Preparation of Non-spherical Colloidal Silica Nanoparticle and Its Application on Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Sapphire

Non-spherical colloidal silica nanoparticle was prepared by a simple new method, and its particle size distribution and shape morphology were characterized by dynamic light scattering(DLS) and the Focus Ion Beam(FIB) system. This kind of novel colloidal silica particles can be well used in chemical mechanical polishing(CMP) of sapphire wafer surface. And the polishing test proves that non-spherical colloidal silica slurry shows much higher material removal rate(MRR) with higher coefficient of friction(COF) when compared to traditional large spherical colloidal silica slurry with particle size 80 nm by DLS. Besides, sapphire wafer polished by non-spherical abrasive also has a good surface roughness of 0.460 6 nm. Therefore, non-spherical colloidal silica has shown great potential in the CMP field because of its higher MRR and better surface roughness.

Three-dimensional Ordered Silica Colloidal Film Self-assembly Deposited on a VerticalSubstrate

A method for preparation of particle crystal film constructed from monodisperse silica colloidal particles in diameter of about 300 nm is reported. The films were prepared from an ethanol suspension by vertical deposition that relies on capillary forces to assemble colloidal crystal particles on a vertical substrate. The 3D ordered films were characterized by transmission spectra and scanning electric microscope (SEM). The effect of evaporation temperature, particle concentration and sintered temperature on the quality of colloidal particle crystal film was investigated.

Subsurface defect characterization and laser-induced damage performance of fused silica optics polished with colloidal silica and ceria

This paper mainly focuses on the influence of colloidal silica polishing on the damage performance of fused silica optics. In this paper, nanometer sized colloidal silica and micron sized ceria are used to polish fused silica optics. The colloidal silica polished samples and ceria polished samples exhibit that the root-mean-squared （RMS） average surface roughness values are 0.7 nm and 1.0 rim, respectively. The subsurface defects and damage performance of the polished optics are analyzed and discussed. It is revealed that colloidal silica polishing will introduce much fewer absorptive con- taminant elements and subsurface damages especially no trailing indentation fracture. The 355-nm laser damage test reveals that each of the fused silica samples polished with colloidal silica has a much higher damage threshold and lower damage density than ceria polished samples. Colloidal silica polishing is potential in manufacturing high power laser optics.

Effects of Colloidal Silica Binder on Catalytic Activity and Adhesion of HZSM-5 Coatings for Structured Reactors

HZSM-5 coating using three colloidal silica binders, acidic colloidal silica （ACS）, neutral colloidal silica （NCS） and basic colloidal silica （BCS）, was prepared to study the effect of hinders on their adhesion and catalytic activity. Scanning electron microscopy characterization indicated that the zeolite coating using BCS shows the smoothest surface with higher homogeneity and adherence strength. The specific surface area, relative crystallization and acid site strength of zeolites are also dependent on the binder used. Catalytic cracking of supercritical n- dodecane over the series of zeolite coating with various binders indicated that HZSM-5 coating with BCS exhibits the highest and the most stable catalytic activity compared with other kinds of binders, and also exhibits a stable catalytic activity ascribed to its proper acid property and microstructure.

Comparative Study of Various Preparation Methods of Colloidal Silica

Colloidal silica can be prepared by various methods and starting materials including ion exchange of aqueous silicates, hydrolysis and condensation of silicon compounds, direct oxidation of silicon, and milling and peptization of silica powder. Various silica sols having particle sizes of 10-60 nm prepared by these methods and the preparation methods have been compared on the basis of their shape, size uniformity, sphericity, stability against pH variation, cation concentration, and price, etc. Silica sol prepared from tetraethoxysilane affords uniform size control and growth, and high purity, despite the relatively high costs. Silica sol prepared from liquid silicates affords relatively easy size and shape control;however, it is difficult to lower the alkali content to a level that is appropriate for carrying out semiconductor chemical mechanical polishing processes;in addition, the waste water treatment carried out for recovering the ion exchange resin gives rise environmental consideration. The properties of colloidal silica prepared from fumed silica powder by milling and dispersion depend on the starting silica source and it is relatively difficult to obtain monodispersed particles using this method. Colloidal silica prepared from silicon by direct oxidation has a monodispersed spherical shape and purity control with reasonable prices. It generates less waste water because it can be directly produced in relatively high concentrations. The cation fraction located in the particle relative to the free cation in the fluid is relatively lower in the silica sol prepared by the direct oxidation than others. A careful comparison of colloidal silica and the preparation methods may help in choosing the proper colloidal silica that is the most appropriate for the application being considered.

