Effect of selected fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fermentation of cottonseed meal

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of six individual strains of fungi on the reduction of gossypol levels and nutritional value during solid substrate fen＇aentation of cottonseed meal （CSM）. Six groups of disinfected CSM substrate were incubated for 48 h after inoculation with either of the fungi C. capsuligena ZD- 1, C. tropicalis ZD-3, S. cerevisae ZD-5, A. terricola ZD-6, A. oryzae ZD-7, or A. niger ZD-8. One not inoculated group （substrate） was used as a control. Levels of initial and final free gossypol （FG）, crude protein （CP）, amino acids （AA） and in vitro digestibility were assayed. The experiment was done in triplicate. The experimental results indicated that microbial fermentation could greatly decrease （P〈0.05） FG levels in CSM. The detoxification efficiency differed between the species of microorganisms applied. From the perspective of reducing CSM potential toxicity, C. tropicalis ZD-3 was most successful followed by S. cerevisae ZD-5 and A. niger ZD-8. They could reduce FG levels of CSM to 29.8, 63.07 and 81.50 mg/kg based on DM （dry matter）, respectively, and their detoxification rates were 94.57%, 88.51% and 85.16%, respectively. If crude protein, amino acids content and their in vitro digestibility were also taken into account, Aniger ZD-8 may be the best choice. The CP content of CSM substrate fermented by C. tropicalis ZD-3 and A. niger ZD-8 were improved by 10.76% and 22.24%; the TAA （total amino acids） contents were increased by 7.06% and 11.46%, and the EAA （essential amino acids） were raised by 7.77% and 12.64%, respectively. Especially, the levels of methionine, lysine and threonine were improved greatly （P〈0.05）. The in vitro CP digestibility of CSM fermented by C. tropicalis ZD-3 and A. niger ZD-8 was improved by 13.42% and 18.22%, the TAA were increased by 17.75% and 22.88%, and the EAA by 16.61% and 21.01%, respectively. In addition, the in vitro digestibility of methionine, lysine and threonine was also improved greatly （P〈0.05）.

Effect of dietary cottonseed meal on growth performance, physiological response, and gossypol accumulation in preadult grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus

Cottonseed meal(CM) was used at up to 36.95% content in the diet(replacing 60% of dietary fish meal protein) without any negative effects on growth performance of pre-adult grass carp(initial body weight,761 g) under outdoor conditions.A culture trial was conducted in net cages installed in a large concrete pond.Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing a gradient of CM concentrations(0,12.2%,24.4%,36.6%,48.8%,54.8%,and 61.0%) as replacement for dietary fish meal protein(0,20%,40%,60%,80%,90%,and 100%) were formulated.Dietary non-resistant starch(from maize) was inverse to dietary CM.Growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed the diets containing CM replacing 0-40% fishmeal protein were not affected after the 6-week feeding trial.Accumulation of hepatopancreatic total gossypol in the hepatopancreas was significantly correlated with free gossypol content in the diets(HTG=88.6+1.5×DFG,R^2=0.89,P<0.05).Intestinal a-amylase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities rose along with increasing dietary CM level.The structure of the mid-intestinal tissues and the ultrastructure of the enterocyte microvilli were normal when dietary CM was <36.6%(60% protein replacement).Increasing dietary CM content increased serum alanine aminotransferase levels but decreased serum alkaline phosphatase,cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,triglycerides,and albumin(P<0.05).

