High-speed penetration of ogive-nose projectiles into thick concrete targets:Tests and a projectile nose evolution model

The majority of the projectiles used in the hypersonic penetration study are solid flat-nosed cylindrical projectiles with a diameter of less than 20 mm.This study aims to fill the gap in the experimental and analytical study of the evolution of the nose shape of larger hollow projectiles under hypersonic penetration.In the hypersonic penetration test,eight ogive-nose AerMet100 steel projectiles with a diameter of 40 mm were launched to hit concrete targets with impact velocities that ranged from 1351 to 1877 m/s.Severe erosion of the projectiles was observed during high-speed penetration of heterogeneous targets,and apparent localized mushrooming occurred in the front nose of recovered projectiles.By examining the damage to projectiles,a linear relationship was found between the relative length reduction rate and the initial kinetic energy of projectiles in different penetration tests.Furthermore,microscopic analysis revealed the forming mechanism of the localized mushrooming phenomenon for eroding penetration,i.e.,material spall erosion abrasion mechanism,material flow and redistribution abrasion mechanism and localized radial upsetting deformation mechanism.Finally,a model of highspeed penetration that included erosion was established on the basis of a model of the evolution of the projectile nose that considers radial upsetting;the model was validated by test data from the literature and the present study.Depending upon the impact velocity,v0,the projectile nose may behave as undistorted,radially distorted or hemispherical.Due to the effects of abrasion of the projectile and enhancement of radial upsetting on the duration and amplitude of the secondary rising segment in the pulse shape of projectile deceleration,the predicted DOP had an upper limit.

Combined proportional navigation law for interception of high-speed targets

A new proportional navigation(PN) guidance law,called combined proportional navigation(CPN),is proposed.The guidance law is designed to intercept high-speed targets,which is a common case for ballistic targets.The range of target-to-interceptor speed ratio during target interception is derived when guidance laws are applied in high-speed targets interception,and the effectiveness of negative navigation ratio in the PN-based guidance law is proven analytically in some lemmas.Based on the lemmas,the lateral acceleration command of CPN is defined,and the solution to the appearance of singularity in time-varying navigation ratio is given.The simulation results show that CPN can determine headon engagement(as PN) or tail-chase engagement(as RPN) through initial path angle compared with PN and retro proportional navigation(RPN),and can adjust the value of navigation ratio for head-on engagement or tail-chase engagement.Therefore,the capture region of CPN is larger than that of other guidance laws using PN-based methods.

ACCURATE DETECTION OF HIGH-SPEED MULTI-TARGET VIDEO SEQUENCES MOTION REGIONS BASED ON RECONSTRUCTED BACKGROUND DIFFERENCE

The paper first discusses shortcomings of classical adjacent-frame difference. Sec ondly, based on the image energy and high order statistic(HOS) theory, background reconstruction constraints are setup. Under the help of block-processing technology, background is reconstructed quickly. Finally, background difference is used to detect motion regions instead of adjacent frame difference. The DSP based platform tests indicate the background can be recovered losslessly in about one second, and moving regions are not influenced by moving target speeds. The algorithm has important usage both in theory and applications.

Detection of weak target for MIMO radar based on Hough transform

An effective method of multiple input multiple output （MIMO） radar weak target detection is proposed based on the Hough transform. The detection time duration is divided into multiple coherent processing intervals （CPIs）. Within each CPI, conventional methods such as fast Fourier transform （FFT） is exploit to coherent inte- grating in same range cell. Furthermore, noncoherent integration through several range cells can be implemented by Hough transform among all CPIs. Thus, higher integration gain can be obtained. Simulation results are also given to demonstrate that the detection performance of weak moving target can be dramatically improved.

Fractal-based weak target detection within sea clutter

The target on the sea surface is complex and difficult to detect due to the interference of backscattered returns from the sea surface illuminated by the radar pulse. Detrended fluctuation analysis （DFA） has been used successfully to extract the time-domain Hurst exponent of sea-clutter series. Since the frequency of the sea clutter mainly concentrates around Doppler center so that we consider to extract frequency-do- main fractal characterization and then detect a weak target within sea clutter by using the difference of frequency-domain fractal characterization. The generalized detrended fluctuation analysis （GDFA） is more flexible than traditional DFA owing to its smoothing action for the clutters. In this paper, we apply the GDFA to evaluate the generalized Hurst exponent of sea-clutter series in the frequency domain. The difference of generalized Hurst exponents between different sea-clutter range bins would be used to determine whether the target exists. Moreover, some simulations with the real IPIX radar data have also been demonstrated in order to suooort this conclusion.

