Integration of high-solid digestion and gasification to dispose horticultural waste and chicken manure

To realize full energy recovery from grass and chicken manure(CM), the integration of high-solid anaerobic digestion(HSAD) and gasification was investigated experimentally. The anaerobic biodegradability of grass can be enhanced through codigestion with CM. When the volatile solid(VS) ratio of CM to grass was 20:80, C/N ratio calculated to be 21.70, the cumulative biogas yield was the highest, 237 ml·(g VS)^(-1). The enhancement of biogas production was attributed to the buffering effects of ammonia and rich trace elements in CM. In semi-continuous systems, when the organic loading rate was 4.0 g VS·L^(-1)·d^(-1), the HSAD process was stable, with the average biogas yield 168 ml·(g VS)^(-1). More than 80% fractions of the digestates were volatile matters, which meant that the digestates can be used as feedstock for gasification to produce syngas. The VS ratio of grass to CM had significant overall energy generation through HSAD and gasification. Compared with gasification of digestate,cogasification with woodchips increased syngas yield and low heat value(LHV). Increasing of mass ratio of digestates to woodchips led to the decrease of LHV.

Effect of Zinc and Composting Time on Dynamics of Different Soluble Copper in Chicken Manures

Chicken manures added with Cu and Zn were used for composting experiment to study the dynamics of different soluble humus complexed copper （H2O-Cu,NaOH-Cu and NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu）.The effect of zinc in compost on humus complexed copper and the relationship between humus complexed copper were also revealed.The results showed that H2O-Cu increased before the 45 d of composting and decreased thereafter.In the treatments of 1：1,2：1 and 3：1 with the added copper content increasing,H2O-Cu increased with decomposition process.Added high level zinc in manure could decrease the relative H2O-Cu content at the last stage of composting.NaOH-Cu decreased greatly with the compost proceeding.With the added copper content increasing in manure,the percentage of NaOH-Cu to total copper decreased.Added zinc had no significant impact on NaOH-Cu concentration.NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu increased with composting.With the added copper content increasing in compost manure,the percentage of NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu to total copper increased,and showed an increase trend with composting proceeding.Added zinc in manure increased NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu.In composts,55-80% of extracted copper was present in NaOH fraction,10-30% in NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu fraction,and 0-10% in H2O fraction.Whatever the added copper or zinc contents increased in manures,the distribution percent of NaOH- Na4P2O7-Cu （pressed as percent of extracted Cu） increased and that of H2O-Cu and NaOH-Cu decreased.Three extracted Cu （H2O,NaOH and Na4P2O7） were strongly correlated to each other,H2O-Cu and NaOH-Na4P2O7-Cu were significantly correlated to H2O-extracted organic C and NaOH-Na4P2O7-extracted organic C,respectively.

Chitin, Biochar, and Animal Manures Impact on Eggplant and Green Pepper Yield and Quality

The global obligation for food requires soil and plant management practices that provide valuable effects on the physical, chemical, and organic properties of soils. The use of animal manure, in agricultural production systems as alternative to synthetic elemental fertilizers has potential application to improve crop yield and fruit quality. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was established to investigate the impact of nine soil treatments on yield and quality of bell pepper, Capsicum annuum and eggplant, Solanum melongena. The nine soil treatments included: chitin CH, biochar Bio, sewage sludge SS, chicken manure CM, SS mixed with biochar (SSBio), SS mixed with CH (SSCH), CM mixed with biochar (CMBio), CM mixed with CH (CMCH), and unamended (UN) native soil used as control treatment. At maturity, fruits from each treatment, were counted, weighed, and classified according to the USDA grades to U.S. Fancy, U.S. No.1, U.S. No.2, and culls. Overall number and weight of green pepper fruits collected from plants grown in SSCH were significantly greater (26.2 and 3.14 kg 5 plants-1) compared to fruits of plants grown in unamended control treatment (17.1 and 1.98 kg 5 Plants-1, respectively). Whereas CH alone was superior in increasing the number and weight of eggplant fruits compared to the control treatment. Average weight and number of eggplant fruits of plants grown in soil amended with chitin (4.46 kg and 11.5, respectively) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater than weight and number of fruits obtained from plants grown in other soil treatments. Results also revealed a positive correlation coefficient (r) and high probability of significance (P) between number of fruits and weight of fruits among the nine soil treatments. Utilization of animal manures in agricultural systems is an inexpensive means for limited-resource farmers looking for improvements in crop yield and quality at affordable costs.