Effects of dietary cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate on growth,antioxidants and immunity of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir Sinensis

One hundred and sixty crabs(average initial weight:51.32±0.08 g)were fed with four experimental diets containing cottonseed meal protein hydrolysate(CPH)at 0%(CPH0,control),0.3%(CPH0.3),0.6%(CPH0.6),and 1.2%CPH(CPH1.2).The experiment results show that no difference was observed in specific growth rate and survival rate of crabs fed with CPH diet.Moisture content of crabs fed with CPH0.6 diet was significantly reduced than that of the CPH0 group.Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of crabs fed with CPH0.6 diet were significantly increased and the difference was not significant between the CPH0.3 and CPH0.6 groups.Malondialdehyde content of CPH0.3 group was significantly lower than that of the CPH0 group.Lysozyme,alkaline phosphatase,and acid phosphatase activities of CPH0.3 diet crabs were significantly higher than that of the CPH0 group.Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of crabs fed with CPH0.3 diet was significantly decreased compared to the CPH0 group.The relative expression levels of Toll1,Toll2,MyD88,LITAF,and ILF-2 of crabs fed with CPH0.3 diet were significantly higher than that of the CPH0 group.The expression level of SOCS2 showed an opposite pattern.After CPH perfusion,the expression levels of SOCS2 and Toll1 in intestine at time 3 h and SOCS2 in hepatopancreas at time 18 h increased significantly to the highest value.The expression level of Toll2,MyD88,LITAF,decreased at times 6 h,6 h,12 h,respectively,then increased gradually.Therefore,supplementation of dietary CPH could improve antioxidant capacity and immune function;the appropriate supplement dosage of CPH for crab could be 0.3%-0.6%.Furthermore,the short-term CPH stimulation could significantly increase or decline the expression levels of immune-related genes at different times after CPH perfusion.

Mechanism of Solid State Fermentation in Reducing Free Gossypol in Cottonseed Meal and the Effects on the Growth of Broiler Chickens

[Objective] This study aims to reduce the free gossypol(FG) and improve utilization rate of cottonseed meal(CSM) by solid state fermentation(SSF). [Method]Bacillus subtilis GJ00141 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae GJ00079 were applied for the SSF and the optimal carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salt, moisture content, inoculum level, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time were investigated. The detoxifying effects of different products of GJ00141 were examined with gossypol as substrate. A total of 90 one-day-old broilers were randomized into group A [control, basal diet with 36% soybean meal(SM)], group B(basal diet with 18% SM and 18% CSM), and group C [basal diet with 18% SM and 18% fermented CSM(FCSM)] and thereby the influence of FCSM on the growth of broilers was explored. [Results] The maximum reduction rate(59%) of FG was achieved under the following fermentation conditions: solid medium composed of 96% CSM, 1%glucose, 1% ammonium sulfate, and 2% corn grits, 45% moisture content, 20%inoculum, fermentation at 30 °C for 60 h. Both the viable and inactivated cells of GJ00141 can reduce the content of gossypol, but the reduction rates were only about 20% after 72 h of incubation. Cellular contents and supernatant demonstrated strong detoxifying activity, which achieved the reduction rates of about 95% after 48 h, and the removal was free from the influence of proteinase K, heat, or EDTA. In the 42 d feeding experiment on broilers, the ratios of feed to gain were insignificantly different between the group C and group A. [Conclusion] This method achieved high rate of removing FG in CSM. The reason was the likelihood that the stable compounds in the cellular contents and supernatant of GJ00141 adsorb or bind to FG. Broilers grew well with the FCSM. Thus, it was an efficient detoxifying method for CSM.

Optimization of Cottonseed Meal De-gossypol Process by Extrusion via Genetic Algorithm Based on Artificial Neural Network

[ Objective] The paper aimed to optimize cottonseed meal de-gossypol process by extrusion. [ Method ] The artificial neural network （ANN） was used to stimulate the degradation of free gossypol in cottonseed meal by extrusion process, and a three-layer back propagation neural network was established to predict the degradation of free gossypol. [ Result] The result of 10-fold cross validation showed that the ANN with the training function as traingdx at hidden layer with eight neurons gave the smallest mean square error （MSE）. ANN predicted results were very close to the experimental results with correlation coefficient （R2 ） of 0.994 1 and RMSE of 0.497 1. A genetic algorithm （GA） based on the established neural network model was also used for optimizing de-gossypol process. The re- sults of GA showed that the optimal conditions of de-gossypol were puffing temperature 131℃, water ratio 51% , rotational speed 158 r/rain, and feeding speed 136 kg/h, while under this condition the degradation rate of free gossypol was 90.50%, which was close to the predicted result of CA with the small average relative er- ror of 1.38%. [ Conclusion] These results suggested that the GA based on a neural network model might be an excellent tool for optimizing cottonseed meal de-gos- sypol process.

