Genetic Diversity Analysis and Constructing Core Collection Based on Phenotypes in Cotton

In that DNA diversity detected nowadays could not mean phenotypic diversity,it is the precondition of breeding project and basic research of crop improvement that genetic diversity analysis and sampling of core collection by phenotypes.Phenotyping and statistic analysis on 9 traits of 92 accessions of cotton germplasm resource from three species（Gossypium hirsutum L.,Gossypium barbadence L.and Gossypium arboreum L.）were conducted.And the statistics（variation coefficient,proportion of special accessions and Shannon-Weaver information index）indicated that initial collection had abundant phenotypic diversity;software NTSYS-pc and the unweighted pair group method of arithmetic（UPGMA）were used for the cluster analysis on genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance matrix,and the result showed that the genetic relationship among accessions was highly consistent with the pedigree;22 accessions of core collection were selected by software QGAStation,four statistics,such as variance difference percentage（VD%）,mean difference percentage（MD%）,coincidence rate（CR%）and variable rate（VR%）,showed that the genetic diversity of core collection was approximately equal to the initial collection.The results of genetic diversity analysis based on phenotypic data and sampling of core collection would provide reference for breeding projects and basic research.

Assessment on Evaluating Parameters of Rice Core Collections Constructed by Genotypic Values and Molecular Marker Information

Eleven evaluating parameters for rice core collection were assessed based on genotypic values and molecular marke＇ information. Monte Carlo simulation combined with mixed linear model was used to eliminate the interference from environment in order to draw more reliable results. The coincidence rate of range （CR） was the optimal parameter. Mean Simpson index （MD）, mean Shannon-Weaver index of genetic diversity （M1） and mean polymorphism information content （MPIC） were important evaluating parameters. The variable rate of coefficient of variation （VR） could act as an important reference parameter for evaluating the variation degree of core collection. Percentage of polymorphic loci （p） could be used as a determination parameter for the size of core collection. Mean difference percentage （MD） was a determination parameter for the reliability judgment of core collection. The effective evaluating parameters for core collection selected in the research could be used as criteria for sampling percentage in different plant germplasm populations.

Constructing a Core Collection for Maize (Zea mays L.) Landrace from Wuling Mountain Region in China

Based on the genetic clustering from 42 microsatellite （SSR） markers with a combination of their geographic origin and germplasm characteristics, 124 maize landraces from Wuling Mountain region in China were used for constructing a core collection. Four evaluating parameters for maize landrace core collection, including mean difference percentage （MD）, variance difference percentage （VD）, coincidence rate of range （CR）, and variable rate of coefficient of variation （VR）, were assessed With 20 quantitative traits. It was shown that genetic relationships among landraces in Wuling Mountain region had the tendency to associate with their geographic origins. The 124 landraces were clustered into 18 subgroups when the coefficient of genetic similarity （GS） is 0.28. Eighteen landraces, each of which was from one subgroup, were applied to construct the core collection with a sampling percentage of 15%. Comparison of the initial and core collection indicated that there existed no significant differences in most quantitative traits. An average of 6.3 and 6.5 alleles were detected in the initial and core collection, respectively. Mean polymorphism information content in the core collection （0.75） was higher than that in the initial one （0.72）. MD was lesser than 20% and CR was more than 80%. The results showed that the sampling strategy would be feasible for constructing the core collection that well represents the genetic diversity of the initial one.

Establishment of the integrated applied core collection and its comparison with mini core collection in soybean(Glycine max)

The concept of core collection(CC) provides a new way of management and utilization of plant germplasm resources. In this study, an integrated applied core collection(IACC) of soybean was developed based on evaluation data for desirable agronomic and nutritional traits of available soybean germplasm resources including accessions with cold tolerance, drought tolerance, salt tolerance, soybean cyst nematode resistance, soybean mosaic virus resistance, high protein content, and high fat content. The newly formed collection encompasses accessions with high genetic diversity and desirable agronomic traits. The genetic diversity of the newly formed IACC was compared with that of the established mini core collection(MCC) of soybean with the aid of simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers and phenotypic traits. The results showed that at the molecular level, soybean IACC harbored a similar level of genetic diversity as the established MCC, and that at the phenotypic level the IACC encompasses more accessions with desirable traits than does the established MCC. The development of soybean IACC lays a foundation for breeding projects to meet different objectives in different eco-regions.

