A Two-Layer Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Rural Microgrids Accounting for Flexible Loads

In the context of China’s“double carbon”goals and rural revitalization strategy,the energy transition promotes the large-scale integration of distributed renewable energy into rural power grids.Considering the operational characteristics of rural microgrids and their impact on users,this paper establishes a two-layer scheduling model incorporating flexible loads.The upper-layer aims to minimize the comprehensive operating cost of the rural microgrid,while the lower-layer aims to minimize the total electricity cost for rural users.An Improved Adaptive Genetic Algorithm(IAGA)is proposed to solve the model.Results show that the two-layer scheduling model with flexible loads can effectively smooth load fluctuations,enhance microgrid stability,increase clean energy consumption,and balance microgrid operating costs with user benefits.

Flexible Load Participation in Peaking Shaving and Valley Filling Based on Dynamic Price Incentives

Considering the widening of the peak-valley difference in the power grid and the difficulty of the existing fixed time-of-use electricity price mechanism in meeting the energy demand of heterogeneous users at various moments or motivating users,the design of a reasonable dynamic pricing mechanism to actively engage users in demand response becomes imperative for power grid companies.For this purpose,a power grid-flexible load bilevel model is constructed based on dynamic pricing,where the leader is the dispatching center and the lower-level flexible load acts as the follower.Initially,an upper-level day-ahead dispatching model for the power grid is established,considering the lowest power grid dispatching cost as the objective function and incorporating the power grid-side constraints.Then,the lower level comprehensively considers the load characteristics of industrial load,energy storage,and data centers,and then establishes a lower-level flexible load operation model with the lowest user power-consuming cost as the objective function.Finally,the proposed method is validated using the IEEE-118 system,and the findings indicate that the dynamic pricing mechanism for peaking shaving and valley filling can effectively guide users to respond actively,thereby reducing the peak-valley difference and decreasing users’purchasing costs.

Flight Loads and Dynamics of Flexible Air Vehicles

Based on the equations of motion of flexible air vehicles includingrigid-body modes and elastic structural modes, and applying influence coefficients of linearaerodynamics, a set of equations are derived and a method is presented for analysis of flight loadsand dynamic characteristics. The problems in the fields of flight mechanics and aeroelasticity suchas static aeroelastic divergence, trim and deformation, aerodynamic loads distribution, flutter andflight dynamics can be solved by the procedure. An airplane with high aspect ratio wings isanalyzed, and the results show that the coupling between rigid -body modes and elastic modes isdistinct and should not be overlooked.

Demand Flexibility of Residential Buildings:Definitions,Flexible Loads,and Quantification Methods

This paper reviews recent research on the demand flexibility of residential buildings in regard to definitions,flexible loads,and quantification methods.A systematic distinction of the terminology is made,including the demand flexibility,operation flexibility,and energy flexibility of buildings.A comprehensive definition of building demand flexibility is proposed based on an analysis of the existing definitions.Moreover,the flexibility capabilities and operation characteristics of the main residential flexible loads are summarized and compared.Models and evaluation indicators to quantify the flexibility of these flexible loads are reviewed and summarized.Current research gaps and challenges are identified and analyzed as well.The results indicate that previous studies have focused on the flexibility of central air conditioning,electric water heaters,wet appliances,refrigerators,and lighting,where the proportion of studies focusing on each of these subjects is 36.7%,25.7%,14.7%,9.2%,and 8.3%,respectively.These flexible loads are different in running modes,usage frequencies,seasons,and capabilities for shedding,shifting,and modulation,while their response characteristics are not yet clear.Furthermore,recommendations are given for the application of white-,black-,and grey-box models for modeling flexible loads in different situations.Numerous static flexibility evaluation indicators that are based on the aspects of power,temporality,energy,efficiency,economics,and the environment have been proposed in previous publications,but a consensus and standardized evaluation framework is lacking.This review can help readers better understand building demand flexibility and learn about the characteristics of different residential flexible loads,while also providing suggestions for future research on the modeling techniques and evaluation metrics of residential building demand flexibility.

