Evaluating Economic and Environmental Benefits of Integrating Solar Photovoltaics within Future Residential Buildings in Saudi Arabia

Renewable energy options, including solar power, are becoming increasingly viable alternatives to conventional sources of energy, such as oil, coal and natural gas. Solar Photovoltaic （PV） technology is one type of solar energy technologies that has recently received substantial attention because it offers the possibility of providing clean power sources for buildings. The aim of this paper is to examine the economic viability of using solar PV within future residential buildings in the oil-rich Saudi Arabia. Strictly speaking, the prospects of using the PV in order to provide 10% of the electricity to be consumed in the houses, which are going to be built in Sandi Arabia over the period 2010-2025, are examined. The study reveals that significant economic and environmental benefits could be realized as a result of such an endeavor.

Significance of Storage on Solar Photovoltaic System—A Residential Load Case Study in Australia

Energy storage is an essential part in effective utilization of Renewable Energy (RE). Most RE sources cannot provide constant energy supply and introduce a potential unbalance in generation and demand, especially in off-peak periods when RE generates more energy and in peak period when load demand rises too high. Storage allows intermittent sources like solar Photovoltaic (PV) to address timely load demand and adds flexibility in load management. This paper analyses the significance of storage for residential load considering solar PV as RE generator. The significance of storage was evaluated in off-grid or stand alone and grid connected configurations. Moreover it outlined the significance of storage in terms of environment and economics by comparing the Renewable Fraction (RF), Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission, Cost of Energy (COE) and Net Present Cost (NPC). Investigation showed that storage has positive influences on both (off-grid and grid connected) configurations by improving PV utilization. It was found that in grid connected configuration storage reduced 46.47% of GHG emission, reduced COE, NPC and improved RF compared to the system without storage.

Unveiling the shadows: a qualitative exploration of barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption in residential sectors

In the face of global climate change,the urgent shift towards renewable energy sources such as solar power is vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering a sustainable future,presenting a universal challenge and opportunity for energy policy worldwide.India’s adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic is pivotal due to its vast solar potential,which aligns with national goals to increase renewable energy capacity,reduce carbon emissions,and achieve energy security.Kerala’s geographical location offers abundant solar potential,making it a prime candidate for the adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems.Coupled with the state’s strong commitment to renewable energy initiatives such as the ambitious“SOURA”(solar subsidy program by the Kerala State Electricity Board)project and various incentives for solar adoption,Kerala stands at the forefront of India’s transition towards sustainable energy solutions.Understanding the barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption in Kerala is crucial for tailoring ef-fective policies and strategies that address specific hindrances from economic constraints to informational gaps.This study employs a qualitative research method to identify the barriers to rooftop solar photovoltaic adoption among households in Kerala.Through face-to-face interviews with a purposively selected sample of 52 households,the research aims to gain in-depth insights into the multifaceted challenges hindering the widespread adoption of solar energy in residential settings.The findings reveal several key barriers:financial barriers,informational barriers,technical barriers,regulatory barriers,social barriers,and psychological barriers.Sentiment analysis indicates that while there is a predominantly positive attitude towards solar photovoltaic adoption,there are sig-nificant concerns that still need to be addressed.Addressing these barriers with targeted policy interventions and public awareness campaigns could significantly enhance the adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic systems in Kerala.

Residential PV capacity estimation and power disaggregation using net metering measurements

As the intermittency and uncertainty of photovoltaic(PV)power generation poses considerable challenges to the power system operation,accurate PV generation estimates are critical for the distribution operation,maintenance,and demand response program implementation because of the increasing usage of distributed PVs.Currently,most residential PVs are installed behind the meter,with only the net load available to the utilities.Therefore,a method for disaggregating the residential PV generation from the net load data is needed to enhance the grid-edge observability.In this study,an unsupervised PV capacity estimation method based on net metering data is proposed,for estimating the PV capacity in the customer’s premise based on the distribution characteristics of nocturnal and diurnal net load extremes.Then,the PV generation disaggregation method is presented.Based on the analysis of the correlation between the nocturnal and diurnal actual loads and the correlation between the PV capacity and their actual PV generation,the PV generation of customers is estimated by applying linear fitting of multiple typical solar exemplars and then disaggregating them into hourly-resolution power profiles.Finally,the anomalies of disaggregated PV power are calibrated and corrected using the estimated capacity.Experiment results on a real-world hourly dataset involving 260 customers show that the proposed PV capacity estimation method achieves good accuracy because of the advantages of robustness and low complexity.Compared with the state-of-the-art PV disaggregation algorithm,the proposed method exhibits a reduction of over 15%for the mean absolute percentage error and over 20%for the root mean square error.