Study on the Changes of the Major Nutrient Elements During Simple Composting Process of Dry Chicken Manure

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for production and application of chicken manure compost.[Methods]With dry manure as a material,the variations of the major nutrients during simple composting process of dry chicken manure were studied,in order to get the best fermentation method.[Results]Chicken manure should not be preserved wet,but should be preserved after air-drying and fermented before use.Necessary moisture,simple sealing treatment and a certain amount of N element were conducive to simple fermentation of chicken manure.The treatments in which the chicken manure was wrapped around and compacted,added with an appropriate amount of water(50%-60%)and naturally fermented,or was wrapped around and compacted and added with an appropriate amount of water(50%-60%)and 0.2%of urea,were more appropriate for the production directly.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for the actual production and application of chicken manure compost.

Direct and Residual Effects of Different Levels of Chicken Manure Fertilization on the Growth and Biomass Production of Brachiaria ruziziensis(Poaceae)at the Bolting in West Cameroon

The direct and residual effects of different levels of chicken manure fertilization on the growth and biomass production of B. ruziziensis at the bolting were studied in West Cameroon. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of chicken manure fertilization on the growth and biomass production of Brachiaria ruziziensis at the bolting. A factorial device comparing five doses of nitrogen into chicken manure (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha) on plot of 6 m2 (3 × 2 m) in four replicates, (i.e. a total of 20 experimental plots) was used. Chicken manure was spread one month after planting pieces of stump during the first year. In the second year, no fertilization was brought up. 40 plants were harvested by treatment for heights and diameters measurements. The evaluation of stems biomass, leaves and whole plants was done on each plot based on the level of fertilization. The results obtained showed that chicken manure fertilization had a positive effect on the growth and biomass production of the B. ruziziensis on the direct and residual effect of fertilization. Thus, the height, diameters and biomass of whole plants in the fertilized plots were significantly larger than in the control plots. The mineralization of the organic matter contained in the chicken manure with doses of 100 kg N/ha was done on the direct and residual effect in order to assure a maximal plant growth. The level of T4 fertilization (corresponding to the dose of 100 kg N/ha) gave the best results. Referring to the result obtained, the level of T4 fertilization corresponding to 100 kg N/ha would be suitable for an optimal B. ruziziensis growth in order to avoid providing the soil with mineral fertilizer.

Enhancing Biogas Production: Influence of Mixing Cow and Chicken Manures

The objectives of this study were to enhance the production of biogas through using a mixture of cow and chicken manure and to investigate the effect of digested manure on plant growth. Biogas digester consisted of a plastic polyethylene tank with a volume of 0.25 cubic meters. Cow and chicken manures were collected from certified animal and chicken farms. Mixture of manure was prepared by mixing 5 kg of chicken manure and 5 kg of cow manure together in 100 L plastic tank containing 90 L water free from chlorine. Percentage of manure in all cases was 10% (w/v). The manures were transferred to the digesters and kept in greenhouse to insure warm conditions (30°C - 39°C). Produced biogas was measured each two days and digestate samples were taken every two days for pH, EC, BOD, COD determination. Results showed increased biogas production and reached the highest quantity after 28 days and the amount of biogas produced from the mixture of cow and chicken manures was higher than the amount produced from each manure individually. Decreases in pH values were observed during biogas production followed by BOD, COD reduction. On the other hand, increases on EC values were observed. Application of digested manure in agriculture increased yield of lettuce by 75% comparing with the control sample. The study recommended using cow manure mixed with chicken manure to increase the production of biogas and to use the digested manure in agricultural.

Focus on the Chicken Manure Power Generation in China: How to Promote the Biomass Waste Industry?

With the vigorous growth of animal husbandry, animal feces in the agriculture sector gradually deteriorate the environment. The chicken manure power generation is becoming viable and useful for energy conversion to comply with the context of environmental protection in China. Based on resource endowments and technical conditions, this paper studies the current situation of chicken manure power generation in China. Combined with the policy environment, the research conducts a PEST-SWOT matrix analysis to thoroughly look into the strengths and weaknesses, the opportunities and challenges. Then, the paper analyzes the distribution of chicken manure and gives some solutions from respects of government regulatory behavior, industrial-organizational behavior and corporation strategic behavior. Finally, it is concluded that: 1) the government should strengthen policy support by actively improving the subsidy mechanism and lowering the threshold of financing and credit;2) enterprises should focus on improving power generation technology and boiler treatment technology.