Flexible impedance and capacitive tensile load sensor based on CNT composite

In this paper, the fabrication and investigation of flexible impedance and capacitive tensile load sensors based on carbon nanotube（CNT） composite are reported. On thin rubber substrates, CNTs are deposited from suspension in water and pressed at elevated temperature. It is found that the fabricated load cells are highly sensitive to the applied mechanical force with good repeatability. The increase in impedance of the cells is observed to be 2.0 times while the decrease in the capacitance is found to be 2.1 times as applied force increases up to 0.3 N. The average impedance and capacitive sensitivity of the cell are equal to 3.4 N^（-1） and 1.8 N^（-1）, respectively. Experimental results are compared with the simulated values,and they show that they are in reasonable agreement with each other.

Optimal guidance strategy for flexible load based on hybrid direct load control and time of use

The time-of-use(TOU)strategy can effectively improve the energy consumption mode of customers,reduce the peak-valley difference of load curve,and optimize the allocation of energy resources.This study presents an Optimal guidance mechanism of the flexible load based on strategies of direct load control and time-of-use.First,this study proposes a period partitioning model,which is based on a moving boundary technique with constraint factors,and the Dunn Validity Index(DVI)is used as the objective to solve the period partitioning.Second,a control strategy for the curtailable flexible load is investigated,and a TOU strategy is utilized for further modifying load curve.Third,a price demand response strategy for adjusting transferable load is proposed in this paper.Finally,through the case study analysis of typical daily flexible load curve,the efficiency and correctness of the proposed method and model are validated and proved.

Optimization of structural parameters for spatial flexible redundant manipulators with maximum ratio of load to mass

Optimization of structural parameters aimed at improving the load carrying capacity of spatial flexible redundant manipulators is presented in this paper. In order to increase the ratio of load to mass of robots, the cross-sectional parameters and constructional parameters are optimized respectively. The cross-sectional and configurational parameters are optimized simultaneously. The numerical simulation of a 4R spatial manipulator is performed. The results show that the load capacity of robots has been greatly improved through the optimization strategies proposed in this paper.

A Critical Review of Machine Loading Problem in Flexible Manufacturing System

Production planning is the foremost task for manufacturing firms to deal with, especially adopting Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) as the manufacturing strategy for production seeking an optimal balance between productivity-flexibility requirements. Production planning in FMS provides a solution to problems regarding part type selection: machine grouping, production ratio, resource allocation and loading problem. These problems need to be solved optimally for maximum utilization of resources. Optimal solution to these problems has been a focus of attention in production and manufacturing, industrial and academic research since a number of decades. Evolution of new optimization techniques, software, technology, machines and computer languages provides the scope of a better optimal solution to the existing problems. Thus there remains a need of research to solve the problem with latest tools and techniques for higher optimal use of available resources. As an objective, the researchers need to reduce the computational time and cost, complexity of the problem, solution approach viz. general or customized, better user friendly communication with machine, higher freedom to select the desired objective(s) type(s) for optimal solution to the problem. As an approach to the solution to the problem, a researcher first needs to go for an exhaustive literature review, where the researcher needs to find the research gaps, compare and analyze the tools and techniques used, number of objectives considered for optimization and need, and scope of research for the research problem. The present study is a review paper analyzing the research gaps, approach and techniques used, scope of new optimization techniques or any other research, objectives considered and validation approaches for loading problems of production planning in FMS.

Prediction of Load-Displacement Curve of Flexible Pipe Carcass Under Radial Compression Based on Residual Neural Network

The carcass layer of flexible pipe comprises a large-angle spiral structure with a complex interlocked stainless steel cross-section profile, which is mainly used to resist radial load. With the complex structure of the carcass layer, an equivalent simplified model is used to study the mechanical properties of the carcass layer. However, the current equivalent carcass model only considers the elastic deformation, and this simplification leads to huge errors in the calculation results. In this study, radial compression experiments were carried out to make the carcasses to undergo plastic deformation. Subsequently, a residual neural network based on the experimental data was established to predict the load-displacement curves of carcasses with different inner diameter in plastic states under radial compression.The established neural network model’s high precision was verified by experimental data, and the influence of the number of input variables on the accuracy of the neural network was discussed. The conclusion shows that the residual neural network model established based on the experimental data of the small-diameter carcass layer can predict the load-displacement curve of the large-diameter carcass layer in the plastic stage. With the decrease of input data, the prediction accuracy of residual network model in plasticity stage will decrease.

