Stress release mechanism of deep bottom hole rock by ultra-high-pressure water jet slotting

To solve the problems of rock strength increase caused by high in-situ stress,the stress release method with rock slot in the bottom hole by an ultra-high-pressure water jet is proposed.The stress conditions of bottom hole rock,before and after slotting are analyzed and the stress release mechanism of slotting is clarified.The results show that the stress release by slotting is due to the coupling of three factors:the relief of horizontal stress,the stress concentration zone distancing away from the cutting face,and the increase of pore pressure caused by rock mass expansion;The stress concentration increases the effective stress of rock along the radial distance from O.6R to 1R(R is the radius of the well),and the presence of groove completely releases the stress,it also allows the stress concentration zone to be pushed away from the cutting face,while significantly lowering the value of stresses in the area the drilling bit acting,the maximum stress release efficiency can reach 80%.The effect of slotting characteristics on release efficiency is obvious when the groove location is near the borehole wall.With the increase of groove depth,the stress release efficiency is significantly increased,and the release range of effective stress is enlarged along the axial direction.Therefore,the stress release method and results of simulations in this paper have a guiding significance for best-improving rock-breaking efficiency and further understanding the technique.

Numerical Study on Mechanism of Blast-Induced Damage Considering Guiding Effect of Water Jet Slot

Damage is one of the most important characteristics of rock failure.Studying the damage mechanism of rock blasting under the guiding effect of the water jet slot and revealing the mechanism of controlled blasting with water jet assistance are crucial.In this study,a rock-like material was chosen as the research object for the calibration experiment of the numerical model.The numerical simulation models were then established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA,and the blastinduced damage mechanism under the guiding effect of the water jet slot was analyzed according to the blasting theory.The results indicated that explosive energy accumulates toward the direction of the slot as the guiding effect of the water jet slot,which allows the rock mass in the direction of the slot bear more damage.Meanwhile,the rock mass in the middle of the connection line between two blast-holes bears more damage under the combination of the effect of the explosion stress wave and guiding effect of water the jet slot on the detonation gas during double-slotted borehole blasting,which results in the formation of a gourd-shaped blast-induced damage area.In addition,the influence of the water jet slot on blast-induced damage varies depending on the blasting-process stage.

Application of high-pressure water jet technology and the theory of rock burst control in roadway

This paper puts forward using high-pressure water jet technology to control rock burst in roadway, and analyzes the theory of controlling rock burst in roadway by the weak structure zone model. The weak structure zone is formed by using high-pressure water jet to cut the coal wall in a continuous and rotational way. In order to study the influence law of weak structure zone in surrounding rock, this paper numerically analyzed the influence law of weak structure zone, and the disturbance law of coal wall and floor under dynamic and static combined load. The results show that when the distance between high-pressure water jet drillings is 3 m and the diameter of drilling is 300 mm, continuous stress superposition zone can be formed. The weak structure zone can transfer and reduce the concentrated static load in surrounding rock, and then form distressed zone. The longer the high-pressure water jet drilling is, the larger the distressed zone is. The stress change and displacement change of non-distressed zone in coal wall and floor are significantly greater than that of distressed zone under dynamic and static combined load. And it shows that the distressed zone can effectively control rock burst in roadway under dynamic and static combined load. High-pressure water jet technology was applied in the haulage gate of 250203 working face in Yanbei Coal Mine, and had gained good effect. The study conclusions provide theoretical foundation and a new guidance for controlling rock burst in roadway.