Effects of Cottonseed Meal on Production Performance and Egg Quality of Hisex Laying Hens

[Objective]In order to research on effect of different content of cottonseed meals on production performance and egg quality of Hisex laying hens. [Methods]120 Hisex laying hens of 37 weeks old are chosen,randomly divided into four groups and three repetitions are set in each group,there are 10 hens in each repetition. Group I is the control group,II,III and IV are experimental groups. Cottonseed meal contents are respectively 5%,10% and 15%,with test cycle of 10 weeks,effects of different cottonseed meal dosages on Hisex laying hens production performance and egg quality are observed. [Results]When the diet is added with 5% to 15% of cottonseed meal,the average laying rate,average egg weight and feed-gain ratio all show downward trends when compared with that of the control group,but with no significant difference（ P 〉 0. 05）; eggshell strength,eggshell thickness,Haugh unit,egg shape index all show no significant difference（ P 〉0. 05）,with the increasement of cottonseed meal,the color of egg yolk got brighter,egg yolk color of 15% added group increased by 12%,show a significant difference with that of control group（ P 〈0. 05）. [Conclusion]When the feed was added with 15% cottonseed meals,it has an unconspicuous effect on laying performance and egg quality of Hisex laying hens,but whether it had an effect on animal health and food safety or not,a further systematic research is needed.

The Effect of Glandless Cottonseed Meal Content and Process Parameters on the Functional Properties of Snacks during Extrusion Cooking

The results of the present study indicate that glandless cottonseed meal (CSM) can be incorporated in extruded corn flour snacks at a 10% content level, which increases snack protein content to 12.8% and reduce fat content to 6.2%. To improve snacks’ nutritional quality, CSM and corn flour were extruded using a simple screw extruder. An expansion index (EI) ranging of 1.2 - 4.7 was obtained. Penetration force (PF) was 7 - 9 times harder than other extruded products. High extrusion temperature and high CSM concentrations decreased (p p p< 0.05) extrudates’ water solubility index. Extrusion conditions used showed a 68.5% starch gelatinization, and a starch availability of more than 97%, which explains the high expansion index obtained.

Effect of Extrusion Temperature on Free Gossypol and Nutritional Components of Cottonseed Meal

[ Objective] The paper aimed to study effects of extrusion temperature on free gossypol and nutritional components of cottonseed meal. [ Method ] Dif- ferent extrusion temperatures （90, 100, 110, 120 and 130℃ ） were designed, and contents of free gossypol and nutritional components in cottonseed meal were de- termined. [ Result] The optimal temperature for extrusion of cottonseed meal was 120℃, the degradation rate of free gossypol no longer increased with the increas- ing temperature when the temperature exceeded 120℃. The nitrogen solvable index （NSI） in cottonseed meal reduced quickly with the increase of extrusion temper- ature, and the contents of crude fiber, available lysine and total lysine in cottonseed meal decreased significantly, but the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acid reached maximums at the extrusion temperature of 120℃. The content of branched-chain amino acids also reached a maximum at 120℃. [ Conclusion] The extrusion temperature of 120℃ was preferred for lowering free gossypol significantly when maintaining higher nutritional value of cottonseed meal. The paper provided a certain technical basis for extrusion processing of cottonseed meal.