Analysis on Mineral Element Contents in Associated with Varietal Type in Core Collection of Yunnan Rice

Eight-element contents of 653 unpolished rice samples harvested from Xingping experiment farm, Yunnan Province under the same ecological conditions were analyzed by ICP-AES method. The mineral elements content were closely related to low diversity, high-yielding, and multi-resistance breeding; The K, Mg, Ca and Mn content in high-yielding and resistant varieties were high, and other nutrients such as P, Fe, Zn and Cu were low, which was connected with the heredity and physiological mechanism of mineral nutrients. There is zonal distribution of mineral elements content from Yunnan rice, especially for P, Fe, Zn and Cu co-related with the diversity center, paddy versus upland, glutinous and non-glutinous, glume-hair versus nuda, rice color, rice flavor, soft rice versus non-soft rice, but it did not find any association with indica-japonica types. The results supported the ecological variety group view of 5-grade taxonomic system species-subspecies-ecological groups-ecological variety groups - varietal types' .

Strategies on Sample Size Determination and Qualitative and Quantitative Traits Integration to Construct Core Collection of Rice (Oryza sativa)

The development of a core collection could enhance the utilization of germplasm collections in crop improvement programs and simplify their management. Selection of an appropriate sampling strategy is an important prerequisite to construct a core collection with appropriate size in order to adequately represent the genetic spectrum and maximally capture the genetic diversity in available crop collections. The present study was initiated to construct nested core collections to determine the appropriate sample size to represent the genetic diversity of rice landrace collection based on 15 quantitative traits and 34 qualitative traits of 2 262 rice accessions. The results showed that 50-225 nested core collections, whose sampling rate was 2.2%-9.9%, were sufficient to maintain the maximum genetic diversity of the initial collections. Of these, 150 accessions （6.6%） could capture the maximal genetic diversity of the initial collection. Three data types, i.e. qualitative traits （QT1）, quantitative traits （QT2） and integrated qualitative and quantitative traits （QTT）, were compared for their efficiency in constructing core collections based on the weighted pair-group average method combined with stepwise clustering and preferred sampling on adjusted Euclidean distances. Every combining scheme constructed eight rice core collections （225, 200, 175, 150, 125, 100, 75 and 50）. The results showed that the QTT data was the best in constructing a core collection as indicated by the genetic diversity of core collections. A core collection constructed only on the information of QT1 could not represent the initial collection effectively. QTT should be used together to construct a productive core collection.

Method of Constructing Core Collection for Malus sieversii in Xinjiang,China Using Molecular Markers

The method for constructing core collection ofMalus sieversii based on molecular marker data was proposed. According to 128 SSR allele of 109 M. sieversii, an allele preferred sampling strategy was used to construct M. sieversii core collection, using the UPGMA （unweighted pair-group average method） cluster method according to Nei ＆ Li, SM, and Jaccard genetic distances, by stepwise clustering, and compared with the random sampling strategy. The number of lost allele and t-test of Nei＇s gene diversity and Shannon＇s information index were used to evaluate the representative core collections. The results showed that compared with the random sampling strategy, allele preferred sampling strategy could construct more representative core collections. SM, difference for construction of M. sieversii core collection. Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances had no significant SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） data and morphological data showed that allele preferred sampling strategy was a good sampling strategy for constructing core collection of M. sieversii. Allele preferred sampling strategy combined with SM, Jaccard, and Nei ＆ Li genetic distances using stepwise clustering was the suitable method for constructing M. sieversii core collection.

Fingerprinting 146 Chinese chestnut(Castanea mollissima Blume)accessions and selecting a core collection using SSR markers

Chinese chestnut is an important nut tree around the world.Although the types of Chinese chestnut resources are abundant,resource utilization and protection of chestnut accessions are still very limited.Here,we fingerprinted and determined the genetic relationships and core collections of Chinese chestnuts using 18 fluorescently labeled SSR markers generated from 146 chestnut accessions.Our analyses showed that these markers from the tested accessions are highly polymorphic,with an average allele number(N_(a))and polymorphic information content(PIC)of 8.100 and 0.622 per locus,respectively.Using these strongly distinguishing markers,we successfully constructed unique fingerprints for 146 chestnut accessions and selected seven of the SSR markers as core markers to rapidly distinguish different accessions.Our exploration of the genetic relationships among the five cultivar groups indicated that Chinese chestnut accessions are divided into three regional type groups:group I(North China(NC)and Northwest China(NWC)cultivar groups),group II(middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River(MLY)cultivar group)and group III(Southeast China(SEC)and Southwest China(SWC)cultivar groups).Finally,we selected 45 core collection members which represent the most genetic diversity of Chinese chestnut accessions.This study provides valuable information for identifying chestnut accessions and understanding the phylogenetic relationships among cultivar groups,which can serve as the basis for efficient breeding in the future.