In situ experimental study on TBM excavation with high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking

China’s first high-pressure hydraulically coupled rock-breaking tunnel boring machine(TBM) was designed to overcome the rock breaking problems of TBM in super-hard rock geology, where high-pressure water jet system is configured, including high-flow pump sets, high-pressure rotary joint and high-pressure water jet injection device. In order to investigate the rock breaking performance of high-pressure water-jet-assisted TBM, in situ excavation tests were carried out at the Wan’anxi Water Diversion Project in Longyan, Fujian Province, China, under different water jet pressure and rotational speed. The rock-breaking performance of TBM was analyzed including penetration, cutterhead load, advance rate and field penetration index. The test results show that the adoption of high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking technology can improve the boreability of rock mass, where the TBM penetration increases by 64% under the water jet pressure of 270 MPa. In addition, with the increase of the water jet pressure, the TBM penetration increases and the field penetration index decreases. The auxiliary rock-breaking effect of high-pressure water jet decreases with the increase of cutterhead rotational speed. In the case of the in situ tunneling test parameters of this study, the advance rate is the maximum when the pressure of the high-pressure water jet is 270 MPa and the cutterhead rotational speed is 6 r/min. The technical superiority of high-pressure water-jet-assisted rock breaking technology is highlighted and it provides guidance for the excavation parameter selection of high-pressure hydraulically coupled rock-breaking TBM.

Dynamic effects of high-pressure pulsed water jet in low-permeability coal seams

Mine gas extraction in China is difficult due to the characteristics such as micro-porosity,low-permeability and high adsorption of coal seams.The pulsed mechanismof a high-pressure pulsed water jet was studied through theoretical analysis,experimentand field measurement.The results show that high-pressure pulsed water jet has threedynamic properties.What's more,the three dynamic effects can be found in low-permeabilitycoal seams.A new pulsed water jet with 200-1 000 Hz oscillation frequency andpeak pressure 2.5 times than average pressure was introduced.During bubble collapsing,sound vibration and instantaneous high pressures over 100 MPa enhanced the cuttingability of the high-pressure jet.Through high-pressure pulsed water jet drilling and slotting,the exposure area of coal bodies was greatly enlarged and pressure of the coal seamsrapidly decreased.Therefore,the permeability of coal seams was improved and gas absorptionrate also decreased.Application results show that gas adsorption rate decreasedby 30%-40%and the penetrability coefficient increased 100 times.This proves that high-pressurepulsed water is more efficient than other conventional methods.

Switching mechanism and optimisation research on a pressure-attitude adaptive adjusting coal seam water jet slotter

To investigate the attitude-switching mechanisms of existing jet slotters,which integrate drilling,punching and slotting operations,and to improve its fracture ability,we used the power bond diagram theory to analyse the dynamic flow pressure,and force of slotters.A mathematical model was developed for the dynamic characteristics of slotter systems.Furthermore,to study the effect of the main characteristic parameters on the ability of the nozzle to erode sandstone,multi-orthogonal experiments were carried out.And the optimised slots were applied in later practical operations.The research results show that the inlet fluid passed through the time-varying orifice to generate pressure differential thrust,which overcame the spring force,pushed the valve core to open the side nozzle,and closed the rear cavity channel thereby realising the switch of the slotter attitude.An optimal plan was established to balance the diameter,depth,and volume of punching,and a rock-breaking plan was developed for the slotter.Subsequently,the optimised water jet slotter was practically used in coal seam gas drainage.Compared with conventional dense drilling,water jet slotting technology significantly improves the ability,efficiency,and effect of increasing the permeability of the coal seam.

Induced drill-spray during hydraulic slotting of a coal seam and its influence on gas extraction

Hydraulic slotting can induce drill spray in a gassy,low permeability coal seam.This then influences subsequent gas extraction.This paper describes the drill spray phenomenon from a mechanical perspective and analyzes the effects of water jet damage during slotting.A simulation of the stresses around the drill hole and slot was prepared using FLAC-3D code.It helps explain the induction of drill spray during hydraulic slotting.The stress concentration around the bore increases as the diameter of the hole increases.As the hole enlarges the variation in stress also increases,which introduces an instability into the coal.This allows easy breaking and removal of the coal.Destruction of the coal structure by the water jet is the major factor causing drill spray.Energy stored as either strain or gas pressure is released by the water jet and this causes the coal to fracture and be expelled from the hole.Field tests showed the effect on gas extraction after slotting with drill spray.The concentration of gas increases after drilling.Compared to conventional techniques,the hydraulic slotted bore gives a gas concentration three times higher and has an effective range twice as far.This makes the gas extraction process more efficient and allows reduced construction effort.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