Analytical and Numerical Models to Predict the Behavior of Unbonded Flexible Risers Under Torsion

This paper presents analytical and numerical models to predict the behavior of unbonded flexible risers under torsion.The analytical model takes local bending and torsion of tensile armor wires into consideration,and equilibrium equations of forces and displacements of layers are deduced.The numerical model includes lay angle,cross-sectional profiles of carcass,pressure armor layer and contact between layers.Abaqus/Explicit quasi-static simulation and mass scaling are adopted to avoid convergence problem and excessive computation time caused by geometric and contact nonlinearities.Results show that local bending and torsion of helical strips may have great influence on torsional stiffness,but stress related to bending and torsion is negligible;the presentation of anti-friction tapes may have great influence both on torsional stiffness and stress;hysteresis of torsion-twist relationship under cyclic loading is obtained by numerical model,which cannot be predicted by analytical model because of the ignorance of friction between layers.

Activated carbon fibers with manganese dioxide coating for flexible fiber supercapacitors with high capacitive performance

Fiber supercapacitor(FSC)is a promising power source for wearable/stretchable electronics and high capacitive performance of FSCs is highly desirable for practice flexible applications.Here,we report a composite of manganese dioxide(Mn O_2)and activated carbon fibers(ACFs)with high MnO_2mass loading and microporous structure(abbreviated as Mn O_2@ACF),which is used as a fiber electrode to produce a FSC with a high capacitive performance and a good flexibility.The MnO_2@ACF composite electrode in FSCs delivers an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 410 mF/cm^2at 0.1 mA/cm^2,corresponding to a high energy density of 36μWh/cm^2and high power density of 726μW/cm^2.Such high capacitive performance and simple fabrication method indicates that the Mn O_2@ACF composite is a very promising electrode material for flexible fiber supercapacitors.

GENERAL SOLUTION OF THE OVERALL BENDING OF FLEXIBLE CIRCULAR RING SHELLS WITH MODERATELY SLENDER RATIO AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BELLOWS (Ⅰ)-GOVERNING EQUATION AND GENERAL SOLUTION

The overall bending of circular ring shells subjected to bending moments and lateral forces is discussed. The derivation of the equations was based upon the theory of flexible shells generalized by E.L. Axelrad and the assumption of the moderately slender ratio less than 1/3 (i.e., ratio between curvature radius of the meridian and distance from the meridional curvature center to the axis of revolution). The present general solution is an analytical one convergent in the whole domain of the shell and with the necessary integral constants for the boundary value problems. It can be used to calculate the stresses and displacements of the related bellows. The whole work is arranged into four parts: (Ⅰ) Governing equation and general solution; (Ⅱ) Calculation for Omega_shaped bellows; (Ⅲ) Calculation for C_shaped bellows; (Ⅳ) Calculation for U_shaped bellows. This paper is the first part.

Causes of Cracks on Recently Constructed Flexible Pavements: A Case Study on Kabati to Mareira Road in Kenya