Design and Experiment on Environment Friendly Type of Production Equipment of Organic Fertilizer by Chicken Manure

In accordance with current problems such as odor pollution,long production period,consumption of a large amount of manpower and so on existing in chicken manure fermentation ,an environment friendly type of chicken manure fermentation device is designed. The key parameters of the equipment are resonance activated tube and fermenting cellar. Resonance activated tube makes the activated water,which could improve obvi- ously the biodegradation rate of chicken manure. The aerator could provide enough oxygen to microbes,and the agitator could make oxygen evenly distributed across the chicken manure in fermenting cellar. The test shows that this equipment is high-efficiency,and only takes 7 days to make the chicken manure achieve the decomposed requirement. The organic matter content of composted chicken manure is 91.2%,C/N ratio is 18.8, MPN is 0.04, mortality of ascarid egg is 99.6% ,concentrations of NH3 and H2 S are 4.20 and 1.58 mg/m3, furthermore ,there is no offensive smell in the fermenting cellar. Therefore,the study can provide a pollution-free, high-efficiency, manpower saving fermentation equipment for organic fertilizer production by chicken manure in agriculture area.

Screening of Fermentation Starters for Organic Fertilizer Composted from Chicken Manure

In order to find fermentation starters that can promote rapid and effective composting of chicken manure,shorten the fermentation period,and improve the compost quality,fermentation starters with different microbial combination ratios(C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5) were designed and fermentation experiment was carried out on these five fermentation starters,commercially available organic fertilizer starter(SS),and chicken manure without inoculating fermentation starter. In the process of the fermentation,the changes in the fermentation temperature,water content and pH value were monitored; the effects of organic manure on the germination rate and growth of rapeseed seeds were measured;viable count,water content,and pH value of prepared fermentation starters were measured; main indicators( organic matter,nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium) of organic fertilizer generated from fermentation were measured. From the indicators,the formula C3 and C4 were better,in the beginning of fermentation,the temperature rose rapidly,and it reached 40 ℃ in the second day; the water content dropped to below 35% in the 18 th day; the pH value underwent the process of declining-rising-stable,and the overall value showed slight rise,but the change was not great( 0-0. 5). C3 and C4 fermentation products had better effects on the germination and growth of rapeseeds. The germination rate of the rapeseed seeds was 100% and 97. 5% and the bud length was 15. 94 mm and 14. 57 mm,respectively,and the root length was45. 97 mm and 39. 44 mm,respectively. The content of organic matter in fermented organic manure was 86. 62% and 85. 17% respectively,and the total content of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium was 8. 85% and 8. 22% respectively,and the pH was 7. 5 and 8. 0 respectively.All of these complied with the industry standard NY525-2012( organic matter ≥ 45%,and nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium ≥ 5%,pH 5. 5-8. 5). The fermentation of fresh chicken manure was completed within 20 days,conforming to the requirements of large-scale organic fertilizer production factory for composting chicken manure into organic fertilizer.

Influence of Chicken Manure Amendment on the Thermal Properties of Selected Benchmark Soils in Zambia

Influence of Chicken Manure amendment on the thermal properties of selected Benchmark soils in Zambia was investigated in the laboratory under soil column experiments. Five benchmark soils were exerted to four chicken manure amendment rates of 0% (control), 2%, 4% and 6% on a weight basis. Soil temperature profiles were monitored in soil columns exerted to artificial heat source and generated data was used to compute the thermal properties of the soils. The effect of manure application on the soil thermal properties was strongly related to soil type and application rate. Significant differences (p ?3·c?1 (Mushemi series) to 8.62 MJ·m?3·c?1 (Makeni series) and attributed to differences in soil characteristics. Thermal diffusivity varied from 0.028 m2·s?1 (Makeni series) to 0.069 m2·s?1 (Mushemi series) a reverse trend to thermal conductivity. A similar trend was observed with damping depth however thermal conductivity was not significantly different among the benchmark soils. The studied soils showed significant differences (p λ), thermal diffusivity (Dh) and damping depth (d) decreased while volumetric heat capacity (Cv) increased with increased chicken manure addition. The differences in these thermal properties were attributed to differences in soil properties. These results suggest that chicken manure application can be an important intervention in regulation of the thermal properties of the soil and consequently the thermal regime of the soil.

Nutrients Extracted from Chicken Manure Accelerate Growth of Microalga <i>Scenedesmus obliquus</i>HTB1

Sustainable development using wastes as resources is a new paradigm. Chicken manure contains rich amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and has been used as crop fertilizer. However, little is known about whether nutrients of chicken manure are suitable and efficient to support the rapid growth of microalgae. In this study, we explore the possibility of using nutrient extracted from chicken manure to grow microalgae. We used an algal strain Scenedesmus sp. HTB1, which is an oleaginous species with high CO2 tolerance capability. The growth performance of HTB1 on various media amended with nutrient extracted from three different chicken manure sources was monitored and compared to the growth rate of HTB1 grown in the standard medium BG11. Meanwhile, the changes of total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), both organic and inorganic, were measured during the growth period. Culture media enriched with the nutrient extracted from two chicken manure sources outperformed the standard culture medium BG11 in terms of algal biomass production. When cultivated with manure nutrient, HTB1 utilized inorganic N efficiently, but consumed very little organic N during the experimental growth period. However, HTB1 was able to utilize both organic and inorganic phosphorus. We demonstrate that nutrient extracted from chicken manure support rapid growth and high biomass yield in microalgae?Scenedesmus obliquus?HTB1. Therefore chicken manure holds great promise to be used as a cost-effective and efficient fertilizer for large-scale production of microalgae.