Analysis and Numerical Simulation for Tunnelling Through Coal Seam Assisted by Water Jet

Tunnel though coal seam is one of the most difficult tunnels since its risk of coal and gas outburst and the complex geological conditions.According to the directional cutting of water jet and the characteristic of the coal seam and rock mass,this paper presents a new method of tunnelling though coal seam assisted by water jet slotting,which can be divided into improving permeability of coal seam and directional cracking in the rock mass.The mechanism of improving permeability of coal seam was stated,and the crack criterion of rock during blasting was established based on fracture theory.Then,the evolution law of pressure wave and the crack propagation were simulated by FEM software ANSYS/LS-DYNA,the results show that the shape of the crush zone formed by stress wave is different between the normal borehole blasting and the slotted borehole blasting,and the tension is the main factor which let crack propagation.What is more,for normal borehole blasting,the tension concentration occurred along the direction of 45 degrees and let crack expand,while for slotted borehole blasting the tension concentration occurred along the direction of 0 degrees and 90 degrees,and the maximum tension along the direction of 0 degrees is larger than the maximum tension along the direction of 90 degrees,and the main crack expand along the direction of 0 degrees,which prove that the existence of the slot play a good role of orientation for directional cracking.

Analysis on the Influence Factors of Directional Controlled Blasting Assisted by Water Jet

Directional expansion of blast-induced crack is always the common purpose for directional controlled blasting. As it has been demonstrated that slot which located at the side of blasthole can function as a guidance for blast energy, let the stress concentration at the direction of water jet slot. Therefore, it is meaningful to investigate the influence factors of directional controlled blasting with water jet assistance. In this paper, the influence on the guiding characteristics of the water jet slot during the propagation of blast-induced crack by the change of length-width of slot was simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The results indicate that if the distance from blasthole exceeds the limit, the influence on the guiding characteristics by the change length-width of the slot will get smaller and smaller, and when the width of water jet slot remains the same, the stress shows a monotonic increasing trend with the increase of the length of water jet slot, and the stress reaches its maximum value when the length-width of water jet slot is 0.075m×0.0070m. Moreover, based on stress wave theory and rock fracture theory, the influential mechanism for both the law of transmission of stress wave and of crack propagation by natural fracture and water jet slot were analyzed. The criteria for blast-induced crack propagation were established.

导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透强化瓦斯抽采技术及应用

针对低透气性高瓦斯煤层预抽瓦斯困难问题,提出导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透技术,通过理论推导计算煤层段扩孔后塑性区分布,分析穿层钻孔煤层段水压裂缝的起裂与扩展,揭示导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透的力学机制,研发导向槽定向水力压裂煤层增透装备。在山西中兴煤矿进行现场应用,结果表明:利用水射流方法对穿层钻孔煤层段进行扩孔,使得煤中产生形似圆柱孔洞,穿层钻孔围岩塑性区半径与钻孔半径成正比,钻孔扩孔是增大塑性区范围的一种有效方法,裂隙扩展明显,瓦斯采出率提高。同时研发了一种导向槽定向水力压裂防突成套装备,主要部件有移动高压水力泵站、喷头、喷嘴、螺旋辅助排渣水射流高压钻杆、孔口防喷装置以及高压旋转接头,结合井下水力化作业远程监测和控制,现场监测结果表明,通过增透作业钻孔的方法,平均瓦斯浓度和瓦斯抽采混合量提高到常规孔的2.75倍和1.81倍,说明采取导向槽定向水力压裂措施的增透效果显著。