Polydisperse spherical colloidal silica particles：Preparation and application

A new industrial method has been developed to produce polydisperse spherical colloidal silica particles with a very broad particle size,ranging from 20-95 nm.The process uses a reactor in which the original seed solution is heated to 100 ℃,and then active silicic acid and the seed solution are titrated to the reactor continuously with a constant rate.The original seeds and the titrated seeds in the reactor will go through different particle growth cycles to form different particle sizes.Both the particles＇ size distribution and morphology have been characterized by dynamic light scattering（DLS）and the focus ion beam（FIB） system.In addition,the as-prepared polydisperse colloidal silica particle in the application of sapphire wafer＇s chemical mechanical polishing（CMP） process has been tested.The material removal rate（MRR） of this kind of abrasive has been tested and verified to be much faster than traditional monodisperse silica particles.Finally,the mechanism of sapphire CMP process by this kind of polydisperse silica particles has been investigated to explore the reasons for the high polishing rate.

Using Colloidal Nano Silica to Enhance the Performance of Cementitious Mortars

Nanomaterials have been widely used in the past few decades due to their proven capacity to enhance the mechanical properties of materials. While many studies have sought to improve the understanding of how nanomaterials affect the behavior of concrete, additional research is needed in order to achieve the full potential of the material, especially in the presence of supplementary cementitious materials. This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties of cement mortars incorporating both nano-silica (NS) and class F fly ash (FA). Furthermore, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) was performed to study its effect on pore characteristics, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to measure the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 content in the mixtures. It was found that using nano-silica enhances the compressive strength, reduces the total porosity and accelerates the pozzolanic reaction.

Effect of Particle Inhomogeneity on Band-gap of Silica Colloidal Crystals in Vertical Deposition Method

The effect of inhomogeneity of particles on the band-gap of silica colloidal crystals(SCCs) fabricated by vertical deposition method was studied.The optical properties of the crystals were examined.The SEM images and transmission spectrum of the crystals showed that the inhomogeneity of particles not only affected the ordering,but also their mid-gap position.When the volume ratio of S particles(VS) to L particles(VL) in suspension was 1:1,the band-gap of silica colloidal crystals changed with the growth of particles.When the ratio was 2:1,the quality of SCCs on substrate was obviously improved simultaneously with the number decreasing of L particles.Especially,the quality of SCCs at the bottom of substrate was the best and its mid-gap(634 nm) was very close to that of theoretic value of S particles(636 nm).When the ratio was 3:1,the effect of L particles became smaller with the number decreasing of L particles in suspension.The mid-gap position(638 nm) of whole SCCs on substrate were all close to that of theoretic value of S particles(636 nm).

Diatomaceous silica filter aid filtration for the effective separation of colloidal Cr（OH）＿3 precipitate from tanning wastewater

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High-quality SiO_2 Colloidal Crystal Fabricated by Controllable Vertical Deposition Method

Monodispersed silica microspheres with diameter of 353nm were assembled into photonic crystal in ethanol colloidal suspensions of varied silica volume fraction at different temperature and humidity by means of controllable vertical deposition method. The surface morphology and optical properties were studied by SEM and UV-Vis-NIR. It was found that the high-quality silica colloidal photonic crystals were obtained from ethanol solutions with environment temperature between 45℃ and 55℃, humidity between 66% and 76%, the volume fraction of microspheres is between 0.8% and 1.5%. The ordered close-packed photonic crystal fabricated by controllable vertical deposition method had the two photonic bandgaps in the visible light band and near infrared band.

Influence of Temperature and Water Vapour Pressure on Drying Kinetics and Colloidal Microstructure of Dried Sodium Water Glass

Industrially produced sodium water glasses were dried in climates with controlled temperature and humidity to transparent amorphous water containing sodium silicate materials. The water glasses had molar SiO2:Na2O ratios of 2.2, 3.3 and 3.9 and were dried up to 84 days at temperatures between 40&degC and 95&degC and water vapour pressures between 5 and 40 kPa. The materials approached final water concentrations which are equilibrium values and are controlled by the water vapour pressure of the atmosphere and the microstructure of the solids. The microstructure of the dried water glasses was characterized by atomic force microscopy. It has a nanosized substructure built up by the silicate colloids of the educts but deformed by capillary forces. In the final drying equilibrium, the water vapour pressure of the atmosphere in the drying cabinet is equal to the reduced vapour pressure of the capillary system built up by the silicate colloids. Their size scale can be explained by the deformation of colloidal aggregates due to capillary forces.