Dimensioning of an Anaerobic Digester for the Treatment of Chicken Manure and for the Production of Biogas: The Case Study of a Chicken Farm in Yaokokoroko (Côte d’Ivoire)

This study allowed us to highlight the level of pollution of a BAYA River water near several poultry farms and the sizing of an anaerobic digester that will be able to treat chicken manure from a poultry farm (BRIN FOUNDATION). To evaluate this pollution, the parameters such as ammonium (NH4+), Phosphate (PO43-), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (DBO5) and Nitrate (NO3-) were determined. For sampling point P1, the concentrations in mg/L of these parameters are (25.00 ± 4.25), (0.40 ± 0.20), (98.00 ± 6.35) and (96.00 ± 5.35), respectively. On the other hand, for sampling point P2, the concentrations in mg/L of these parameters are respectively (33.00 ± 9.05), (0.70 ± 0.12), (123 ± 7.13) and (93 ± 7.10). These values indicate a strong organic pollution of the BAYA River. The determination of the different concentrations of the organic pollution parameters allowed us to evaluate the degradation and the quality of the water of the BAYA River water, by the poultry activity. However, considering the physicochemical properties of the waste (chicken manure), which is the main source of organic pollution, we have considered an energy recovery through the production of biogas. This requires the design, sizing, and implementation of an anaerobic digester in a poultry farm. Therefore, the project would require the construction of an adapted masonry type anaerobic digester with a capacity of 10 m3.

Effect of Applying Low Rates of Agricultural Lime and Chicken Manure on Selected Soil Properties on Ferralsols of Lake Victoria Agro-Ecological Zone, Uganda

Ferralsols form a dominant type of soil on which most crops are grown in the Lake Victoria agro-ecological zone. Soil acidity has been recognized among the most important agricultural problems in such soils, which adversely affect crop production and productivity. A study was conducted with the objective of determining the effect of applying low rates of lime and chicken manure on selected soil chemical properties. Using a Split Plot Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design, agricultural lime (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0 t·ha-1) as the main plot and chicken manure (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 & 3.0 t·ha-1) as sub-plot were applied, replicated three times. The test crop was common bean var. NABE 15. The experiment was conducted for three rainy seasons, two seasons on-station and one season on-farm on Ferralsol soil in the Lake Victoria crescent of central Uganda. The results showed that applying low rates of lime with chicken manure significantly (p ·ha-1 lime was applied with the four chicken manure rates in Mukono. From the study, we recommend the application of small quantities of lime at 1.0 t·ha-1 with either 2.0 or 3.0 t·ha-1 chicken manure.

Production of Hydroxylapatite from Biowaste, Chicken Manure by Hydrothermal Process

Hydrothermal process has been applied for effective production of Hydrogen from biowastes. In this study hydrothermal process for production of valuable Hydroxylapatitefrom chicken manure containing phosphorus was focused on. Conditions of 400?C and 26 - 27 MPa with addition of 1 mmol Ca(OH)2 were determined as the optimal by using O-phospho-DL-serine as a model compound. Afterwards, the real biowaste containing phosphorous, chicken manure was processed under the same conditions. Formation of a Hydroxylapatite;in the solid residue was confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, after purification. It was found that 27.9% of P in the chicken manure was converted to Hydroxylapatite. With the use of acetic acid as a chemical purification medium, Hydroxylapatite was obtained.

Determination of Sparfloxacin Concentrations in Chicken Serums and Residues in Chicken Tissues and Manures Using Self-Ordered Ring Fluorescence Microscopic Imaging Technique

Based on the self-ordered ring(SOR) fluorescence microscopic imaging technique on a hydrophobic glass slide with Zn 2+ and cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTMAB) as sensitizer,and poly(vinyl alcohol)-124(PVA-124) and NH 3-NH 4 Cl(pH 10.00) as the medium,a method has been developed for determining sparfloxacin(SPFX) concentrations in chicken serum and residues in chicken tissues and manures.When the droplet volume was 0.20 μ L,SPFX was determined in the range of 1.38×10-13 ～2.03×10-12 mol.ring-1(or 6.90×10-7 ～1.02×10-5 mol.L-1),and the limit of detection(LOD) was 14fmol.ring-1(or 6.90× 10-8 mol.L-1).The recoveries of SPFX at all different spiked levels are in the range of 90.74%～106.61% when the methanol or acetonitrile were used as extracting agent,respectively,and the relative standard deviations(RSDs) are less than 3.0%.This study expands the applied fields of SOR technique in drug concentrations and residues determination.