Determination of manganese content in cottonseed meal using near-infrared spectrometry and multivariate calibration

Background:Manga nese(Mn)is an essential microelement in cotton seeds,which is usually determined by the techniques relied on hazardous reagents and complex pretreatment procedures.Therefore a rapid,low-cost,and reagent-free analytical way is demanded to substitute the traditional analytical method.Results:The Mn content in cottonseed meal was investigated by near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)and chemometrics techniques.Standard normal variate(SNV)combined with first derivatives(FD)was the optimal spectra pre-treatment method.Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination(MCUVE)and successive projections algorithm method(SPA)were employed to extract the informative variables from the full NIR spectra.The lin ear and non linear calibration models for cott on seed Mn content were developed.Finally,the optimal model for cottonseed Mn content was obtained by MCUVE-SPA-LSSVM,with root mean squares error of prediction(RMSEP)of 1.994 6,coefficient of determination(R^2)of 0.949 3,and the residual predictive deviation(RPD)of 4.370 5,respectively.Conclusions:The MCUVE-SPA-LSSVM model is accuracy enough to measure the Mn content in cottonseed meal,which can be used as an alter native way to substitute for traditional analytical method.

Nutrition Regulation of Dairy Cows based on Extruded Cottonseed Meal

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of extruded cottonseed meal on the nutrition of dairy cows.[Method]Holstein cows were selected for feeding and milk production test.[Result]Extruded cottonseed meal could substitute soybean meal,and there was no significant difference in milk yield and butter-fat percentage.Extruded cottonseed meal could increase milk yield when substituting corn germ meal.In addition,the health of diary cow had not been affected.[Conclusion]Extruded cottonseed meal could guarantee protein nutrition,increase milk yield,reduce feed cost and improve economic benefit of dairy cows when substituting soybean meal and corn germ meal.

Research progress on cottonseed meal as a protein source in pig nutrition:An updated review

At a global level,the supply of protein sources is insufficient to support the current magnitude of pig production.Moreover,given the exorbitant expense of conventional protein feed options like soybean meal and fish meal,it becomes imperative to promptly explore alternative sources of protein feed for the sustainable advancement of the pig industry.Cottonseed meal,a by-product from the extraction of cottonseed oil,exhibits significant potential as a protein source for pig feed owing to its high protein content,high yield,low cost,well-balanced amino acid composition,and sufficient accessibility.However,cottonseed meal possesses several anti-nutritional factors,especially gossypol,which adversely affect growth and reproductive performance,resulting in the limited utilization of cottonseed meal in pig feed.To maximize the benefits of cottonseed meal and promote its application in pig production,it is imperative to acquire comprehensive knowledge regarding its nutritional value and current utilization.In this review,we initially presented a summary of the nutritional values of cottonseed meal,primary anti-nutritional factors,and effective approaches for improving its utilization as a protein source feed.Subsequently,we comprehensively summarized the latest research progress of cottonseed meal application in pig nutrition over the past decade.The outcome of this review serves as a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the research and application of cottonseed meal in pig nutrition and promotes the reduction of soybean meal utilization in the pig industry.

脱酚棉籽蛋白替代豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长、饲料利用和免疫应答的影响

为研究脱酚棉籽蛋白替代凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)饲料中豆粕的效果,以初始体质量为(0.81±0.01) g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,进行6周的养殖实验。对照组饲料中豆粕含量为25%(编号为S0),分别用4.93%、10.06%、14.80%、19.73%的脱酚棉籽蛋白等蛋白替代25%、50%、75%、100%的豆粕(分别编号为S25, S50, S75, S100)。每个处理3个重复,每个重复70尾对虾。实验表明,与对照组相比,脱酚棉籽蛋白替代100%豆粕对对虾的生长和饲料利用无显著影响,但显著降低了胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,显著降低了干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率。与对照组相比,脱酚棉籽蛋白替代75%豆粕时,对虾肠道中免疫相关基因的表达显著升高。肠道组织形态学观察实验表明,脱酚棉籽蛋白替代100%豆粕会影响对虾的肠道健康,肠道绒毛高度显著降低。结果表明,脱酚棉籽蛋白替代饲料中100%的豆粕不会对凡纳滨对虾的生长和饲料利用产生显著影响,但会影响对虾的消化、免疫应答以及肠道健康。

棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料在肉种鸡生产中的应用研究

本研究旨在探讨棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料对产蛋后期肉种鸡生产性能与氮磷排泄率的影响。试验选择42周龄罗斯(Ross)308肉种鸡群,随机分为对照组和试验组。试验预试期1周,正试期16周。在试验过程中,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组用8%的棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料代替等量的基础日粮。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组肉种鸡的产蛋率、合格种蛋数显著提高(P<0.05),死淘率显著降低(P<0.05),种蛋受精率有提高的趋势(P=0.057),氮排泄率显著下降(P<0.05),磷排泄率有下降的趋势(P=0.072)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,用8%的棉粕源菌酶协同发酵饲料代替等量的基础日粮可以显著提高肉种鸡生产的经济效益与社会生态效益。

固态发酵改善棉籽粕品质的研究

通过固态发酵对棉籽粕进行品质改善,并探究其发酵后感官评价、抗营养因子含量及粗蛋白、总酸、酸溶蛋白的变化,为棉籽粕在水产养殖行业中的应用提供理论基础。研究首先探究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)单菌发酵棉籽粕降解其抗营养因子含量的最佳接种量、水料比和时间。研究结果表明,当接种量达到11%为最佳,水料比在(0.6—0.8﹕1)最佳,当发酵时间达到60h后,各抗营养因子的降解率达到最高。随后采用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)配合枯草芽孢杆菌,同时在底物中添加植酸酶及纤维素酶溶液进行混菌固态发酵,并对最佳混菌比例以及酶液添加比例进行探究,结果表明,当枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和植物乳杆菌的混菌比例为1﹕1﹕2时综合效果最佳,纤维素酶添加比例为1.25%,植酸酶添加比例为0.10%,降解抗营养因子的效果最佳。随后,以此条件进行混菌发酵,结果表明,混菌发酵棉籽粕在感官评定上要优于单菌发酵,棉籽粕中游离棉酚降解率达到40.13%,植酸降解率达到34.92%,单宁降解率达到40.24%,粗蛋白提升了10.26%,酸溶蛋白提升了59.2%,总酸提升了79.49%。因此,研究为提高棉籽粕的饲用价值提供参考,有利于提高棉籽粕在水产饲料中的添加水平。

棉副产品在畜禽养殖业中应用的研究进展

新疆棉副产品资源十分丰富,但资源利用率较低。棉副产品包括棉花秸秆、棉籽粕、棉籽壳和棉渣等,其中棉籽粕是畜禽养殖生产中重要的蛋白质原料之一,棉花秸秆、棉籽壳和棉渣可以作为反刍动物的粗饲料来源。由于棉副产品中包含游离棉酚等抗营养因子,并且棉花秸秆、棉籽壳和棉渣中的粗纤维含量比较高,致使棉副产品在畜禽养殖业中的应用受到制约。文章综述了棉副产品产量、种类、营养价值及其在畜禽养殖中的研究与应用,以期为棉副产品在畜禽养殖业中的进一步应用提供参考。

