Biodecolorization and partial mineralization of Reactive Black 5 by a strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris

A strain of photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris W1, isolated from a lab-scale anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) treating textile e?uent was demonstrated to decolorize Reactive Black 5 (RB5) effciently under anaerobic condition. By a series of batch tests, the suitable conditions for RB5 decolorization were obtained, namely, pH < 10, light presence, glutamine or lactate as carbon source with concentration more than 500 mg/L when lactate is selected, NH4Cl as a nitrogen source wi...

Burial Records of Reactive Iron in Cretaceous Black Shales and Oceanic Red Beds from Southern Tibet

One of the new directions in the field of Cretaceous research is to elucidate the mechanism of the sedimentary transition from the Cretaceous black shales to oceanic red beds. A chemical sequential extraction method was applied to these two types of rocks from southern Tibet to investigate the burial records of reactive iron. Results indicate that carbonate-associated iron and pyrite are relatively enriched in the black shales, but depleted or absent in red beds. The main feature of the reactive iron in the red beds is relative enrichment of iron oxides （largely hematite）, which occurred during syn-depostion or early diagenesis. The ratio between iron oxides and the total iron indicates an oxygen-enriched environment for red bed deposition. A comparison between the reactive iron burial records and proxies of paleo-productivity suggests that paleo-productivity decreases when the ratio between iron oxides and the total iron increases in the red beds. This phenomenon could imply that the relationship between marine redox and productivity might be one of the reasons for the sedimentary transition from Cretaceous black shale to oceanic red bed deposition.

Effects of glucose on the decolorization of Reactive Black 5 by yeast isolates

The cometabolic roles of glucose were investigated in decolorization of an azo dye, Reactive Black 5, by yeast isolates, Debaryomyces polymorphus and Candida tropicalis. The results indicated that the dye degradation by the two yeasts was highly associated with the yeast growth process and glucose presence in the medium. Color removal of 200 mg dye/L was increased from 76.4% to 92.7% within 60 h to 100% within 18-24 h with the increase of glucose from 5 to 10 g/L, although the activity of manganese dependent peroxidase （MnP） decreased by 2-8 times in this case. Hydrogen peroxide of 233.3 μg/L was detected in 6 h in D. polymorphus culture. The cometabolic functions of glucose and hydrogen peroxide could be also confirmed by the further color removals of 95.8% or 78,9% in the second cycle of decolorization tests in which 7 g glucose/L or 250 μg H202/L was superadded respectively together with 200 mg dye/L.

Response of Reactive Phosphorus Burial to the Sedimentary Transition from Cretaceous Black Shales to Oceanic Red Beds in Southern Tibet

The mechanism of sedimentary transition from the Cretaceous black shales to the oceanic red beds is a new and important direction of Cretaceous research. Chemical sequential extraction is applied to study the burial records of reactive phosphorus in the black shale of the Gyabula Formation and oceanic red beds of the Chuangde Formation, Southern Tibet. Results indicate that the principal reactive phosphorus species is the authigenic and carbonate-associated phosphorus （CAP） in the Gyabula Formation and iron oxides-associated phosphorus （FeP） in the Chuangde Formation which accounts for more than half of their own total phosphorus content. While the authigenic and carbonate-associated phosphorus （CAP） is almost equal in the two Formations; the iron oxidesassociated phosphorus is about 1.6 times higher in the Chuangde Formation than that in the Gyabula Formation resulting in a higher content of the total phosphorus in the Chuangde Formation. According to the observations on the marine phosphorus cyde in Modern Ocean, it is found that preferential burial and regeneration of reactive phosphorus corresponds to highly oxic and reducing conditions, respectively, leading to the different distribution of phosphorus in these two distinct type of marine sediments. It is the redox-sensitive behavior of phosphorus cycle to the different redox conditions in the ocean and the controlling effects of phosphorus to the marine production that stimulate the local sedimentary transition from the Cretaceous black shale to the oceanic red beds.

EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETIC ADSORPTION OF A REACTIVE BLACK KNB DYE ON POLYDIVINYLBENZENE AND STYRENE-DIVINYLBENZENE COPOLYMER RESINS

In this study, two polymeric resins with different pore sizes were synthesized to study comparative adsorption of reactive black KNB dye. Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer resin NG-8 has an average pore size of 3.82 nm, about half of that of polydivinylbenzene resin NG-7 （6.90 nm）. NG-8 also has a surface acidity about 4 times that of NG-7, resulting in a much more negative surface of the former resin as compared to the latter at pH 6.05. Equilibrium adsorption of KNB was significantly influenced by the surface functionality of the resins, as evidenced by the observations that NG-8 adsorbed constantly less KNB than NG-7 and that the presence of CaCl2 enhanced the adsorption by both resins. The intra-particle diffusion appears to be the primary rate-limiting process. While the pores of both resins are accessible to KNB, the slower adsorption by NG-8 than by NG-7 suggests that the smaller pores of NG-8 further retard the intra-particle diffusion of KNB.

