Reliable Data Collection Model and Transmission Framework in Large-Scale Wireless Medical Sensor Networks

Large-scale wireless sensor networks(WSNs)play a critical role in monitoring dangerous scenarios and responding to medical emergencies.However,the inherent instability and error-prone nature of wireless links present significant challenges,necessitating efficient data collection and reliable transmission services.This paper addresses the limitations of existing data transmission and recovery protocols by proposing a systematic end-to-end design tailored for medical event-driven cluster-based large-scale WSNs.The primary goal is to enhance the reliability of data collection and transmission services,ensuring a comprehensive and practical approach.Our approach focuses on refining the hop-count-based routing scheme to achieve fairness in forwarding reliability.Additionally,it emphasizes reliable data collection within clusters and establishes robust data transmission over multiple hops.These systematic improvements are designed to optimize the overall performance of the WSN in real-world scenarios.Simulation results of the proposed protocol validate its exceptional performance compared to other prominent data transmission schemes.The evaluation spans varying sensor densities,wireless channel conditions,and packet transmission rates,showcasing the protocol’s superiority in ensuring reliable and efficient data transfer.Our systematic end-to-end design successfully addresses the challenges posed by the instability of wireless links in large-scaleWSNs.By prioritizing fairness,reliability,and efficiency,the proposed protocol demonstrates its efficacy in enhancing data collection and transmission services,thereby offering a valuable contribution to the field of medical event-drivenWSNs.

Flight Time Minimization of UAV for Cooperative Data Collection in Probabilistic LoS Channel

This paper investigates the data collection in an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-aided Internet of Things(IoT) network, where a UAV is dispatched to collect data from ground sensors in a practical and accurate probabilistic line-of-sight(LoS) channel. Especially, access points(APs) are introduced to collect data from some sensors in the unlicensed band to improve data collection efficiency. We formulate a mixed-integer non-convex optimization problem to minimize the UAV flight time by jointly designing the UAV 3D trajectory and sensors’ scheduling, while ensuring the required amount of data can be collected under the limited UAV energy. To solve this nonconvex problem, we recast the objective problem into a tractable form. Then, the problem is further divided into several sub-problems to solve iteratively, and the successive convex approximation(SCA) scheme is applied to solve each non-convex subproblem. Finally,the bisection search is adopted to speed up the searching for the minimum UAV flight time. Simulation results verify that the UAV flight time can be shortened by the proposed method effectively.

Actor-Critic-Based UAV-Assisted Data Collection in the Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)is widely utilized in large-scale distributed unmanned detection scenarios due to its low cost and flexible installation.However,WSN data collection encounters challenges in scenarios lacking communication infrastructure.Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)offers a novel solution for WSN data collection,leveraging their high mobility.In this paper,we present an efficient UAV-assisted data collection algorithm aimed at minimizing the overall power consumption of the WSN.Firstly,a two-layer UAV-assisted data collection model is introduced,including the ground and aerial layers.The ground layer senses the environmental data by the cluster members(CMs),and the CMs transmit the data to the cluster heads(CHs),which forward the collected data to the UAVs.The aerial network layer consists of multiple UAVs that collect,store,and forward data from the CHs to the data center for analysis.Secondly,an improved clustering algorithm based on K-Means++is proposed to optimize the number and locations of CHs.Moreover,an Actor-Critic based algorithm is introduced to optimize the UAV deployment and the association with CHs.Finally,simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

High-SpeedReal-TimeDataAcquisitionSystem Realized by Interleaving/Multiplexing Technique

The interleaving/multiplexing technique was used to realize a 200?MHz real time data acquisition system. Two 100?MHz ADC modules worked parallelly and every ADC plays out data in ping pang fashion. The design improved the system conversion rata to 200?MHz and reduced the speed of data transporting and storing to 50?MHz. The high speed HDPLD and ECL logic parts were used to control system timing and the memory address. The multi layer print board and the shield were used to decrease interference produced by the high speed circuit. The system timing was designed carefully. The interleaving/multiplexing technique could improve the system conversion rata greatly while reducing the speed of external digital interfaces greatly. The design resolved the difficulties in high speed system effectively. The experiment proved the data acquisition system is stable and accurate.