计及储能电池寿命衰减的居民小区光储优化配置

在居民小区配置光伏系统可减小电力系统的供电压力,配置储能装置能够减小光伏弃光率,同时还可以实现负荷的时空转移,减小负荷峰谷差。为使居民小区光储系统的配置更加合理,利用充放电次数和放电深度对储能电池寿命的影响,通过改进曲线拟合方法及线性分段处理方法,获得更加准确的曲线拟合函数和与原曲线更加贴合的分段线性函数,建立储能电池动态损耗模型;以光储系统年均净收益最大和负荷峰谷差最小为目标函数,对光储系统进行优化配置;最后使用不同权重求解方法得到光伏出力值及负荷需求值,采用多目标粒子群算法对在不同运行场景下的居民小区光储系统配置问题进行求解,并通过仿真对比分析不同运行场景下光储系统的运行策略。结果表明,居民小区储能系统在并网场景下的经济性和削峰填谷效果更佳,所采用模型合理有效,可为居民小区光储系统的规划建设提供参考。

不同电价模式下独栋住宅的光伏-储能系统运行策略及效果分析

为了解不同电价模式下,光伏-储能系统在独栋住宅应采取的运行策略以及运行效果,对样本建筑用电量和光伏系统发电量进行建模,针对阶梯电价和分时电价2种情景,为光伏-储能系统制定了常规运行模式和混合运行模式2种运行策略。随后,给出了1000~2500元/(kW·h)4种储能单价下,独栋住宅光伏-储能系统经济性指标净现值(net present value,NPV)和自消纳率(self consumption rate,SC)随储能容量增长的变化趋势并进行了分析。结果表明:光伏装机容量越大,NPV初始值越高。在常规运行模式下,不同装机容量下的光伏系统自消纳率随着储能容量的变大而逐渐提高,而在混合运行模式下,自消纳率基本不随储能容量增加而变化。在2种运行模式下,仅考虑经济性的最优储能容量均位于NPV曲线最高点,并且不同的光伏装机容量都会导致NPV初始值和排序的不同。

成都市既有高密度居住区公共空间光伏改造设计

随着全球气候变化与能源危机影响的不断扩大,城市低碳发展与光伏能源应用越来越受到各国关注。此背景下,我国所提出的“双碳”发展计划势在必行,尤其是既有高密度居住区低碳节能改造更是城市低碳发展的重点。然而因为住宅楼屋顶产权等相关因素的影响,城市既有高密度居住区光伏应用发展仍然是难点。研究团队以四川省成都市高密度居住区为例,从设计角度探讨既有高密度居住区内公共空间光伏应用的潜力,提出了高密度居住区公共空间光伏应用范式。最终以一个既有高密度居住区作为研究对象,计算高密度居住区公共空间光伏应用潜力以及减碳能力。通过实测数据发现,成都市典型高密度住宅区公共空间光伏应用可降低公共空间碳排放和物业运营成本约48%,基本能满足所有地上公共用电需求。

神经网络驱动的建筑自适应表皮产出性能预测方法

作为应对环境与能源问题的解决办法,耦合动态光伏遮阳与建筑表皮种植的建筑自适应表皮(Adaptive Facade)为城市可持续性提供了新机会,但如何快速准确预测电能与作物产出是设计前期关键问题之一。为解决此问题,以城市居住建筑为例,提出基于机器学习神经网络模型的产出性能预测方法,以替代传统光伏软件模拟与作物产出估算方法。首先建立由实测数据训练并进行差异性激活函数对比择优的机器学习神经网络预测模型,进而搭建交互界面预测平台。结果显示,与基础案例相比,建筑自适应表皮显著提高室内热舒适时间比,降低室内眩光,且满足家庭年用电需求9.3%~10.9%(新加坡)、8.4%~9.8%(海口)以及家庭全年蔬菜需求32%(新加坡)、27.6%(海口),该预测方法展现了预测过程的便捷性与预测结果的可靠性,推动了建筑自适应表皮在可持续城市人居环境建设领域的应用。

户用光伏接入的低压配电网电能质量问题分析与附加损耗量化评估

针对户用光伏的大量无序接入导致低压配电网附加损耗严重增大的问题,对配电网附加损耗的量化分析是实现电力系统节能降损的必要途径之一。以户用光伏接入电网后的附加损耗为对象,研究考虑户用光伏发电与配电线路附加损耗的量化关系。首先,对户用光伏接入下附加损耗的变化表征进行理论分析,建立有源低压配电网三相四线制等效电路与数学模型;然后,研究户用光伏不同容量与接入相序下的多类型电能质量扰动情况,建立复合电能质量扰动附加损耗模型;最后,依据典型日的光伏出力功率曲线与附加损耗模型,通过算例分析并验证了所提长时间尺度下户用光伏对配电网附加损耗的量化评估方法的准确性。