Analysis of an Applied Core Collection of Adzuki Bean Germplasm by Using SSR Markers

Genetic diversity of 158 accessions of an applied core collection of adzuki bean （Vigna angularis） and 18 wild genotypes were assessed by using 85 microsatellite markers. With an average of 5.81 alleles per locus, 493 alleles were detected, and their distribution frequencies lower than 5% accounted for 73.02% of the total number. The distributions of alleles between the cultivated and the wild adzuki bean germplasm are different, with a higher allelic diversity in the wild germplasm than that of the cultivated ones. An obvious genetic differentiation was also observed between the wild and the cultivated adzuki beans, and SSR markers may be useful in study identification and classification of them. Among cultivated adzuki bean, the genetic similarity coefficient varied from 0.366 to 0.939. Genetic structure analysis can clearly separate the wild genotypes from the cultivated adzuki bean, and also can divide the cultivated ones into different populations, as these populations are closely agreeable with the ecological regions where they originally grow. The results of this study will be useful in arranging local breeding programs, especially in the aspect of parental combinations or identification of progenies. These SSR markers can also provide important information to explain the genetic relationship between the cultivated and wild adzuki beans, and to accelerate the wild gene resources in broadening the gene pool in breeding program.

Phylogeography and Characteristics of Phosphorus Efficiency of Secondary Core Collection for Rice Landraces in Yunnan Province

[Objective] The paper was to explore the causes of phosphorus(P)efficiency of rice in Yunnan Province,and to provide strategy for ecological and environmental protection.[Method]Using 703 accessions of secondary core collections from 16 prefectures of five regions in Yunnan Province,two treatments of low available P(6.26mg/kg)versus normal P(available P 40mg/kg),and invalid P(available P 0.02 mg/kg)versus normal P(available P 70 mg/kg)were set,and zonal characteristics of phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P of rice landraces were investigated.[Result] Phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P in soils from rice landraces of Yunnan Province had the similar identification indexes,viz.the relative indexes of four traits(tillering ability or effective panicle,root weight,biomass,and straw weight)could be the screening indexes of gene type of secondary core collection with phosphorus efficiency,which also reflected the zonal characteristics of phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P in soils of 16 prefectures among five regions.On the contrary,the relative panicle length,node length under panicle,leaf length,leaf width and plant height could only be the assistant indexes of identification for phosphorus efficiency.There were similar zonal characteristics between phosphorus efficiency and the activation characteristics of invalid P in soils of rice landraces in Yunnan Province.[Conclusion] The study had great importance to the conservation and utilization of biological diversity,which would make contribution to second green revolution of "less input,multiple output,promote health,and protect the environment".

Core-Germplasm Construction of <i>Rosa rugosa</i>Collections by CDDP Molecular Markers

A method for constructing core-germplasm of Rosa rugosa in China based on molecular marker data was probed and the optimum core germplasm was established. Studies were initiated to analyze the genetic diversity of 120 rugged roses from 6 different Chinese source populations based on CDDP marker, and a preliminary construction of the core collection was established using stepwise UPGMA clustering sampling method. The 26 core collection resources of R. rugosa collections in China have 20% germplasm samples of initial collection, the retention ratio of polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s genetic diversity (H) and Shannon information index (I) were respectively 97.52%, 104.16%, 108.38% and 106.18%. The results of t-test showed that no significant difference was found in genetic diversity indexes between the core collection and the original collection. These results also demonstrated that the core collection could stand for original collection excellently. The results show that CDDP molecular technology can be successfully applied to the construction of core germplasm resources of rugged roses.

Core Collection Based Backcrossing: An Eff icient Approach for Breeding, Germplasm Enhacement and Gene Discovery

Plant germplasm underpins much of crop development. Millions of germplasm accessions have been collected and conserved ex situ, and the major challenge is now how to exploit and utilize this abundant resource.

Core collection construction of tea plant germplasm in Anhui Province based on genetic diversity analysis using simple sequence repeat markers

The tea plant[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]is an industrial crop in China.The Anhui Province has a long history of tea cultivation and has a large resource of tea germplasm with abundant genetic diversity.To reduce the cost of conservation and utilization of germplasm resources,a core collection needs to be constructed.To this end,573 representative tea accessions were collected from six major tea-producing areas in Anhui Province.Based on 60 pairs of simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers,phylogenetic relationships,population structure and principal coordinate analysis(PCoA)were conducted.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 573 tea individuals clustered into five groups were related to geographical location and were consistent with the results of the PCoA.Finally,we constructed a core collection consisting of 115 tea individuals,accounting for 20%of the whole collection.The 115 core collections were considered to have a 90.9%retention rate for the observed number of alleles(Na),and Shannon’s information index(I)of the core and whole collections were highly consistent.Of these,39 individuals were preserved in the Huangshan area,accounting for 33.9%of the core collection,while only 10 individuals were reserved in the Jinzhai County,accounting for 8.9%of the core set.PCoA of the accessions in the tea plant core collection exhibited a pattern nearly identical to that of the accessions in the entire collection,further supporting the broad representation of the core germplasm in Anhui Province.The results demonstrated that the core collection could represent the genetic diversity of the original collection.Our present work is valuable for the high-efficiency conservation and utilization of tea plant germplasms in Anhui Province.