生长猪发酵棉籽粕消化能和代谢能的测定及预测模型的建立

本试验旨在测定发酵棉籽粕营养水平以及生长猪对其的消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并基于其所含的有效营养水平来建立生长猪发酵棉籽粕DE和ME预测模型。试验选取体重[(40~50)kg]相近且处于生长期的5头阉割健康雄性三元(杜×长×大)杂交生长猪,采用5×5完全拉丁方设计,分别饲喂1个基础饲粮和4种发酵棉籽粕饲粮(添加不同来源的发酵棉籽粕替代基础饲粮中20%玉米和豆粕),并采用全收粪尿法和套算法测定生长猪对发酵棉籽粕的DE和ME,同时采用逐步回归法建立基于发酵棉籽粕有效营养水平对DE和ME的预测方程。结果表明:在风干状态下,4种发酵棉籽粕的总能(GE)及粗蛋白质(CP)、干物质(DM)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)、粗纤维(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和总淀粉(TS)含量分别为14.53~18.11 MJ/kg、46.59%~52.03%、88.57%~93.71%、7.98%~16.50%、0.51%~3.19%、0.22%~0.66%、0.40%~1.51%、10.26%~22.24%、16.33%~29.26%、27.34%~41.52%和0.34%~2.31%,平均值分别为16.73 MJ/kg、49.76%、91.62%、10.35%、1.36%、0.38%、1.04%、13.71%、19.75%、32.37%和0.94%。4种发酵棉籽粕的DE平均值为9.04 MJ/kg,ME平均值为8.21 MJ/kg。基于发酵棉籽粕有效营养水平,生长猪对发酵棉籽粕DE的最佳预测模型为DE=-24.161+0.667CP(R 2=0.97,P<0.05);ME的最佳预测模型为ME=-9.057+1.587DE+0.148ADF(R 2=1.00,P<0.05),ME=-13.344+1.472DE+0.158ADF+0.103CP(R 2=1.00,P<0.01)。由此可知,CP含量是造成DE和ME差异的主要原因,CP和ADF含量可作为生长猪发酵棉籽粕DE和ME的关键预测因子。

棉籽蛋白替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能、饲料利用和肠道组织结构的影响

试验旨在研究棉籽蛋白替代鱼粉对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能、饲料利用率和肠道组织结构的影响。设计鱼粉含量为100 g/kg的基础饲料,用棉籽蛋白分别替代基础饲料中0、20%、40%、60%、80%和100%的鱼粉配制成6组等蛋白饲料(D1、D2、D3、D4、D5组和D6组),饲养初始平均体重为(171±1)g的斑点叉尾鮰67 d。结果表明:与D1组相比,D5组和D6组的末均重和增重率显著降低,饲料系数显著增加(P<0.05);D3组、D5组和D6组的肝体比显著低于D1组(P<0.05);D6组肌肉粗蛋白含量显著高于D1组(P<0.05);各组斑点叉尾鮰存活率、肥满度、脏体比和肌肉的水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均无显著差异(P>0.05);当棉籽蛋白100%替代鱼粉比例时,饲料的干物质表观消化率和蛋白质表观消化率显著下降(P<0.05),各组之间的脂肪表观消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);在肠道组织学中,棉籽蛋白替代鱼粉对肠道的绒毛高度和肌层厚度无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,在鱼粉含量为100 g/kg的基础饲料中,棉籽蛋白可以有效替代60%的鱼粉不会影响斑点叉尾鮰的生长性能、饲料利用和肠道组织结构。

酶解棉籽蛋白替代鱼粉及添加单宁酸对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能和肠道健康的影响

试验研究了酶解棉籽蛋白替代鱼粉及添加单宁酸对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长性能和肠道健康的影响。设计鱼粉含量为10%的基础饲料,用酶解棉籽蛋白分别替代基础饲料中33.3%、66.6%和100%的鱼粉,并在100%替代组的基础上添加0.5 g/kg和1 g/kg的单宁酸,配制成6组等蛋白饲料(D1、D2、D3、D4、D5组和D6组),饲养初始平均体重为(172.6±1.6)g的斑点叉尾鮰67 d。结果表明:D4、D5和D6组的末体重和增重率较D1组显著下降(P<0.05),D4和D6组的饵料系数较D1组显著增加(P<0.05)。各组斑点叉尾鮰存活率、肥满度、肝体比、脏体比和肌肉常规成分组成均无显著差异(P>0.05)。斑点叉尾鮰后肠肠道微生物群落的优势菌群包括厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)。对比不同处理组发现,D4组的拟杆菌门相对丰度显著低于D5组(P<0.05),D4组的变形菌门相对丰度显著高于D1、D2和D5组(P<0.05)。各组斑点叉尾鮰肠道的组织结构和微生物多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,在鱼粉含量为10%的基础饲料中,酶解棉籽蛋白可以有效替代66.6%的鱼粉而不会对斑点叉尾鮰的生长性能和肠道健康产生负面影响,0.5 g/kg单宁酸能有效改善无鱼粉组斑点叉尾鮰的肠道微生物群落组成,但对生长性能没有提升效果。