M-FCN based sea-surface weak target detection

This paper focuses on the sea-surface weak target detection based on memory-fully convolutional network(M-FCN)in strong sea clutter.Firstly,the constant false alarm rate(CFAR)detection method utilizes a low threshold with high probability of false alarm to detect sea-surface weak targets after non-coherent integration.Reducing the detection threshold can generate a large number of false alarms while increasing the detection rate,and how to suppress a large number of false alarms is the key to improve the performance of weak target detection.Then,the detection result of the low threshold is operated to construct the target matrix suitable for the size of fully convolutional networks and the convolution operator form.Finally,the M-FCN architecture is designed to learn the different accumulation characteristics of the target and the sea clutter between different frames.For improving the detection performance,the historical multi-frame information is memorized by the network,and the end-to-end structure is established to detect sea-surface weak target automatically.Experimental results on measured data demonstrate that the M-FCN method outperforms the traditional track before detection(TBD)method and reduces false alarm tracks by 35.1%,which greatly improves the track quality.

复杂水文微弱多目标激光探测仿真与实验

为了探究在近岸复杂水体中激光探测对微弱目标的探测能力,研究水质、目标特征、目标距离对水下激光探测的影响具有重要理论和应用价值。论文建立了水下微弱目标激光探测模型,采用蒙特卡洛仿真验证了不同浊度微弱多目标激光探测性能,模拟了不同距离下微弱目标的激光后向散射回波信号,对多个不同反射系数的目标后向散射回波特性进行了分析。同时设计并研制了灵巧便携式水下微弱目标激光探测系统,进行了实验室及外场湖泊环境下的多目标探测、测距测试验证。在浊度为12.87 NTU的近岸湖泊水域,该系统可在10 m范围内对3~4个直径为80~400μm的不同低反射系数的混合小目标进行有效探测,平均测量误差为±0.11 m,与理论仿真结果一致。本文研究结果可为蓝绿激光水下多微弱目标探测链路计算、系统设计及参数优化提供参考,可以支撑近海浑浊水体下水下障碍物激光探测工程实践。

两代天基红外传感器对隐身飞机尾焰探测能力分析

为了对比两代天基红外传感器对隐身飞机尾焰的探测能力,以美国SBIRS-GEO和Next-Gen OPIR星座作为研究对象,通过建立高轨红外探测模型以及构建对应的预警探测场景,对两代探测器在不同飞行状态时飞机尾焰的辐亮度响应特性和模拟成像效果进行量化对比.研究结果表明,两代天基红外探测器都可以用来探测飞机尾焰信号;飞机加力对尾焰温度和外形有显著影响,成为影响天基红外传感器探测性能的关键因素;Next-Gen OPIR搭载的新一代传感器可以在36000 km高度捕获和发现处于非加力状态的尾焰,其成像信噪比明显高于SBIRS-GEO传感器对处于加力状态尾焰的信噪比.

基于全卷积网络的复杂背景红外弱小目标检测研究

针对复杂背景红外弱小目标检测过程中存在的检测误差率高,检测时间过长等问题,提出基于全卷积网络的复杂背景红外弱小目标检测方法。分析复杂背景红外弱小目标检测的研究进展,找出不同方法的缺陷,采集红外图像,提取目标检测特征,并采用全卷积网络设计弱小目标检测的分类器,实现复杂背景红外弱小目标检测。实验结果表明,该方法的复杂背景红外弱小目标检测精度超过97%,具有较高的实际应用价值。

基于模糊神经网络的舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测

舰船雷达图像信息的维度较高,导致弱小目标的关键特征难以被精准提取,降低了弱小目标检测的可靠性,因此提出一种基于模糊神经网络的舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测方法。该方法对舰船雷达图像进行背景校正,利用图像灰度值加性模型从图像中提取弱小目标。最后将提取的弱小目标输入到模糊神经网络中,输出的结果即为舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测结果。通过实验证明,在不同高斯噪声环境中,该方法能够准确地检测出雷达图像中的弱小目标,并具有较快的检测速度。