Effects of White-Rot Fungi Composting on Wood Powder-Chicken Manure Mixture

[ Objective] To explore the possibility of treating livestock manure with white-rot fungi. [Method] The wood powder-chicken manure mixture was respectively composted by three kinds of white-rot fungi, the weight of lignin, cellulose, protein, fat, ash and crude polysaccharide as well as the mycelial growth was determined during this process. [ Result] The mixture was better composted with white-rot fungi than the control. The best effect was achieved in P. ostreatus composting group. In this group, the rate of weight reduction, lignin degradation and cellulose degradation were respectively 15.68% （6.79 times as great as that of the control group）, 39.92% （6.54 times as great as that of the control group） and 32.26% （2.77 times as great as that of the control group）. The weight of protein and fat were increased by 31.68% and 146.58%, respectively. The content of crude polysaccharide was 2.43%. No crude polysaccharide was detected, and the weight of protein and fat decreased by 21.96% and 70.99%, respectively. [ Conclusion] It is feasible to compost livestock and poultry manure with white-rot fungi.

Nitrogen Mineralization from Animal Manures and Its Relation to Organic N Fractions

Laboratory aerobic incubation was conducted for 161 d to study N mineralization and the changes of organic N fractions of nine different manures（3 chicken manures, 3 pig manures and 3 cattle manures） from different farms/locations. Results indicated that significant（P〈0.01 or P〈0.001） difference existed in N mineralization between manures. The rapid N mineralization in manures occurred during 56 to 84 d of incubation. First order exponential model can be used to describe N mineralization from chicken manures and pig manures, while quadratic equation can predict mineralization of organic N from cattle manures. An average of 21, 19 and 13% added organic N from chicken manure, pig manure and cattle manure was mineralized during 161 d of incubation. Amino acid-N was the main source of N mineralization. The changes of amino acid-N together with ammonium N could explain significantly 97 and 96% of the variation in mineralized N from manured soils and manures. Amino acid-N and ammonium N are two main N fractions in determining N mineralization potential from manures. Amino acid-N contributed more to the mineralized N than ammonium N.

Anaerobic digestion for waste water poultry manure by UBF reactor

In this experiment the performance of UBF process treatment for wastewater chicken manure was tested under the condition of constant temperature of 35℃ and the volume of UBF is 4 liters. The experiment covered two stages: the first was start up with phase I and phase II, the second was steady state. The following results average of operation period were obtained: (1) During the period of start up phase I operation the biogas production rate 0.39v/(v.day) at the volumetric COD loading rate of 2.97 kg COD/(m 3.d) with COD removal 76.85% and hydraulic retention time of 10.04 hours and phase II the biogas production rate 3.86 v/(v.day) at the volume loading rate 11.69 kg COD/(m 3.d) have been achieved with COD removal 82.47% and HRT 16.45 hours. UBF process had resistance to the quantitative shock load. (2) During the steady state operation, the biogas production rate 9.83v/(v.day) at loading rate of 28.85 kg COD/(m 3.d) and COD removal efficiency 80.03% and hydraulic retention time of 18.73 hours have been achieved for this reactor. The operation of UBF reactor was very stable.

Effects of Organic Manures in Changes of Some Soil Properties at Different Incubation Periods

A laboratory incubation experiment of 60 days was carried out to observe the changes of soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), and potassium chloride extractable nitrogen () in a soil to which three animal manures viz. cow dung (CD), chicken manure (CM) and a combination of CD and CM had been applied at a rate of 10 t·ha-1. The effects of manures varied with manure type and incubation period. Soil pH slightly increased with the incubation period up to 30 days there after it declined with time significantly (p < 0.05). There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in EC as days of incubation increased. Organic carbon contents of manure treated soils reached its peak at 15 days of incubation and decreased thereafter with time. The content of increased significantly (p < 0.05) as incubation period increased in control and cow dung amended soils whereas there was no significant difference in contents when either chicken manure alone or cow dung and chicken manure mixed in combination. After 60 days of incubation, the highest amount of was found in cow dung plus chicken manure treated soil followed by chicken manure treatment.