Increased surface roughness of road due to emergence of cracks makes travelling on the road uncomfortable to road users;reduces road safety;increases wear and tear of vehicles, which push up the operating costs of vehicles, and increases travel time leading to the loss of useful man-hours to the local economy. The main objective of the study was to establish the causes of cracks on recently constructed flexible pavements with focus to Kabati to Mareira Road. To realize the study objectives, a case study was done on Kabati to Mareira road. Primary data comprising traffic count surveys;field and laboratory data for coring for compressive strength tests, tests on bearing capacity of pavement structure, and pavement deflection measurements analysis tests on improved pavement materials were undertaken on the road under study. The Secondary data on traffic axle load survey along the road under study were obtained from Kenya Rural Roads Authority, Ministry of Roads. The traffic loading was found to be 1.1 million equivalent standard axles over a design period of 15 years at a growth rate of 5%, which is on the lower limit of T4 assumed during the design stage. The material characteristics recommended in design are sufficient for the designed traffic loading. The range of UCS values was 1.12 to 5.83 MPa for soaked cores and 4.76 to 6.94 MPa for un-soaked cores. The DCP results showed that subgrade has a mean CBR of 15% and a median of 14% (subgrade class S4);the sub-base has a mean CBR of 53%, a range of 16% to 93% and thickness of 186 mm and;the base has a mean CBR of 145% a range of 20% to 433% and thickness of 137 mm. The ratio of modulus achieved after construction for base to sub-base is 2.7:1 and 10.7:1 for the sub-base and subgrade. It is concluded that design has no aspect in development and propagation of cracks. Cracks were caused by combination of factors, namely: sub-grade does not provide sufficient support to the pavement due to high base and sub-base strengths;and the variation of strength for pavement layers and the collapse of some cores during soaking process point to cases of inadequate/non-uniform mixing and insufficient curing of the pavement layers. Recommendation is made that the stabilizer content for base and sub-base to be varied in accordance with the properties of natural material being used based on frequency set out in standard specifications;and use of fully flexible pavements where the fill material adopted is alluvial or expansive clays. Emphasis should be placed on adequate pavement support. In improved pavement construction, the stabilizer should be uniformly distributed, thoroughly mixed and pavement layers sufficiently cured.

Optimal dispatching strategy for residential demand response considering load participation

To facilitate the coordinated and large-scale participation of residential flexible loads in demand response(DR),a load aggregator(LA)can integrate these loads for scheduling.In this study,a residential DR optimization scheduling strategy was formulated considering the participation of flexible loads in DR.First,based on the operational characteristics of flexible loads such as electric vehicles,air conditioners,and dishwashers,their DR participation,the base to calculate the compensation price to users,was determined by considering these loads as virtual energy storage.It was quantified based on the state of virtual energy storage during each time slot.Second,flexible loads were clustered using the K-means algorithm,considering the typical operational and behavioral characteristics as the cluster centroid.Finally,the LA scheduling strategy was implemented by introducing a DR mechanism based on the directrix load.The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DR approach can effectively reduce peak loads and fill valleys,thereby improving the load management performance.

Surface Pressure Loading Technology of Ship Structures

A hull structure is prone to local deformation and damage due to the pressure load on the surface.How to simulate surface pressure is an important issue in ship structure test.The loading mode of hydraulic actuator combined with high-pressure flexible bladder was proposed,and the numerical model of the loading device based on flexible bladder was established.The design and analysis method of high-pressure flexible bladder based on aramid-fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane was proposed to break through the surface pressure loading technology of ship structures.The surface pressure loading system based on flexible bladder was developed.The ultimate strength verification test of the box girder under the combined action of bending moment and pressure was carried out to systematically verify the feasibility and applicability of the loading system.The results show that the surface pressure loading technology can be used well for applying uniform pressure to ship structures.Compared with the traditional surface loading methods,the improved device can be applied with horizontal constant pressure load,with rapid response and safe process,and the pressure load is always stable with the increase of the bending moment load during the test.The requirement for uniform loading in the comprehensive strength test of large structural models is satisfied and the accuracy of the test results is improved by this system.

含类虚拟同步发电机和柔性负荷的直流微电网大信号稳定控制方法

直流微电网稳态工作点切换、负荷变化较大时经常会出现暂态失稳现象,属于比较典型的“大信号失稳”工况,传统基于小信号的解决方法难以应对。为此,该文提出一种考虑类虚拟同步发电机(AVSG)控制参数和柔性负荷灵活调节的稳定控制方法。首先建立直流微电网的Takagi-Sugeno(TS)模糊模型。然后,借助线性矩阵不等式(LMI)工具构建Lyapunov函数以估计目标稳态点的吸引域。若目标稳态点的最大估计吸引域(LEDA)包含初始稳态点,则系统是渐近稳定的;否则存在失稳的风险。此时,利用灵活可调的虚拟阻尼、虚拟惯量和柔性负荷等资源,让目标稳态点的LEDA直接或者间接包含初始稳态点,从而消除振荡失稳的风险。研究结果表明:基于吸引域理论改进虚拟阻尼和虚拟惯量等控制参数以及工作点运行轨迹,是一种实用且有效保障系统稳定运行的方法。最后,通过硬件在环仿真(HIL)进行了验证。