纳米硅溶胶改良辽宁台安砂土的抗液化性能研究

辽宁台安砂土属于易液化砂,提升其抗液化性能具有重要的工程意义。文章针对纳米硅溶胶(CS)对辽宁台安砂土抗液化性能的改良效果进行探究,通过不排水动三轴试验,对纯砂样和改良砂样的液化特性进行对比研究,分析CS浓度和固化时间两个参量对改良砂样动力特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)CS能够显著提升台安砂土的抗液化性能,在动载作用下改良砂样均未发生液化破坏。(2)随CS浓度和固化时间的增加,试样动孔压u_(d)、动应变ε_(d)呈现先迅速下降后趋于平缓的发展规律;当CS浓度增至4%、固化时间达到3周后,试样抗液化性能的提升效果不再明显。(3)改良砂样的滞回曲线变得更加稳定。随CS浓度增加,阻尼先降低后趋于稳定,动弹性模量逐渐增大并趋于平缓,但伴随有一定的波动;随固化时间增大,阻尼呈减小趋势,动弹性模量呈增大趋势。研究成果可为辽宁台安地区砂土液化治理提供参考依据。

尺寸可控有机杂化二氧化硅胶体粒子的制备

有机杂化二氧化硅胶体粒子因其独特的性质被广泛地应用于生物医学领域。对于不同的器官组织,纳米粒子的尺寸不同,因而尺寸可控的有机杂化二氧化硅胶体粒子在生物医学应用中尤为重要。以乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷(VTMS)为硅烷前驱体,氢氧化铵为催化剂,通过硅烷前驱体在碱性条件下自发形成乳液,然后由引发剂过硫酸铵(APS)引发聚合来制备尺寸可控的有机杂化二氧化硅胶体粒子。采用场发射扫描电子显微镜和ImageJ软件,探究了引发剂种类、前驱体浓度、氢氧化铵浓度以及乳化时间等不同条件对有机杂化二氧化硅胶体粒子尺寸的影响。结果表明:前驱体浓度增大会造成有机杂化二氧化硅胶体粒子的尺寸增大,而氢氧化铵浓度增大则起到相反的作用。随着乳化时间延长,有机杂化二氧化硅胶体粒子的尺寸先减小后增大。

高比表面积微米级全多孔二氧化硅微球的制备

介绍了用双模板法制备全多孔硅胶纳米粒子,该法制得的纳米级二氧化硅微球孔径为18.3 nm,比表面积为589.5 m^(2)·g^(-1),孔隙率为2.7 cm^(3)·g^(-1),以制备的硅胶纳米粒子为硅源,利用聚合诱导胶体聚集法制备具有高比表面积的微米级全多孔二氧化硅微球。利用透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜表征产品的形态,颗粒的尺寸分析在Mastersizer 2000上进行。结果表明,利用该方法能够制备具有较大介孔结构且具有较高比表面积的微米级全多孔二氧化硅微球,制得的二氧化硅微球具有较大介孔,为35.2 nm,比表面积达到756.2 m^(2)·g^(-1),孔隙率为2.0 cm^(3)·g^(-1)。

Preparation of high-purity monodisperse silica microspheres by the sol-gel method coupled with polymerization-induced colloid aggregation

Ultra-pure mesoporous silica microspheres with good monodispersity were synthesized in two steps： nanometer-sized silica sol was produced by the sol-gel process, then micrometer-sized silica microspheres were synthesized by polymerization-induced colloid aggregation of the silica sol. The total metal content of the microspheres was extremely low, which eliminated the tailing of chromatographic peaks by chelating reagents. The pore structure of the silica microspheres could be controlled by altering the sol-gel conditions. The silica microsphere particle size could be adjusted by using different polymerizationinduced colloid aggregation conditions.

MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION OF POLY(St-co-BuA)/SILICA NANOCOMPOSITE PARTICLES SYNTHESIZED BY EMULSION POLYMERIZATION

Poly（St-co-BuA）/silica nanocomposite latexes were synthesized via conventional emulsion polymerization in the presence of 3-（trimethoxysilyl）propyl methacrylate modified colloidal nano-silica. The effects of surface property, particle size and content of colloidal nano-silica as well as the concentrations of monomer and surfactant on the morphology of nanocomposite latex particles were investigated by transmission electron microscope （TEM） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） in detail. Various interesting morphologies such as grape-like, Chinese gooseberry-like, pomegranate-like and normal core-shell structures were observed. Droplet nucleation mechanism competing with micelle nucleation mechanism was proposed to explain the morphological evolution of the nanocomposite particles.

Preparation of Carbon Nano-fiber Washcoat on Porous Silica Foam as Structured Catalyst Support

This paper reports how a hairy layer of carbon nano-fibers can be prepared on the macro-porous silica foam produced by the sphere templating method. Firstly, three-dimensional close-packed crystals of polystyrene spheres are assembled on porous disk substrate by vacuum filtration or evaporation. The polystyrene template is annealed slightly above the glass transition temperature in order to strengthen the colloidal crystal and ensure interconnection of the spheres so as to obtain porous materials with open structure. Following the treatment of hexdecyltrimethylammonium bromide, the polystyrene template is filled with silica colloidal solution, which solidifies in the cavities. Then the polystyrene particles are removed by calcination at 843K, leaving behind porous silica foam. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrate that silica foam has uniform and open structured pores. Nickel particles were deposited on porous silica foam layer by the dipping method and porous carbon nano-fiber washcoat was prepared by catalytic decomposition of ethene over small nickel particles.

Preparation of Carbon Nano-fiber Washcoat on Porous Silica Foam as Structured Catalyst Support

This paper reports how a hairy layer of carbon nano-fibers can be prepared on the macro-porous silica foam produced by the sphere templating method. Firstly, three-dimensional close-packed crystals of polystyrene spheres are assembled on porous disk substrate by vacuum filtration or evaporation. The polystyrene template is annealed slightly above the glass transition temperature in order to strengthen the colloidal crystal and ensure inter- connection of the spheres so as to obtain porous materials with open structure. Following the treatment of hexde- cyltrimethylammonium bromide, the polystyrene template is filled with silica colloidal solution, which solidifies in the cavities. Then the polystyrene particles are removed by calcination at 843K, leaving behind porous silica foam. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrate that silica foam has uniform and open structured pores. Nickel particles were deposited on porous silica foam layer by the dipping method and porous carbon nano-fiber washcoat was prepared by catalytic decomposition of ethene over small nickel particles.

Effect of Electric Field Strength and Water Content on the Electrorheology of Silica Dispersions

The effect of water content on the electrorheological effect (ERE) behaviour of silica dispersions has been investigated. The types of silica powders were fumed silica, precipitated and acid washed silica and colloidal silica. Silica dispersions with a water content varying in the range 10% - 30%, and with conducting ions deliberately added, were redispersed in chlorinated hydrocarbon oil and then the ER behaviour studied. Samples were tested on a static yield rig (SYR), an instrument which can measure both the yield stress and the conductivity. The effects of electric field strength and water content on the ERE were studied. The yield stress initially increased with increase in electric field strength and then decreased at high electric fields suggesting a breakdown in structure of the electrorheological fluid samples tested. It was also found that the ERE increased and electric saturation or electric breakdown shifted to lower electric fields as the water content increased. Higher electric fields caused a drop in the ERE.

A Wood Preservative Based on Commercial Silica Nanodispersions and Boric Acid against Fungal Decay through Laboratory and Field Tests

The paper is based on the development of a wood preservative without metal salts to be used in use classes 3 and 4 (EN 335), eco-friendly and harmless to humans and animals. Boric acid was used as a biocide, due to its effectiveness against fungi and insects. It is also known to be easily leached from wood exposed to weather action. Colloidal silica was therefore added in the formulations to guarantee the fixation of boric acid to wood. The different formulations were tested for the protective efficacy against decay fungi through laboratory tests (EN 113) and field trials (EN 252). The results were promising, especially those concerning boron fixation and efficacy against decay fungi through laboratory tests, where some formulations and retentions gave a durability class 1 (very durable) according to EN 350-1. The fourth evaluation, after 50 months of field trials showed only a slight difference between the treated samples and controls.