Existing explanations for several major phenomena in physics may need to be reconsidered in light of the description of a natural force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). Three examples a...Existing explanations for several major phenomena in physics may need to be reconsidered in light of the description of a natural force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). Three examples are selected for discussion in this paper: i) The proposed wave-particle duality of electrons;ii) cold fusion;and iii) superconductivity. The current interpretations of these enigmatic concepts are incomplete and not fully validated by scientific methods. The observations underlying these processes are seemingly consistent with KELEA acting as a repelling force between opposite electrical charges. Relatively simple experiments can be designed to either confirm or exclude KELEA in these and in various other currently perplexing physical phenomena.展开更多
In this study, the effects of lead ions(Pb^(2+)) on the conformations of leucine encephalin(LE) and methionine encephalin(ME) in gas phase were studied using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry(HDX-MS) and q...In this study, the effects of lead ions(Pb^(2+)) on the conformations of leucine encephalin(LE) and methionine encephalin(ME) in gas phase were studied using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry(HDX-MS) and quantum chemistry theoretical calculations at the molecular level. The HDX-MS result revealed that the complexes with the monovalent compounds [LE+Pb–H]+ and [ME+Pb–H]+had a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio, and different HDX reactivates were observed in a follow of [ME+H]+>[LE+H]+>[LE+Pb–H]+> [ME+Pb–H]+. Combining the collision-induced dissociation energies of the complexes and their HDX results, it was found that the more stable the complex, the harder it was for HDX. In addition, the favo-rable conformations of the complexes were obtained by theoretical calculations, revealing that the similar coordination type with diffe-rent bond lengths was obtained. Then, the proton affinity(PA) values of the optimized complexes were calculated to interpret the HDX observations, indicating that the higher the PA values, the more difficult it was for HDX. Overall, the experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that Pb^(2+) could induce conformational changes of LE and ME, and generate ME into a more rigid conformation than LE. The results will prompt further fundamental investigations on the conformational properties of LE/ME in coordination with Pb^(2+).展开更多
文摘Existing explanations for several major phenomena in physics may need to be reconsidered in light of the description of a natural force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). Three examples are selected for discussion in this paper: i) The proposed wave-particle duality of electrons;ii) cold fusion;and iii) superconductivity. The current interpretations of these enigmatic concepts are incomplete and not fully validated by scientific methods. The observations underlying these processes are seemingly consistent with KELEA acting as a repelling force between opposite electrical charges. Relatively simple experiments can be designed to either confirm or exclude KELEA in these and in various other currently perplexing physical phenomena.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22004074,21927805,21803013 and 21773035)the Public Welfare Fund Project of Ningbo City,China(No.202002N3113)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFF01014601)the K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,China.
文摘In this study, the effects of lead ions(Pb^(2+)) on the conformations of leucine encephalin(LE) and methionine encephalin(ME) in gas phase were studied using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry(HDX-MS) and quantum chemistry theoretical calculations at the molecular level. The HDX-MS result revealed that the complexes with the monovalent compounds [LE+Pb–H]+ and [ME+Pb–H]+had a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio, and different HDX reactivates were observed in a follow of [ME+H]+>[LE+H]+>[LE+Pb–H]+> [ME+Pb–H]+. Combining the collision-induced dissociation energies of the complexes and their HDX results, it was found that the more stable the complex, the harder it was for HDX. In addition, the favo-rable conformations of the complexes were obtained by theoretical calculations, revealing that the similar coordination type with diffe-rent bond lengths was obtained. Then, the proton affinity(PA) values of the optimized complexes were calculated to interpret the HDX observations, indicating that the higher the PA values, the more difficult it was for HDX. Overall, the experiments and theoretical calculations revealed that Pb^(2+) could induce conformational changes of LE and ME, and generate ME into a more rigid conformation than LE. The results will prompt further fundamental investigations on the conformational properties of LE/ME in coordination with Pb^(2+).
