist impact and, in the some cases, it is characterized by intensive agricultural practices. Therefore, it can be affected not only by salt-water intrusion, but by the salinization of its groundwater also due to other factors. All these factors have led the Pontina Plain to a groundwater situation which makes the groundwater resource management and the planning of their future exploitation very difficult.

Geochemistry and Origin of the Hyper Salinity of Groundwater in Wasia-Biyadh Aquifer, Saudi Arabia

The origin of the hyper saline groundwater in aquifers all over the world is still unclear till today. The current paper is an attempt to interpret a possible origin of the hyper salinity in the groundwater of the Wasia-Biyadh Aquifer system in Saudi Arabia. The result indicated that the major factors contributing salinity to groundwater are silicate weathering and evaporite dissolution/and or evaporation, as indicated by the Na+-normalized Ca2+ VS HCO3-plot. However, some groundwater samples showed hyper salinity that had been attributed to the presence of a naturally-occurring-hydrothermal system, due to the high concentration of the radionuclides within the aquifer. The high-salinity samples (Na-Cl type) plot under the evaporation line on the Na+/Cl- vs. Cl- relationship, suggesting deep heating that resulted in hyper salinity. The geochemical reactions in the eastern part of the aquifer included the precipitation of pyrite, dolomite, clay, and the incongruent dissolution of plagioclase.

Key aspects of underground hydrogen storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and saline aquifers:A review and understanding

Underground hydrogen storage is critical for renewable energy integration and sustainability.Saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs represent viable large-scale hydrogen storage solutions due to their capacity and availability.This paper provides a comparative analysis of the current status of hydrogen storage in various environments.Additionally,it assesses the geological compatibility,capacity,and security of these storage environments with minimal leakage and degradation.An in-depth analysis was also conducted on the economic and environmental issues that impact the hydrogen storage.In addition,the capacity of these structures was also clarified,and it is similar to storing carbon dioxide,except for the cushion gas that is injected with hydrogen to provide pressure when withdrawing from the store to increase demand.This research also discusses the pros and cons of hydrogen storage in saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs.Advantages include numerous storage sites,compatibility with existing infrastructure,and the possibility to repurpose declining oil and gas assets.Specifically,it was identified that depleted gas reservoirs are better for hydrogen gas storage than depleted oil reservoirs because hydrogen gas may interact with the oil.The saline aquifers rank third because of uncertainty,limited capacity,construction and injection costs.The properties that affect the hydrogen injection process were also discussed in terms of solid,fluid,and solid-fluid properties.In all structures,successful implementation requires characterizing sites,monitoring and managing risks,and designing efficient storage methods.The findings expand hydrogen storage technology and enable a renewable energy-based energy system.

Hydrological and economic feasibility of mitigating a stressed coastal aquifer using managed aquifer recharge: a case study of Jamma aquifer, Oman

This study explored the hydrological and economic feasibility of managed aquifer recharge(MAR) using tertiary treated wastewater(TWW) to mitigate salinity in the coastal aquifer of Jamma, Oman. A steady-state groundwater flow and transport model, using MODFLOW software, was developed and calibrated. Different managerial scenarios were simulated and the results reveal that the Jamma aquifer will be further deteriorated in the next 20 a if it remains unmanaged. The groundwater table will decline further by more than 3 m on average; and the iso-concentration salinity line of 1500 mg/L will advance 2.7 km inland, which will severely affect the farming activities in the area. However, MAR using TWW when integrated with the management of groundwater abstraction(e.g., using modern irrigation systems to reduce the abstraction rate) becomes hydrologically feasible to augment the aquifer storage and control seawater intrusion, and hence improves the farming activities. The results indicate that:(1) injecting TWW in the vicinity of irrigation wells(Scenario A2);(2) investing in smart water meters and online control of pumping from the wells to reduce the abstraction rate by 25%(Scenario B); and(3) a combination of both(Scenario B2) are feasible scenarios with positive net present values. Recharge in upstream areas is found not economically feasible because of the very high investment cost of the installation of pipes to transport the TWW over a distance of 12.5 km. Because of securing funds are challenging, Scenario B would be the best option and the second-best option is Scenario A2. Scenario B2 has the lowest net benefit investment ratio and is very attractive because it entails integrated demand and supply management of groundwater. It is required to reduce pumping and to invest in injecting TWW to improve groundwater quality in the vicinity of irrigation wells and to form a hydrological barrier to control seawater intrusion in the long run.