钢琴桦木胶合板用的胶黏剂改性制备及性能

为提高钢琴桦木胶合板用胶黏剂的性能,以大豆粕或棉籽粕作为蛋白基,以尿素、制丝废水、水溶性PAE树脂作为改性材料,制备一种钢琴桦木胶合板用的黏胶材料,并对其性能进行测试。结果表明:与大豆粕作为蛋白基时相比,棉籽粕蛋白基黏胶材料的固含量、黏度得到改善,胶合强度较优;尿素可以使黏胶材料固含量、胶合强度提高,黏度减小,其中,尿素改性棉籽粕黏胶材料固含量为23.70%(质量分数),黏度为1 891 mPa·s,干胶合强度为1.308 MPa,湿胶合强度为0.525 MPa;当使用尿素和16%复合改性剂制备棉籽粕黏胶材料时,固含量为23.85%(质量分数),黏度为950 mPa·s,干、湿胶合强度分别为1.558、0.941 MPa,符合国标Ⅱ类胶合板标准,且热稳定性良好。综上,改性制备得到的胶黏剂可用于钢琴桦木胶合板,且具有一定的环保性。

不同有机肥配施对雪茄烟生长与产质量的影响

【目的】探明不同有机肥配施对雪茄烟生长和产质量的影响,为合理施用有机肥和制定优质雪茄烟的化学成分行业标准提供参考。【方法】以雪茄烟品种云雪39为试验材料,研究常规施肥(CK)、常规施肥+豆粕200 g/株(A1)、常规施肥+棉籽粕200 g/株(A2)和常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株(A3)对雪茄烟农艺性状、叶片厚度、鲜叶产量和常规化学成分协调性的影响。【结果】不同有机肥处理对雪茄烟生长发育的影响存在差异。株高为86.67~136.22 cm,常规施肥+豆粕200 g/株处理较CK显著降低26.06%,常规施肥+棉籽粕200 g/株和常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株处理较CK显著提高16.21%和9.01%;茎围为6.83~7.42 cm,常规施肥+豆粕200 g/株处理较CK显著降低5.66%,其余处理间差异不显著;叶长为47.19~53.49 cm,常规施肥+豆粕200 g/株和常规施肥+棉籽粕200 g/株处理分别较CK显著降低11.78%和6.15%,常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株处理与CK无显著差异;各处理的叶宽和有效叶片数差异均不显著。不同处理烟株上部叶的叶片厚度差异均不显著;常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株处理烟株的中部叶和下部叶厚度分别较CK显著降低9.0%和8.7%,其余处理间显著不差异,且中部叶和下部叶的叶片厚度均为常规施肥+豆粕200 g/株>CK>常规施肥+棉籽粕200 g/株>常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株。鲜叶产量为1120.28~13572.10 kg/hm^(2),依次为常规施肥+棉籽粕200 g/株>常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株>CK>常规施肥+豆粕200 g/株。雪茄烟的农艺性状和烟叶常规化学成分协调性综合得分为常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株(2.80分,82.48分)>常规施肥+棉籽粕200 g/株(1.23分,81.63分)>CK(-0.75分,81.11分)>常规施肥+豆粕200 g/株(-2.42分,77.74分)。【结论】常规施肥+芝麻饼200 g/株和常规施肥+棉籽粕200 g/株有利于促进雪茄烟的生长发育,提高鲜叶产量,改善烟叶常规化学成分协调性,可在烤烟生产中推广应用。