松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术研究及应用

为解决松软煤层(f>0.2)超高压水力割缝期间缝槽发育难控制、易垮孔等问题,通过理论分析手段,分析了割缝缝槽周围煤体应力分布规律,获得了割缝缝槽周围煤体塑性区分布影响因素。研究了高压水射流破煤规律,得到了影响割缝缝槽形态的主要因素为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及煤体自身硬度。提出了基于松软煤层特点的超高压水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术,获得了控制松软煤层缝槽深度、宽度以及发育速度的关键参数为割缝压力、喷嘴直径及压力调节速度。通过现场应用表明,针对松软煤层其缝槽形态控制合理参数为:割缝喷嘴直径2.5~3.0 mm,割缝压力70 MPa,割缝调压间隔3~5 min。验证了松软煤层水力割缝缝槽形态控制技术适用性,可效提高松软煤层水力割缝施工成功率及安全性。

Discussion on Anti-Seepage Technologies in the Construction of Small-Scale Rural Water Conservancy Projects

In order to ensure the sustainable growth of rural economy,it is necessary to carry out further research on small-scale water conservancy projects and solve the seepage issue in rural areas.Based on the application significance of small-scale rural water conservancy projects and the analysis of anti-seepage technologies,along with specific examples,this paper specifically discusses the application of high-pressure jet technology,so as to provide reference for the development of engineering construction.

深部冲击地压煤层水射流割缝卸压参数优化研究

为确定深部冲击地压煤层高压水射流割缝卸压最优参数,采用数值模拟、理论推导剖析了高压水射流割缝卸压防冲原理,构建了钻孔间距、割缝半径等4个因素的参数优化理论模型,以某矿730采区集中巷为研究对象,基于动静载叠加原理,研究揭示了集中巷冲击地压机理,获得了各影响因素的理论参数值,并揭示了不同理论参数下应力、塑性区及冲击危险指数的异同。研究结果表明:各影响因素对高压水射流割缝卸压效果均有较大影响,且各因素之间存在显著的交互作用;采用卸压后平均垂直应力、弹性能密度、冲击危险指数及卸压成本为卸压参数的有效性及经济性指标,评估了不同参数卸压效果的优劣,获得该煤层物理力学性质下高压水射流割缝卸压最优参数;研究成果在730采区#3联络巷应用后,现场微震频次、总能量及微震空间集中度均大幅降低,为工作面安全回采提供了技术保障。

高压水射流煤层割缝深度数值模拟与实验研究

高压水射流割缝技术是提高低透气性煤层瓦斯抽采效率的有效措施之一,确定割缝深度是优化钻孔布置和射流参数的基础。基于Fluent软件数值模拟分析了入口压力、靶距、旋转速度对水射流流场特征的影响规律;基于高压水射流破煤实验系统,开展了淹没和非淹没条件下冲击破煤实验,并进行了现场实验。研究表明,喷嘴结构一定时,水射流速度随着入口压力的增大而增加,冲击压力随冲击距离增大而发生衰减;水射流发展过程中截面积逐渐增大,导致冲击压力集中区域的范围随靶距的增大而逐渐扩展;射流旋转会导致旋转方向一侧的应力大于另一侧,靶体表面最大切应力随旋转速度增加而增大;随着入口压力和冲蚀时间的增加,水射流对试样的冲蚀深度增大,但冲蚀深度随冲蚀时间的增加存在阈值。根据高压水射流破煤深度实验结果可知,喷嘴直径为1 mm、压力为30 MPa时,水射流割缝直径可以达到1.2 m。工程应用表明,割缝钻孔平均瓦斯抽采流量为普通钻孔的1.56~2.52倍;抽采16 d后,瓦斯抽采浓度维持在30%以上。