长江三角洲北翼更新世以来的水土环境地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

江苏沿海平原是江苏省域水资源脆弱带,地下水咸化已成为较为严重的生态环境问题。为了解析长江三角洲北翼地区更新世以来地下水的补给及其盐分来源,布设一口275 m的深井HYRD1,全孔连续采集易溶盐样品、土工样品、水样。在区域采集地表水、浅层与深层地下水、海水样品。采用易溶盐指标结合土工指标(含水率、湿密度、比重)获取了HYRD1高精度孔隙水的水化学特征。采用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值法等结合δD、δ^(18)O数据、^(14)C测年数据解析了更新世以来地下水的补给及其盐分来源。结果表明:土体盐分主要为NaCl,盐渍土占比为25%。盐渍土主要分布在Q_(p3)弱透水层、 Q_(p2)地层与Q_(p1)上段地层。孔隙水水化学类型为Cl-Na型(仅Q_(p1)下段个别点为HCO~-_3-Ca·Na),微咸水占比7%,咸水占比49%,盐水占比44%。微咸水主要分布在Q_(p1)下段砂层中。潜水的δ^(18)O、δD说明潜水来源为大气降水,且受到了较为强烈的蒸发作用。弱透水层孔隙水、承压水的δ^(18)O、δD投点位于标准海水稀释线附近,且随着深度的增加,δ^(18)O、δD有减小趋势,说明海水混合作用随着深度的增加而减小。Q_(p1)弱透水层多见钙质结核,说明了Q_(p1)地层成土后受到了强烈的蒸发作用。HYRD1 Q_(p1)上段及上覆地层盐分主要来源于5期海侵、蒸发盐岩与硅酸盐风化溶解,Q_(p1)下段地层盐分主要来源为地壳源。地下水化学成分受到了水岩作用、蒸发浓缩作用与人类活动等的影响。

中国海域沉积盆地咸水层二氧化碳地质封存潜力

二氧化碳地质封存是二氧化碳捕集利用封存(CCUS)技术的关键环节,海域二氧化碳地质封存是将工业碳排放源或油气开发过程中捕集的二氧化碳,以超临界态注入到海底咸水层、废弃或开发中油气藏等地质体中,实现与大气长期隔离的过程。因远离人类居住地且有海水覆盖、具有“安全性高、环境风险小”特点,海域二氧化碳地质封存受到欧美等国家和地区的高度重视。本文在分析我国海域沉积盆地基本地质条件基础上,采用创新的模型体积法评价了我国海域沉积盆地咸水层二氧化碳地质封存潜力。研究表明,我国海域沉积盆地新生界厚度大,地壳稳定性较好,具有中低地温场特征,发育多套储碳-封盖组合,构造地层圈闭多,二氧化碳地质封存条件优越、咸水层封存潜力巨大。这将为我国海洋地质碳封存区带评价和目标区优选提供依据,对我国沿海省市碳达峰碳中和路径规划和离岸碳封存示范工程预研究具有重要意义。

基于高干度泡沫实验的非均质咸水层CO_(2)封存能力分析

CO_(2)咸水层封存是实现“碳中和”目标的一项重要技术手段。高干度泡沫不仅能更好地控制CO_(2)流度而且还能适应地层的非均质性,明显提高了咸水层的空间利用效率。为探究高干度CO_(2)泡沫在非均质咸水层中的调剖效果与CO_(2)封存能力,利用自行设计的高温高压驱替实验装置,进行了不同渗透率级差的并联岩心CO_(2)泡沫驱室内实验研究,分析了驱替过程中岩心的气液产出情况与CO_(2)饱和度的变化规律,指出了不同渗透率级差非均质岩心模型的碳封存效果与机理。研究结果表明:①与CO_(2)气驱相比高干度泡沫驱用于CO_(2)咸水层埋存具有更大优势,当岩心渗透率级差介于2.6~10.8时,泡沫均能有效封堵高渗透岩心,使阻力因子维持在36左右,增大了驱替压差与低渗透岩心的产气、产液速度;②岩心中气相饱和度与渗透率存在一定关系,当岩心的渗透率小于2450 mD时,最高气相饱和度随渗透率增加而增大,当渗透率超过2450 mD时,岩心最高气相饱和度在80%左右;③采用高干度泡沫驱可以有效扩大岩心中CO_(2)封存量,渗透率级差为4时,泡沫驱的CO_(2)封存体积较气驱增长219%,当渗透率级差扩大至10.8,CO_(2)封存量能始终维持在较高水平。结论认为,咸水层条件下CO_(2)泡沫驱替实验探究了CO_(2)封存能力变化,提供了非均质储层提高碳封存效率的实验认识,可为非均质咸水层中CO_(2)的地质封存技术优化提供参考和借鉴。