紧凑型地波雷达目标检测跟踪一体化实验平台

紧凑型地波雷达检测目标时回波信噪比低。应用传统的先检测后跟踪方法进行目标探测时,弱目标回波容易淹没在杂波和噪声中,出现弱目标漏检和虚假点迹误检,导致跟踪时易发生航迹断裂、误跟踪等现象,影响目标跟踪的连续性。为提升紧凑型地波雷达对海上运动目标的长时跟踪能力,建立检测器与跟踪器之间的信息动态交互机制,提出一种紧凑型地波雷达目标检测跟踪一体化方法。实验结果表明,与先检测后跟踪方法相比,所提方法跟踪得到的平均航迹时长增加了17.52 min。结合工程应用需求,在Matlab R2018b环境下开发了紧凑型地波雷达目标检测跟踪一体化实验平台,为紧凑型地波雷达海上目标探测实验测试提供了平台支撑。

基于卷积神经网络的红外弱小车辆目标检测方法

传统方法无法获得理想的红外弱小车辆目标检测结果,导致检测误差大,无法满足实际应用要求,为了解决传统红外弱小车辆目标检测方法存在的局限性,及时检测红外图像中的弱小车辆,提高车辆检测精度,设计了基于卷积神经网络的红外弱小车辆目标检测方法。首先对弱小车辆目标检测需要的红外图像进行采集,并对红外图像噪声进行处理,消除噪声对弱小车辆目标检测的干扰,然后采用卷积神经网络建立弱小车辆目标检测模型,最后通过具体仿真实验测试弱小车辆目标检测方法的性能。结果表明,该方法的弱小车辆目标检测精度超过了90%,大幅度减少了弱小车辆目标的误检率,同时弱小车辆目标检测时间控制在5 s内,可以满足弱小车辆目标检测的实时性要求,具有较高的实际应用价值。

基于YOLOv5水下目标检测算法研究与改进

在水下目标生物的检测过程中,由于水下环境恶劣,水中光线衰弱,以及大多水下生物以小目标的形态出现等问题,使得目前的水下目标检测带来了精度损失问题,为解决相应问题,给出了一种基于YOLOv5s改进的YOLOv5s-water算法来解决。首先通过STR(Swin-Transformer)旋转窗口来对YOLOv5s的主干层(Backbone)部分进行更改,提高模型的泛化能力,进而解决水下环境恶劣以及检测目标形态变化带来的问题。使用FReLU激活函数与CBAM注意力神经机制结合成的FCM注意力机制,将其嵌入到YOLOv5s的骨干网(Neck)部分,以用来突出目标特征并抑制次要信息,从而提高算法精度,加强小目标的特征提取。小目标检测方面,在YOLOv5结构上增加小目标检测头,以提高感受野,进而提高小目标的检测精度。仿真和实验结果表明:所提方法相较于YOLOv5s检测准确率P上升1.47%,精确度mAP@0.5上升2.76%,小目标检测效果明显,证明了方法的有效性。

水下弱目标跟踪的深度学习方法研究

针对水下弱目标跟踪受干扰和噪声影响容易出现量测丢失或偏差,导致传统Kalman滤波方法跟踪误差显著增加甚至出现发散的问题,为此提出一种基于神经网络的目标跟踪方法,利用深度神经网络解决不同运动模式下目标方位跟踪的问题。水下目标跟踪的神经网路模型可通过运动模型生成大量量测数据进行充分训练,有效解决水声目标数据少、标记样本不足的问题;在量测不连续条件下,提出一种新的损失函数用于增强目标跟踪模型的稳健性;对未学习的仿真数据及实测海试数据进行测试。研究结果表明:构建的卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network,CNN)模型适用于3种不同运动模式下的目标,能在平台静止和运动两种情况下稳定跟踪目标;CNN模型较传统Kalman滤波方法跟踪误差分别降低了7.75°和1.41°,验证了该模型的稳健性和可推广性。

一种基于组合子阵协方差矩阵的阵列扩展方法

针对阵列在低信噪比条件下信号检测概率低且方位估计性能下降的问题,提出一种基于组合子阵协方差矩阵的线列阵扩展方法。该方法将阵列划分为奇偶子阵,根据子阵的互协方差与自协方差矩阵构建扩展接收数据,对扩展接收数据进行组合作为最终的阵列接收数据进行处理,由此在突破阵列物理孔径的基础上避免仅使用奇偶阵元互协方差重构接收数据时产生的栅瓣问题。仿真结果表明:新方法可以降低波束输出的旁瓣,具有较好的弱目标检测能力和方位分辨力;相比于基于奇偶阵元互协方差的阵列扩展方法,新方法可有效提升方位估计精度,且不存在栅瓣问题。