Development of the N-Doped Cu-Carbon Composite as a Novel Catalyst for the Removal Reactive Black 5

In this study, two Cu-based catalysts with and without N doped carbon matrix, named N-Cu/CuO/C and Cu/CuO were synthesized via calcination of melamine-cupper acetate complex and cupper acetate at 500°C under an inert atmosphere. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), and CHNS elemental analyzer. The catalytic activity of both catalysts was evaluated through the NaBH4 associated reduction of commercial textile dye named reactive black 5 (RB5). The kinetics of the reduction of reactive black 5 was also described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. For the studied reduction, N-Cu/CuO/C exhibited enhanced catalytic activity both in conversion and kinetics (97% conv. in 315 sec) compared to that of by Cu/CuO/C (25% conv. in 1500 sec). Besides, N-Cu/CuO/C also demonstrated good reusability up to four consecutive cycles.

TiO₂PC500 Coated on Non Woven Paper with SiO₂as a Binder-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Black 5 in Aqueous Solution

Photocatalytic discoloration kinetics of Reactive Black 5 (RB5), a vinylsulfone dye, has been studied spectrophotometrically by following the decrease in dye concentration with time at ambient conditions using a flow loop reactor. UV lump, Black Light Blue (BLB) emitting at maximum wavelength of 365 nm and Ahlstrom Research Service paper consistent of TiO2 P500 coated on non woven paper was used respectively as source of UV light and photocatalyst. At natural pH, the result shows that photolysis of RB5 and its adsorption in the presence of photocatalyst was negligible while the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) permits 30.8% of RB5 degradation. The degradation of dye was studied under a variety of conditions such as volumetric flow rate, initial pH, photocatalyst reuse, and in the presence of electron acceptor such as sodium persulphate ((Na)2S2O8). The degradation rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. The circulation flow rate of 108 L/h was the best. The rate constant calculated when the initial pH was varied shows that pH 3 was more favorable for RB5 removal. Peroxydisulphate ions have the strong effect on RB5 discoloration even in dark without and with photocatalyst. When UV light was used in the presence of photocatalyst, 50 min was enough for quasi-total removal of RB5 with (0.2 M).

Biotransformation of Carmoisine and Reactive Black 5 Dyes Using <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) is the most important industrial microorganisms. This yeast is commonly used as a leavening agent in baking bread and bakery products, where it produces carbon dioxide from converting of the fermentable sugars present in the dough. Nowadays, industrial and chemical activities led to produce new compounds with new kinds of contamination in the environment. Discharge of untreated or partially treated industrial sewage has created the contamination problems of rivers and lakes such as drugs, oil, heavy metals, paints, pesticides and various chemical compounds in them. Hence, it is necessary to control and reduce the levels of these compounds in wastewater and bring them to permissible values. This study aims to study the bioconversion potential of commonly available Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the two textile dyes of Carmoisine and Reactive Black 5. Reaction mixtures for biotransformation of dyes included 50 mg/l Carmoisine or 25 mg/l Reactive Black 5 and 1% dried harvested cells of S. cerevisiae (bread’s yeast) were tested. Harvested dry and wet yeast were studied for this purpose. The results show that harvested cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are able to bioconvert Carmoisine and Reactive Black 5. Reactive Black 5, Carmoisine are degraded by biotransformation 85% and 53% within 24 hours in water at the room temperature.

Production of high-purity hydrogen from paper recycling black liquor via sorption enhanced steam reforming

Environmentally friendly and energy saving treatment of black liquor(BL),a massively produced waste in Kraft papermaking process,still remains a big challenge.Here,by adopting a NieCaOeCa_(12)Al_(14)O_(33) bifunctional catalyst derived from hydrotalcite-like materials,we demonstrate the feasibility of producing high-purity H_(2)(~96%)with 0.9 mol H_(2) mol^(-1) C yield via the sorption enhanced steam reforming(SESR)of BL.The SESRBL performance in terms of H_(2) production maintained stable for 5 cycles,but declined from the 6th cycle.XRD,Raman spectroscopy,elemental analysis and energy dispersive techniques were employed to rationalize the deactivation of the catalyst.It was revealed that gradual sintering and agglomeration of Ni and CaO and associated coking played important roles in catalyst deactivation and performance degradation of SESRBL,while deposition of Na and K from the BL might also be responsible for the declined performance.On the other hand,it was demonstrated that the SESRBL process could effectively reduce the emission of sulfur species by storing it as CaSO_(3).Our results highlight a promising alternative for BL treatment and H_(2) production,thereby being beneficial for pollution control and environment governance in the context of mitigation of climate change.

Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrochemical Sensor for Reactive Black 5

Cyclic voltammograms of reactive black5 (RB5) at different pHs in the range 1.0 - 13.0 on multiwall carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode revealed the presence of one well-defined irreversible anodic peak around 975 mV in acidic and neutral pHs. Adsorption controlled oxidation observed at acidic pH 1.0 resulted in the maximum peak current response in cyclic voltammograms. A systematic differential pulse stripping voltammetric studies were carried out using the modified electrode at pH 1.0. The accumulation parameters, accumulation potential and time were optimized for maximum adsorption of the dye which was ascertained from the SEM photographs and XRD results. The stripping parameters were optimized and calibration was made under optimum conditions. The range of study was from 0.5 ppm to 100 ppm and the lower limit of determination was 100 ppm. Five identical experiments were carried out and the RSD value obtained was 2.5% suggesting good reproducibility. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the concentration of dye in the fabric and wastewater after dyeing.

Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Reactive Black 8 Adsorption onto Crosslinked Chitosan Beads

Environmental pollution problems by the discharge of effluent containing various contaminations from textile, paper and paint industries have become a serious issue in recent years. Dye removal from wastewater has received considerable attention for several adsorbents and several classes of dye. Reactive black 8 is an environmentally hazardous dye and most applicable in textile industries. Chitosan is a non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible and acts as an efficient adsorbent because of the amino functional groups. In the present work, the crosslinked chitosan beads were synthesized by using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker and the adsorptive removal of reactive black 8 by the beads from an aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of contact time and initial dye concentration was evaluated. The adsorbent dosage was retained as 1 g/L and initial dye concentration values were varied from 30 to 150 mg/L. Equilibrium isotherms were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubnin–Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherm. Freundlich isotherm model was found fit effectively for the reactive black 8 adsorptions. Kinetic adsorption data were evaluated using the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the intraparticle diffusion model. The adsorption followed pseudo second order kinetics. Overall, this study indicates chitosan beads as an efficient, eco-friendly and low-cost adsorbent for the removal of reactive black 8 dye from aqueous solutions.

陈氏黑药膏联合五神汤治疗急性期下肢丹毒的临床观察及对炎症因子的影响

目的:观察陈氏黑药膏联合五神汤治疗急性期下肢丹毒的临床观察及对炎症因子的影响。方法:选择2021年2月~2023年2月在上海市中医医院治未病科接受治疗的85例丹毒患者,采用随机数表法分为试验组(n=43)和对照组(n=42)。两组均基础给予阿莫西林胶囊及五神汤口服,对照组给予金黄膏治疗,试验组给予陈氏黑药膏治疗。1周为1疗程,比较两组临床疗效、白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞百分比(N%)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、下肢外周径差、红肿范围、中医证候积分。结果:试验组治愈7例,显效23例,有效11例,无效2例,痊愈率16.28%,痊愈显效率69.77%,总有效率95.34%;对照组治愈3例,显效11例,有效21例,无效7例,痊愈率7.14%,痊愈显效率33.33%,总有效率83.33%。两组比较,试验组痊愈显效率明显优于对照组(P<0.01),试验组与对照组总有效率无明显差异(P>0.05);治疗后,两组白细胞计数、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α均下降,试验组降低效果显著优于对照组(P<0.01);治疗后,两组中性粒细胞百分比均下降,试验组降低效果优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,两组下肢外周径差差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但试验组下降趋势较对照组明显;试验组与对照组均能缩小患者红斑面积,试验组疗效显著优于对照组(P<0.01);两组均能改善中医证候积分,试验组疗效显著优于对照组(P<0.01);治疗期间,对照组不良反应主要有皮疹瘙痒、恶心呕吐、胃肠道不适;试验组不良反应主要有恶心呕吐、胃肠道不适,两组不良反应发生情况比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),试验组不良反应明显少于对照组。结论:在丹毒中应用陈氏黑药膏联合五神汤治疗效果显著,可能与其可有效改善CRP、IL-6及TNF-α水平有关。