居民户用分布式光伏储能系统资源优化

合理规划分布式光伏与储能系统之间的资源配置关系可为电网提供长期、持续和稳定的电源支撑。基于居民户用分布式光伏储能系统,参考光伏发电的平准化度电成本模型,加入储能电池的度电成本函数,考虑电池充放电时电网的实时电价以及储能电池的充放电成本进行资源优化配置。结果表明:资源优化能够有效降低系统的使用成本;光伏发电和储能电池的加入能够明显提高微电网系统的独立性和稳定性,并大大增强了微电网系统抵抗恶劣天气和电网突发情况的能力。

Influence of urban morphological factors on building energy consumption combined with photovoltaic potential: A case study of residential blocks in central China

Studies on urban energy have been growing in interest,and past research has mostly been focused on studies of urban solar potential or urban building energy consumption independently.However,holistic research on the combination of urban building energy consumption and solar potential at the urban block-scale is required in order to minimize energy use and maximize solar power generation simultaneously.The aim of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the impact of urban morphological factors on photovoltaic(PV)potential and building energy consumption.Firstly,58 residential blocks were classified into 6 categories by k-means clustering.Secondly,3 energy performance factors,which include the energy use intensity(EUI),the energy use intensity combined with PV potential(EUI-PV),and photovoltaic substitution rate(PSR)were calculated for these blocks.The study found that the EUI of the Small Length&High Height blocks was the lowest at around 30 kWh/(m^(2)·y),while the EUI-PV of the Small Length&Low Height blocks was the lowest at around 4.45 kWh/(m^(2)·y),and their PSR was the highest at 87%.Regression modelling was carried out,and the study concluded that the EUI of residential blocks was mainly affected by shape factor,building density and floor area ratio,while EUI-PV and PSR were mainly affected by height and sky view factor.In this study,the results and developed methodology are helpful to provide recommendations and strategies for sustainable planning of residential blocks in central China.

居住建筑中的光伏集成设计研究

光伏依赖阳光发电这一特性决定了光伏建筑有其特有的建筑形态。本文对建筑光伏系统效率的影响因素、居住建筑的形体特征、光伏构件的安装部位和安装方式进行分析,并根据不同光伏构件的特性,选择合理的构件类型,将之作为设计元素融入建筑设计中,形成居住建筑光伏集成设计方法,为居住建筑安装光伏构件创造日照条件。

基于分布式光伏的住宅建筑屋顶施工技术

近年来,全球能源结构调整的趋势愈加明显,清洁能源的发展成为各国政策制定和企业战略的重要方向。光伏发电作为最具潜力的清洁能源之一,在分布式应用中尤为引人关注。在城市化进程加快、能源安全问题日益突出的情况下,利用建筑物屋顶空间进行光伏发电不仅能够最大化地利用现有资源,还能有效降低电网负荷压力,改善能源供应结构。分布式光伏系统在实际应用中面临诸多挑战,如屋顶类型的多样性、安装技术的复杂性以及施工安全管理的需求等,这些都需要深入研究和有效应对。

近零能耗导向下夏热冬冷地区高层住区形态寻优设计——以武汉市为例

降低能耗同时增加可再生能源使用是缓解社会能源问题的重要途径,既有研究多从单体尺度考虑围护结构优化对能耗的影响,忽视了街区尺度形态优化可以降低能耗,同时提高光伏潜力,进而优化该街区的能耗表现。该文以实际政策规范为基础,结合城市发展的规划理念,对街区尺度的高层住宅建筑,进行近零能耗导向下的综合寻优设计。通过调整建筑类型与高度之间的组合,设计排列其结果并进行规范筛选,共生成21个街区原型,其中12个基础原型与9个亚类型,模拟并分析其能耗与光伏潜力,得出影响上述参数的核心因素并以此为基础进行高层住区形态寻优。结果表明:不考虑光伏设计的情况下,板式高层住区更适合武汉地区。考虑光伏设计的情况下,板式与塔式的高低组合相比于同一高度组合形式具有更好的能耗表现。

双碳背景下建筑减碳设计量化分析——以夏热冬暖地区某住宅项目光伏建筑一体化设计为例

近年来,国内外社会对传统能源的储备量与持续使用的时间充满担忧,全球气温升高、气候变暖,节能减排保护环境的呼声在不断加强,作为清洁无污染的可再生能源之一的太阳能具有取之不尽用之不竭的特点,一直是能源以及相关领域的科技工作者努力研究的一种能源形式。住宅建筑作为碳排放强度最高的居住建筑之一,具有较大的减碳潜力。本文针对夏热冬暖地区某住宅项目的光伏发电减碳计量化分析,探讨太阳能光伏建筑一体化如何在住宅建筑中更能促进减碳,总结落实建筑减碳设计的要素指标。