基于FrFT-Keystone运动补偿的OFDM声纳高速微弱目标相参积累检测算法

针对水下目标探测中使用的正交频分复用信号,提出了一种针对高速微弱目标的相参积累算法,以解决多脉冲积累下由目标机动引起的较大相位变化和由水下环境中信噪比低导致的相参积累增益不足的问题。所提算法利用分数阶傅里叶变换来估计目标的运动参数并进行补偿,并结合Keystone变换,实现对高速微弱目标的多脉冲相参积累。理论推导和仿真实验结果表明,所提算法能够有效补偿高速目标脉冲间的相位移动,并在低信噪比环境下取得较好的能量积累效果。

强噪声中检测微弱目标信号特征的量子信号处理算法

随着噪声功率的增强,微弱目标信号的特征受噪声污染变得模糊且难以区分,导致微弱信号检测算法失效,提出一种可以保护目标信号特征的量子信号处理方法——局域半经典信号分析算法。详细介绍了算法实现量子化的原理和在量子域中保护目标信号特征的性质;给出算法步骤以及重要参数的计算方式;将所提算法与奇异值分解、小波阈值降噪算法结合进行了仿真分析和实验验证。结果表明,所提算法保护目标信号特征的能力可以帮助降噪算法检测极低信噪比的微弱信号,与其他方法结合可极大改善信噪比,准确提取信噪比为-30 dB的微弱目标信号,算法性能优越。

基于Prewitt算子和Radon变换的雷达高速微弱目标检测

正交频分复用(OFDM)调制雷达中跨距离单元走动问题降低了高速微弱目标检测性能,为此,提出一种基于Prewitt算子和Radon变换的OFDM雷达高速微弱目标检测算法。首先分析了多脉冲积累出现的跨距离单元走动以及Radon变换受噪声干扰问题,然后采用Prewitt算子卷积运算抑制噪声并保留回波能量,采用Radon变换沿距离单元走动斜线进行能量积累。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该算法具有比Hough变换和动目标检测(MTD)更优的低信噪比背景下的高速微弱目标检测性能,并能有效实现多目标检测。

雷达微弱目标智能化处理技术与应用

雷达微弱目标处理是实现优异探测性能的基础和前提,在复杂的实际环境应用过程中,由于强杂波干扰、目标信号微弱、图像特征不明显、有效特征难提取等问题,导致雷达微弱目标检测与识别一直是雷达处理领域中的难点之一。传统模型类处理方法与实际工作背景和目标特性匹配不精准,导致通用性不强。近年来,深度学习在雷达智能信息处理领域取得了显著进展,深度学习算法通过构建深层神经网络,可以自动地从大量雷达数据中学习特征表示,提高目标检测和识别的性能。该文分别从雷达目标微弱信号处理、图像处理、特征学习等多个方面系统梳理和总结近年来雷达微弱目标智能化处理的研究进展,具体包括噪声与杂波抑制、微弱目标信号增强;低、高分辨雷达图像和特征图处理;特征提取、融合、目标分类与识别等。针对目前微弱目标智能化处理应用存在的泛化能力有限、特征单一、可解释性不足等问题,从小样本目标检测(迁移学习、强化学习)、多维多特征融合检测、网络模型可解释性、知识与数据联合驱动等方面对未来发展进行了展望。

Capurability analysis for arbitrarily high-speed maneuvering targets

The capturability of an arbitrarily maneuvering target featuring speed superiority over an interceptor is analyzed for Augmented Pure Proportional Navigation(APPN)and RetroAugmented Proportional Navigation(RAPN)guidance.This paper focuses on intercepting arbitrary maneuvers to study more general interception problems.A comparative analysis of the capture region between head-on interception related to APPN and head-pursuit interception related to RAPN is proposed.The results indicate that RAPN performs better than APPN in capturability.It is concluded that increasing the target velocity,which increases the velocity ratio,significantly weakens the capturability of the interceptor,and the average acceleration and relative distance affect the location of the capture region but not its size.The analysis is based on prior knowledge of the target maneuver,which inevitably leads to deviations from actual maneuvers in practical engagement,so a deviation analysis is implemented.The effective capture region shrinks as the absolute value of acceleration deviation increases,and the RAPN has a better deviation fault tolerance compared with the APPN.The results reveal that a larger relative distance can weaken the deviation fault tolerance,and the target velocity has opposite effects on head-on and head-pursuit interception.