Subtle Variations in Surface Properties of Black Silicon Surfaces Influence the Degree of Bactericidal Efficiency

One of the major challenges faced by the biomedical industry is the development of robust synthetic surfaces that can resist bacterial colonization. Much inspiration has been drawn recently from naturally occurring mechano-bactericidal surfaces such as the wings of cicada(Psaltoda claripennis) and dragonfly(Diplacodes bipunctata) species in fabricating their synthetic analogs. However,the bactericidal activity of nanostructured surfaces is observed in a particular range of parameters reflecting the geometry of nanostructures and surface wettability. Here,several of the nanometer-scale characteristics of black silicon(bSi) surfaces including the density and height of the nanopillars that have the potential to influence the bactericidal efficiency of these nanostructured surfaces have been investigated. The results provide important evidence that minor variations in the nanoarchitecture of substrata can substantially alter their performance as bactericidal surfaces.

溶解性黑碳促进水环境中四环素的光降解

具有固碳功能的生物炭材料在土壤修复和水体污染治理中的大规模施用导致了溶解性黑碳的(dissolved black carbon,DBC)的大量释放,其在污染物的环境地球化学过程发挥着重要作用.相比于天然溶解有机质,DBC稠环度高、芳香性强、分子量小,有更高的光电转化效率,更易产生活性中间体促进有机污染物的光降解.但不同热解温度(heating temperature,HTT)和生物质类型的DBC对水环境中抗生素(antibiotics,ATs)的光降解影响尚有待深入研究.本文选取不同HTT(300—600℃)的芦苇和芦竹生物炭制备DBC,表征其基本理化性质及结构特征,研究其对水环境中典型ATs四环素(tetracycline,TC)光降解过程的影响,探究关键水环境条件的影响.结果表明,随着HTT升高,两类DBC的有机碳含量呈先升高后降低趋势,平均分子量呈先降低后增加趋势;芳香性官能团含量增加,芳香性增强,腐殖酸和富里酸类物质含量升高.所有DBC均促进了TC的光降解(16.3%—97.0%),促进效果随HTT的升高而呈上升趋势.HTT相同时,芦竹DBC对TC光降解的促进效果高于芦苇DBC.水环境中常见阴离子(NO_(3)^(-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、Cl^(-))及阳离子(Fe^(3+)、Ca^(2+))均在不同程度上抑制了TC的光降解;碱性(pH 7—11)环境中DBC对TC光降解的促进作用强于酸性(pH 3—5)环境.活性中间体猝灭实验表明DBC对TC光降解的促进作用主要由三重激发态DBC(3DBC*)主导.本研究拓展了人们对水环境中DBC环境行为及其对共存ATs归趋的理解,为水环境中ATs环境过程和生态风险的预测提供了理论依据.

基于构网型风电机组和二极管整流单元的海上风电场黑启动策略

基于构网型风电机组和二极管整流单元(diode rectifier unit,DRU)的中远距离海上风电送出方案具有技术经济性优势。由于DRU必须在交流电压支撑下才能工作,并且其功率传输具有单向性,因此DRU或陆上电网均无法启动海上风电场。在这种情况下,构网型风电机组可以作为海上风电场的黑启动电源。首先,介绍了2种构网型海上风电经DRU送出系统的拓扑。接着,阐明了构网型风电机组的结构和控制策略,分析了风电机组并网启动时的自同步过程。然后,研究了海上交流系统的无功功率平衡,提出了避免风电机组启动时无功功率过载的措施,在此基础上提出了海上风电场黑启动策略。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了中频构网型海上风电直流送出系统和低频构网型海上风电交流送出系统的电磁暂态仿真模型,对海上风电场黑启动过程进行仿真,风电场平稳启动的仿真结果验证了所提基于构网型风电机组的黑启动策略的有效性。

污泥基生物炭制备及其对活性黑5染料的吸附研究

以污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料制备生物炭是富有潜力的剩余污泥资源化途径。利用剩余污泥制备了生物炭,将其用于处理废水中的有机染料活性黑5,通过调整制备工艺参数,考察了粒径、反应温度和投加量对污泥基生物炭吸附性能的影响,并对其结构和形貌进行了研究,结果表明:原料污泥粒径、反应温度对污泥基生物炭吸附性能均有明显影响,最佳制备工艺条件为采用0.074 nm(200目)粒径污泥颗粒、反应温度450℃经马弗炉焚烧制取;污泥基生物炭投加量为7 g/L时,对50 mg/L模拟废水中活性黑5染料的去除率可达到79.66%,吸附量为5.7 mg/g,对100 mg/L模拟废水中活性黑5染料的去除率可达到68.76%,吸附量为9.8 mg/g。