Characterization of Resistance to the Green Rice Leafhopper (<i>Nephotettix cincticeps</i>Uhler) in a Core Collection of Landraces in Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>L.)

The green rice leafhopper (GRH;Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler) is one of the most devastating insect pests of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in temperate regions in Asia. Using the rice germplasms with biotic stress resistance is the most effective and environmentally-friendly way to control the insect pests in the paddy. Sixty accessions from a core set of worldwide collection of rice were characterized for resistance to the GRH by antibiosis test both at the seedling and at the booting stages. The positive correlations of average nymph mortality (ANM) were observed between at the seedling stage and at the booting stage on 3 days after infestation (DAI) (r = 0.684**), 5DAI (r = 0.680**), and 7DAI (r = 0.652**), respectively. This result will give us the opportunity to screen resistance to the GRH with the cost-efficient way using rice seedlings in a growth chamber. To classify the 60 accessions evaluated, the ANM of the GRH of each accession was compared to the respective ANM of resistant and susceptible controls with the least significant difference (LSD) value. Based on the statistical difference or similarity of the ANMs to the resistant and the susceptible controls, we proposed the four groups of resistance to the GRH, (I) high level of resistance, (II) considerable level of resistance, (III) moderate level of resistance, and (IV) susceptibility. At the seedling stage, a total of 26 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 6 for considerable level of resistance and other 10 for moderate level of resistance. At the booting stage, on the other hand, a total of 18 accessions were highly resistant in addition to other 3 for considerable level of resistance and other 5 for moderate level of resistance. A total of 42 accessions with high to moderate level of resistance were distributed across 16 countries in Asia in addition to each one for Madagascar and USA. The classification of landraces based on the present protocol for screening resistance to the insect provided fundamental information for genetics and breeding on resistance to the GRH in rice.

Core Collection of Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) Germplasm

[Objective] This paper aimed to construct the core collection of cassava germplasm. [Methods] Parameter values of six traits of 161 clones were ana-lyzed and evaluated. [ Results] Minkowski genetic distance was established for cluster analysis of core collection. Preferred sampling method （D 2C5S3） was suit-able for the construction of the core collection of cassava. A total of 25 core collections were obtained, which accounted for 15% of the original germplasm and could represent the genetic diversity and integrity of the original germplasms. Meanwhile, it reflected that the genetic background of the tested cassava germplasm was nar-row and the range of genetic diversity was quite small with genetic redundancy. [ Conclusions] Constructing core collection provided a theoretical foundation for the protection and utilization of cassava germplasms.

基于.NET Core架构的PLC数据采集和监控系统

为了解决工厂设备品牌多样化、通讯协议各不相同、采集难度大等问题,研究了基于.NET Core架构的远程数据采集和监控系统。该系统借鉴了异构的数据存储方式、分布式网络模型和数据分析模型,使用.NET Core框架开发完成。首先将嵌入式工控机和PLC设备通过工业以太网连到同一局域网并进行通信,对可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)设备的运行状态进行实时数据采集,并上传到云端服务器,Web端可以远程查看PLC设备的实时数据,以及对PLC设备的工作参数进行数据分析,当分析结果显示设备出现故障时,云端服务器通过短信通知现场工程师PLC设备出现故障,当现场工程师无法调试设备时,远程工程师还可以通过Open VPN对设备进行远程调试。最后通过实验验证了系统的可行性。