高压水射流割缝及其对煤体透气性的影响

基于高压水射流割缝卸压增透技术,对割缝后瓦斯抽采和煤体透气性的变化进行了研究;分析了地应力和瓦斯压力对煤体透气性的影响;根据现场实际割缝工艺建立模型,采用FLAC软件模拟计算了割缝煤体卸压影响范围的变化特性;采用相似物理模拟实验的方法建立相似模型,测定煤体在割缝卸压变化过程中透气性的变化规律;并进行了现场试验验证与应用。研究表明:高压水射流割缝后煤体周围会产生卸压,煤体透气性随割缝卸压影响而增大;现场试验结果显示,割缝后煤体透气性增大至原来的113倍,抽采有效影响半径扩大1倍。

磨料射流割缝技术防突机理及应用

为改善李子垭南二井3102北机巷掘进碛头瓦斯预抽时间长、掘进速度慢的现状,通过对磨料射流使煤(岩)体损伤模型及防突机理的分析,研究了磨料射流切割破碎煤(岩)体的过程;利用磨料水射流切割煤矸石的实验研究,确定了磨料射流切割煤矸石的各种参数,并研制了一套新型的适合于现场应用的磨料水射流割缝装置。现场试验表明:磨料射流能够切穿单轴抗压强度为62MPa、60～80mm厚度的煤层夹矸,在煤层中形成缝槽,增大了瓦斯涌出自由面,促使煤体大范围快速卸压,增强煤层透气性,首月内瓦斯单孔平均抽采量提高了2.83倍。

高压水射流割缝对煤体扰动影响规律研究及应用

基于高压水射流割缝层内卸压增透技术,运用ANSYS软件建立模型,模拟了高压水射流割缝后不同割缝宽度条件下煤体位移、应力的变化,根据模拟结果分析了割缝煤体受扰动影响的变化规律;同时在平煤集团十三矿进行了现场的试验和应用,并对割缝钻孔和普通钻孔进行了单孔抽采流量考察。ANSYS模拟研究表明,割缝宽度不同造成周围煤体位移和应力显著变化,割缝宽度增大煤体受扰动影响范围增大,加大了煤体裂隙扩展,提高了割缝煤体的卸压效果;经现场试验和应用,煤体进行高压水射流割缝后,割缝钻孔起始瓦斯抽采量是普通钻孔的2.5倍,且在考察时间内割缝孔的抽采流量远大于普通孔,提高了瓦斯抽采效率。

淹没射流旋转割缝技术在突出煤层掘进中的应用

针对突出煤层中现有防突措施耗时长,不能满足煤巷掘进需要的问题,提出利用淹没射流在煤层中旋转割缝,大幅增加围岩卸压区长度,改变煤体结构(包括孔隙裂隙结构和应力状态),缩短防突措施时间,从而提高煤巷掘进速度。研究了淹没射流旋转割缝的卸压增透机理;理论推导出影响射流旋转割缝性能的水力参数;计算出适用于煤巷掘进的射流压力和喷嘴直径数值范围;并通过室内试验确定了煤层普氏系数0.8时的喷嘴最优转速。在平煤集团某矿回风巷掘进面现场试验结果表明,淹没射流旋转割缝技术有效影响半径是单一超前钻孔的2.5倍;钻孔数量较之减少70%,月进尺增加83%,显著提高了工效。

截断式脉冲射流流场结构模拟与冲蚀硬岩能力分析

孔盘截断式脉冲射流能够充分利用水锤压力、高速侧向流、循环载荷等效应,破岩效率高,在硬岩破碎中具有较高的开发潜力。基于VOF模型和动网格技术,建立与截断式脉冲射流生成装置几何及运动过程一致的两相流瞬态计算模型,结合高速摄像技术,研究了截断式脉冲水射流的流体结构的动态演变动力特征,测试了截断式脉冲水射流的破岩能力,并分别从流畅结构和破岩能力上与常规圆柱水射流进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:截断式脉冲射流有助于在射流末端形成偏转的瓦状尖体结构,可有效减弱或避免激波阻力的影响;截断式脉冲水射流在破岩过程中,岩石靶物冲蚀孔口呈现非轴对称形态,与常规圆柱射流相比,截断式脉冲射流能够大幅度提升破岩速度,增大破岩体积。