考虑快速变负荷和灵活性供需匹配的耦合系统优化调度

可再生能源与快速变负荷改造的火电机组在同一并网点对外形成耦合系统,是提升沙漠、戈壁、荒漠等灵活性发电资源缺乏而可再生能源比例较高地区灵活性的有效手段。为了挖掘火电机组改造后的耦合系统经济性与灵活性,文中提出一种风光火耦合系统多目标优化调度方法。首先,根据实际测算的火电机组灵活性改造后的运行煤耗数据,拟合了机组爬坡过程的煤耗计算公式,并分析了火电快速变负荷能力提高对耦合系统经济性和灵活性的影响。在此基础上,将日综合运行收益与灵活性供需匹配度作为目标函数,考虑包括阶梯式爬坡率在内的系统运行约束,构建多目标优化调度模型。通过在优化算法中使用分组关联多项式变异算子,提高了算法对维度较高、约束较复杂的电力系统多目标优化调度问题的求解能力。最后,以某地区耦合系统为例进行了优化调度仿真。结果表明,文中所述方法能够获得综合经济性与灵活性相对更优的耦合系统优化调度方案。

含EPS垫层及轻量填土挡墙的墙后土压力及其减载效应

挡墙后铺设柔性垫层或回填轻量土,对其优化设计和降低成本有着重要的工程意义。通过开展不同级别荷载下的挡土墙物理模型试验,分析墙后铺设EPS柔性垫层、回填泡沫轻量土及二者同时施加时的墙后土压力大小及分布特征,并探讨相应的减载效应。结果表明:挡土墙铺设柔性垫层、回填轻量土或二者同时施加时,墙后土压力均随埋深呈先增大后减小的“鼓肚”状非线性特征,土压力最大值多出现在1/2墙高处;同等荷载作用下,仅回填轻量土的减载效果相对较弱,减载率为10%~25%,而铺设柔性垫层的最大减载率较之提高了1.5倍,当二者同时施加时,减载效果最佳,最大减载率相应提高了近3倍;柔性垫层减载效果随着厚度的增加逐渐降低,但泡沫掺量对墙后回填轻量土的减载率影响更为敏感。工程中可考虑采用中等厚度的垫层,若墙后填土附加荷载较大,可适当提高回填泡沫轻量土的掺量。

考虑电氢负荷柔性的多堆电解槽优化运行

可再生能源电解水制氢是降低新能源弃电率,提升绿氢占比的有效途径之一,针对大规模新能源制氢系统的优化运行和高弃电率的问题,建立了考虑电、氢负荷柔性的多堆碱性电解槽优化运行模型。首先考虑用户侧电、氢负荷需求,基于电、氢的可转移特性建立可转移电、氢负荷模型。其次,考虑电解槽的运行特性和电解效率,提出多堆电解槽优化运行策略,满足系统运行约束条件,建立以经济成本最小为目标函数的系统优化运行模型,并采用Yalmip工具箱和Cplex求解。算例结果表明,可转移负荷的参与能够促进风电消纳,减少系统购电量,提升系统经济性,且与多堆电解槽轮值策略相比,该文所提策略有效降低了电解槽的启停次数,使电解槽功率波动标准差稳定在0.27以内,提升电解槽阵列的使用寿命,整体电解效率上升至57%左右。

浅析锅炉深度调峰快速启停关键性技术

当前电力能源供需关系和国家政策导向对火力发电企业提出了更高的要求,火力发电企业需根据自身情况,利用先进技术手段,以高效、节能、环保、灵活性提升等为目标,对发电机组进行优化升级。哈锅针对锅炉深度调峰快速启停方面已开展大量的理论和实践研究,也得到了一定的技术推广和应用,本文主要针对哈锅相关关键技术进行探讨。