氧掺杂碳气体扩散电极用于电催化产活性氧抗菌防污研究

过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))等活性氧(ROS)物质因具有绿色高效的特点,在废水处理、杀菌消毒等领域受到研究者广泛关注。利用电催化生成H_(2)O_(2)是一种实时提供活性氧物质的有用方法。然而,目前报道的大多数高性能催化材料都是粉体形式,不便于在实际场景中的应用。因此,制备可直接应用的电极材料显得尤为重要。本研究利用喷涂-热解的制备方法,制备了高活性氧催化活性的氧化炭黑(O-CB)/多孔碳毡电极,通过聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)的修饰优化电极表面的氧气传质,成功制备氧掺杂碳气体扩散电极。研究结果表明,O-CB/PTFE-5 wt%电极具有最高的催化性能,其合成H_(2)O_(2)的速率达27.19 mg·L^(–1)(mg catalyst)^(–1)·cm^(–1)·h^(–1)。海洋典型污损微生物假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)的抗菌实验表明,该电极电催化作用60 min产生的活性氧对Pseudomonassp.的杀菌率可达到97.69%,作用120min的杀菌率可达到99.99%。

纳米立方体PBA-Fe_(1)Mn_(2)活化过一硫酸盐降解偶氮有机物

采用油浴-水热两步法制备纳米立方体铁锰双金属催化剂普鲁士蓝类似物PBA-Fe_(1)Mn_(2),利用纳米立方体结构催化剂接触面积大、活性位点多的特点,活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解活性黑5(RBK5).通过X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对催化剂进行表征,表明合成的催化剂PBA-Fe_(1)Mn_(2)具有普鲁士蓝立方体结构.铁锰双金属的协同作用与立方体结构上的活性位点有效地提高了RBK5的降解效率.在初始pH值为7、催化剂投加量为0.2g/L、PMS浓度为2mmol/L的最优条件下,在60min内可使10mg/L的RBK5脱色率高达100%.自由基淬灭实验及EPR表明该体系中HO·、SO_(4)^(-)·参与RBK5的降解.其中催化剂表面的羟基自由基为主要作用基团.XPS反映了铁锰元素存在价态变化以及双金属间的协同作用,不同铁锰价态变化的循环过程促进催化剂的活化.最后,根据XPS和三维荧光光谱分析降解机制,表明RBK5在体系中被降解.

鼠李糖脂对梨采后黑斑病的抑制机理

以梨果黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata为研究对象,研究了鼠李糖脂(rhamnolipids,RLS)对抑制A. alternata的生长和控制黑斑病的作用,并进一步探讨了其抑菌作用机理。结果表明:RLS能显著抑制A. alternata的生长,且其抑制效果随质量浓度的增加而显著提高,其中30 mg/mL RLS处理的菌落培养7 d时直径仅为对照组的19.22%,且菌落呈白色、球状。同时,RLS处理能有效控制梨果黑斑病的扩展,其中50 mg/mL RLS处理的果实的病斑直径仅为对照的21.42%。进一步研究发现RLS处理严重破坏了A. alternata细胞膜和线粒体的完整性,提高了膜电导率,促进了活性氧的产生与积累。超微观察发现RLS处理后A. alternata的菌丝形态、细胞结构均发生了明显改变。

The application of iron mesh double layer as anode for the electrochemical treatment of Reactive Black 5 dye

In this work a novel anode configuration consisting of an iron mesh double layer is proposed for the electrochemical treatment of wastewater. The removal of Reactive Black 5 dye（RB5） from synthetic contaminated water was used as a model system. At a constant anode surface area, identical process operating parameters and batch process mode, the iron mesh double layer electrode showed better performance compared to the conventional single layer iron mesh. The double layer electrode was characterized by RB5 and chemical oxygen demand（COD） removal efficiency of 98.2% and 97.7%, respectively, kinetic rate constant of 0.0385/min, diffusion coefficient of 4.9 × 10^（-5）cm^2/sec and electrical energy consumption of 20.53 kWh/kgdye removed. In the continuous flow system, the optimum conditions suggested by Response Surface Methodology（RSM） are： initial solution p H of 6.29,current density of 1.6 m A/cm^2, electrolyte dose of 0.15 g/L and flow rate of 11.47 m L/min which resulted in an RB5 removal efficiency of 81.62%.