小型居住建筑能源低碳化策略研究

以北京某小型居住建筑为例,对小型居住建筑光伏发电应用进行详细分析,从光伏侧电力供给分析、建筑负荷变化研究及储能策略研究方面,探索光伏发电在小型居住建筑中的应用。通过对供冷季、过渡季及供暖季这3个季节典型日24 h光伏发电及建筑用能规律的匹配分析,提出在小型居住建筑中生活热水蓄能优先,电化学储能次之的储能形式;得出典型日分析法确定电化学储能规模的计算方式,简单便捷确定电池容量,为光伏发电在小型居住建筑中的应用提供实践依据,引导大量居住建筑实现低碳化运行。

Energy and Cost Analyses of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Microgeneration Systems for Different Climate Zones of Turkey

The environmental and energy problems that have arisen in Turkey because of the dramatically increase in energy consumption require the implementation of energy efficiency and microgeneration measures in the building sector which is the main sector of primary energy consumption. Since Turkey is highly dependent on exported energy resources, the basic energy policy approach is based on providing the supply security. In this regard, supporting for in situ energy production, encouraging the use of renewable energy sources and the systems such as microgeneration systems in order to meet the energy requirements of buildings would be considered as a key measure for resolving the energy related challenges of Turkey and dealing with the sustainability issues. Turkey’s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources such as especially solar energy. However, this huge solar energy potential is not being used sufficiently in residential building sector which is responsible for the great energy consumption of Turkey. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce a study which investigates, on a life cycle basis, the environmental and the economic sustainability of solar Photovoltaic (PV) microgenerators to promote the implementation of this system as an option for the renovation of existing residential buildings in Turkey. In this study, main parameters which were related to the distribution of modules to be installed in flat roofs and facades and the evaluation of the PV systems were taken into account. The effect of these parameters on energy generation of PV systems was analyzed in a case study considering different climate zones of Turkey;and the decrease in the existing energy consumption of the reference building was calculated.

传统民居屋顶光伏建筑一体化改造设计研究

光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)是促进“碳中和”的有效途径之一。在存量更新背景下,探讨BIPV技术在传统民居改造中的应用策略,对提高传统民居节能减碳具有重要的意义。以道口古镇传统民居改造项目为例,结合Ecotect软件模拟,计算全周期经济收益平衡,确定了道口地区传统民居坡屋顶光伏安装铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜太阳能光伏组件的辐射阈值为893 kW·h/m^(2),并提出了传统民居屋顶光伏板瓦改造的构造节点做法。利用EnergyPlus软件和光伏发电计算公式分别计算建筑能耗和光伏发电量,结果表明1层建筑屋顶光伏发电可替代传统能耗的57%,2层建筑可替代能源51%,为北方传统民居光伏屋顶改造提供了方法和依据。

适应高比例户用光伏的低压配电网能量协调互动管理策略

为了研究配电能量管理系统和家庭能量管理系统之间的协调互动方法,提出了一种低压配电网-用户协调互动的两阶段能量管理策略。阶段1提出了一种基于稳态安全域和机会约束规划的有功、无功调节量整定方法,在保证网络安全性的同时,确保低压配电网-用户调节权责清晰;阶段2同时考虑配电网与用户的利益最大化,建立了能量管理系统相互独立、隐私隔离的低压配电网-用户互动策略,配电网以运行经济性最优为目标函数,将运行效益增量部分作为额外奖励反馈给用户,在避免电网可调资源投资的同时,进一步提高用户收益。算例仿真结果表明,所提策略能有效保证网络的安全性,提高配电网运行和用户用电的经济性。

合肥地区老旧住宅节能改造的正交模拟研究

为研究太阳能光伏和建筑外围护结构各要素的不同组合对合肥地区老旧住宅节能改造的影响,将住宅净耗电量作为研究对象。建立合肥地区老旧住宅建筑模型,利用DeST-h软件模拟计算得到建筑全年冷热负荷和照明耗电量,再通过公式得到建筑全年供冷供热耗电量、太阳能光伏发电量以及建筑净耗电量,共得到16组正交试验结果。通过研究建筑净耗电量的变化,得出各因素对建筑节能的影响程度,找到节能改造最佳方案。经计算,改造前建筑年耗电量指标41.48 kW·h/m^(2),改造后年耗电量指标-13.74 kW·h/m^(2),节能率133.11%。建议在合肥地区老旧住宅节能改造过程中,应注重太阳能光伏发电系统的使用,加强屋面、外墙保温层的厚度,选用传热系数更低的节能外窗。