海水垂向入侵问题研究进展

随着全球气候变暖,风暴潮在沿海地区的频率和强度均可能增长,由此引发的海水垂向入侵可能会造成大面积的含水层淡水咸化。同时,由人类活动引起的沿海虾塘咸水养殖规模日益增长,由此引发的咸水垂向入侵可能会导致沿海地区地下水水质及生态环境的恶化。虽然已有一部分学者在海水(咸水)垂向入侵的研究中取得了成果,但由于海水(咸水)垂向入侵过程复杂,其对地下水咸化及恢复规律依然有待深入研究。文章阐述了海水垂向入侵的危害及前人的研究办法,总结了他们的研究成果并得出了海水垂向入侵的影响因子,指出了洪水和养殖活动对沿海地区含水层的威胁。得出的结果如下:研究海水垂向入侵常用的方法包括室内试验和数值模拟;海水垂向入侵主要与地形地貌、含水层性质和水文气象条件有关;虾塘养殖等人类活动可能会成为垂向咸水入侵的潜在来源。建议未来在海水垂向入侵研究中将多种现场观测实验方法结合起来。数值模拟应注重与现场观测实验数据相互验证,模型简化的方式有必要仔细考虑。虾塘养殖等人类活动可能造成的垂向咸水入侵问题应更多地受到关注。

浙东沿海典型沉积盆地CO_(2)地质封存潜力与试点意义分析——以长河盆地为例

碳捕集利用和封存(CCUS)技术是实现全球碳中和不可或缺的技术,开展CO_(2)地质封存(CCS)工作有助于实现碳中和的目标。中国东部沿海发达城市分布众多发电厂、炼化厂等CO_(2)大排放源,对CO_(2)封存需求较高。为缓解地区CO_(2)排放压力,挖掘东部沿海地区周围具有封存潜力的中小型沉积盆地,在搜集区域地质资料的基础上,选取浙江省杭州湾南岸的长河盆地作为研究对象,计算盆地封存潜力,并分析中小盆地封存试点意义。根据沉积盆地CO_(2)地质储存潜力评价方法,计算盆地咸水层CO_(2)地质封存潜力,评价结果表明,长河盆地具有较好的咸水层CO_(2)地质封存潜力。盆地最具封存潜力的是古近系长河组二段(Ech^(2))中的第一砂岩层和长河组一段(Ech^(1))中的砂砾岩层,预期理论封存量为4.84亿t,有效封存量可以达到1 162.61万t。研究结果表明,开展中小沉积盆地CO_(2)地质封存工程试点,可在一定程度上缓解沿海地区和企业碳排放压力,为海域碳封存积累技术和经验。

准噶尔盆地深部咸水层CO_(2)地质封存适宜性及潜力评价

针对准噶尔盆地咸水层CO_(2)封存有利区域和封存量认识不清的问题,利用准噶尔盆地地质特点与国内外深部咸水层CO_(2)地质封存典型项目对比研究的方法,从安全性、经济性和规模性等方面,对准噶尔盆地深部咸水层CO_(2)地质封存的适宜区域、适宜深度和层位进行研究,并采用碳封存领导人论坛(CSLF)提出的封存量计算方法,对封存潜力进行初步评价。结果表明:准噶尔盆地的石西凸起、滴南凸起、北三台凸起等中东部地区为深部咸水层CO_(2)地质封存的适宜区域,适宜深度为1000~3500 m,主力存储层位为白垩系清水河组、侏罗系三工河组和八道湾组;适宜区内主力存储层CO_(2)理论封存潜力为606.08×108 t。研究成果为下步开展准噶尔盆地深部咸水层CO_(2)地质封存场地选址提供依据。

咸水层CO_(2)地质封存研究进展及前景展望

针对全球变暖问题,众多国家在巴黎气候变化大会上签署的协定为后续碳排放和控制气温上升提供了新思路。碳捕集、利用与封存(Carbon Capture,Utilization and Storage,CCUS)是处理过度排放CO_(2)的方法之一。作为CO_(2)封存方法之一,咸水层封存具有储层分布广、与碳排放源匹配性好、封存潜力大、环境影响小的特点。本文从咸水层封存中的构造、毛细管、溶解和矿化封存这4种主要机理出发,从盖层地质条件、储层物性参数、CO_(2)纯度、封存操作4种主控因素入手,结合全球应用咸水层进行CO_(2)封存的工程项目案例,通过分析和对比全球咸水层封存项目实施的地质构造背景、封存过程、封存潜力以及环境监测方法等,总结适宜CO_(2)封存的地点和合适的监测机制,以期为中国咸水层CO_(2)地质封存工作提供借鉴。