闽楠群体遗传结构分析与核心种质库构建

【目的】基于SSR分子标记技术研究珍稀濒危保护树种闽楠群体的遗传结构,构建核心种质资源库,为种质资源的科学管理、有效保护和高效利用提供理论依据。【方法】利用33对多态性SSR引物,分析来自福建、江西、湖南、浙江、广西5省(区)27个种源地218个闽楠家系425份种质资源群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。应用DateTrans1.0联合Popgene32软件计算观测等位基因数(N_(a))、有效等位基因数(N_(e))、观测杂合度(H_(o))、期望杂合度(H_(e))、Shannon信息指数(I)和Nei’s基因多样性指数(H);运用STRUCTURE 2.3.4软件对9个闽楠群体进行遗传类群划分。采用最小距离逐步取样法构建核心种质库,通过对相关遗传参数的t检验验证核心种质库的有效性。【结果】依据种质来源地的地理分布,218个家系可分成9个群体;种质资源群体的平均有效等位基因数(N_(e))、观测杂合度(H_(o))、期望杂合度(H_(e))均值、Shannon信息指数(I)分别为2.159、0.224、0.477和0.841,表明闽楠种质资源群体具较高遗传多样性;群体遗传结构分析表明,9个群体可划分为3个亚群;425份原始种质经最小距离逐步聚类取样得到85份核心种质和340份保留种质,核心种质占原始种质的20%,其N_(a)、N_(e)、H_(o)、H_(e)、I和H保留率分别为92.318%、103.803%、116.652%、105.052%、103.341%和104.664%。t检验表明核心种质和原始种质的遗传多样性参数无显著差异,能充分代表原始种质的遗传多样性。【结论】构建的核心种质库在保留原始种质库遗传多样性的基础上,去除遗传冗余,有利于闽楠种质资源的有效保护和科学利用,为进一步育种工作奠定基础。

杉木育种群体遗传多样性评价及核心种质构建

【目的】评价湖南省杉木不同世代育种群体遗传多样性及其变化动态,构建核心种质,旨在为湖南省杉木下一轮遗传改良及种质利用提供理论依据和材料支撑。【方法】利用21对能获得多态性SSR引物对3个不同世代杉木育种群体中的137份样本进行PCR扩增,采用Gene Marker软件进行基因分型,利用GenAlex软件估算群体遗传参数、检测Hardy-Weinberg平衡并进行分子方差分析,利用GENEPOP软件估算无效等位基因频率,利用FSTAT软件评估成对育种群体间的遗传距离,利用STRUCTURE软件分析群体遗传结构,利用Darwin软件构建邻接系统发育树,利用Core-hunter软件构建核心种质,采用t检验和主坐标分析法验证核心种质的有效性和代表性。【结果】湖南省杉木整个育种群体(HO=0.541,HE=0.630)遗传多样性丰富,3个不同世代的育种群体均表现为杂合体缺失,显著或极显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡;整个育种群体中的种质可聚为2大类群,种质间普遍存在亲缘关系;不同世代育种群体间遗传分化较小(FST为0.010~0.014);以40%的抽样比例构建核心种质,同源性为14.55%,等位基因覆盖度为100%,群体遗传参数与整个育种群体差异不显著,核心种质在所有种质的主坐标中均匀分布。【结论】湖南省杉木多世代遗传改良策略科学合理,各世代育种群体遗传多样性较高,育种群体遗传多样性并没有因遗传改良进程而下降。构建的55份核心种质保留了整个育种群体全部等位基因,有效地限制了同源性,符合生物核心种质的构建要求,可为湖南省杉木种质创新、资源高效利用及高世代种子园建设提供优异的种质材料。

一种新型空心圆柱型取能磁芯设计

针对现有非侵入式磁芯功率密度低、质量大、结构复杂的特点,设计了一种结构简单、可一体化制作的新型空心圆柱型磁芯,经仿真验证,其功率密度与壳层厚度成类反比例关系。此外,建立了空心圆柱型磁芯的准确功率模型,使磁芯设计不再受限于有限元仿真软件,简化了磁芯的优化难度。进而试验验证表明,在相同条件下,相较传统圆柱型磁芯,空心圆柱型磁芯的质量减小了49%,功率密度提高了82%,具有良好的工程实用价值和应用前景。

集合空间关键字内聚组查询方法

给定一个道路网络和社交网络,集合空间关键字查询的目的是找到一组兴趣点,该组兴趣点的文本信息包含所有查询关键字,与查询的位置较近且彼此之间的距离较小。内聚组查询的目的是找到在地理位置和社交关系上紧密联系的一组用户;而集合空间关键字内聚组查询的目的是找到满足查询要求的一对最佳匹配的兴趣点集合和用户集合。针对这一问题,提出一种新的集合空间关键字内聚组查询处理模式。首先通过快速贪心查询过程获得候选兴趣点集合,然后使用core-tree结构存储(k,c)-core核心分解的结果,从而提高内聚组查询效率,并且保证查询结果能够同时满足用户之间的社会关系约束和兴趣点之间的空间位置约束。通过在真实数据集上开展实验,结果表明提出的方法比枚举方法的查询效率快1~2个数量级,并且具有较高查询准确性。