Research on the Remote Data Collection Based SQL Server

The remote data collection system based on SOL Server database technology was developed by Visual C++and SQL Server database technology together.The Client/Server mode was adopted.The system adopted the database search technologi- cal-ADO to work out the communication procedure of the server.And the old data of corresponding memory units were upgraded by the new data which gathered from PLC through serial port real time in the database.The Client utilizes the network technology and database technology through queries procedure to access the data information in the database.Thus a large number of relevant data that the production line operated were obtained.The goal of understanding operation conditions of product line was achieved through analysis of these data.This system has been debugged by the experiment successfully.

New design for multi-crystal data collection at SSRF

Data collection with microcrystals at synchrotron radiation facilities is challenging because it is difficult to harvest and locate microcrystals. Moreover,microcrystals are sensitive to radiation damage; thus, typically, a complete data set cannot be obtained with a single microcrystal. Herein, we report a new method for data collection with multiple microcrystals having a crystal size ranging from 1 to 30 lm. This method is suitable for not only low-temperature(100 K) data collection but also room-temperature data collection. Thin Kapton membranes were used to capture multiple crystals simultaneously. The microcrystals were visible under an optical microscope and easily located because the membrane was transparent and sufficiently thin. The film was fixed to a bracket that was prepared using a three-dimensional printer. The bracket was fixed on a magnetic base via screwing and employed by the goniometer system for data collection. Multiple data sets of fatty acid-binding protein 4(FABP4) and lysozyme microcrystals were collected using this novel designed device. Finally, the structures of protein FABP4 and lysozyme were obtained from these data via the molecule replacement method. The data statistics reveal that this method provides a comparable result to traditional methods such as a nylon loop.

High-speed broadband data acquisition system based on FPGA

A field-programmable gate array(FPGA)based high-speed broadband data acquisition system is designed.The system has a dual channel simultaneous acquisition function.The maximum sampling rate is 500 MSa/s and bandwidth is200 MHz,which solves the large bandwidth,high-speed signal acquisition and processing problems.At present,the data acquisition system is successfully used in broadband receiver test systems.

Evaluation of the Accuracy and Automation of Travel Time and Delay Data Collection Methods

Travel time and delay are among the most important measures for gauging a transportation system’s performance. To address the growing problem of congestion in the US, transportation planning legislation mandated the monitoring and analysis of system performance and produced a renewed interest in travel time and delay studies. The use of traditional sensors installed on major roads (e.g. inductive loops) for collecting data is necessary but not sufficient because of their limited coverage and expensive costs for setting up and maintaining the required infrastructure. The GPS-based techniques employed by the University of Delaware have evolved into an automated system, which provides more realistic experience of a traffic flow throughout the road links. However, human error and the weaknesses of using GPS devices in urban settings still have the potential to create inaccuracies. By simultaneously collecting data using three different techniques, the accuracy of the GPS positioning data and the resulting travel time and delay values could be objectively compared for automation and statistically compared for accuracy. It was found that the new technique provided the greatest automation requiring minimal attention of the data collectors and automatically processing the data sets. The data samples were statistically analyzed by using a combination of parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. This analysis greatly favored the GeoStats GPS method over the rest methods.

Web-based GIS System for Real-time Field Data Collection Using Personal Mobile Phone

Recently, use of mobile communicational devices in field data collection is increasing such as smart phones and cellular phones due to emergence of embedded Global Position System GPS and Wi-Fi Internet access. Accurate timely and handy field data collection is required for disaster management and emergency quick responses. In this article, we introduce web-based GIS system to collect the field data by personal mobile phone through Post Office Protocol POP3 mail server. The main objective of this work is to demonstrate real-time field data collection method to the students using their mobile phone to collect field data by timely and handy manners, either individual or group survey in local or global scale research.

Energy Aware Data Collection with Route Planning for 6G Enabled UAV Communication

With technological advancements in 6G and Internet of Things(IoT), the incorporation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and cellularnetworks has become a hot research topic. At present, the proficient evolution of 6G networks allows the UAVs to offer cost-effective and timelysolutions for real-time applications such as medicine, tracking, surveillance,etc. Energy efficiency, data collection, and route planning are crucial processesto improve the network communication. These processes are highly difficultowing to high mobility, presence of non-stationary links, dynamic topology,and energy-restricted UAVs. With this motivation, the current research paperpresents a novel Energy Aware Data Collection with Routing Planning for6G-enabled UAV communication (EADCRP-6G) technique. The goal of theproposed EADCRP-6G technique is to conduct energy-efficient cluster-baseddata collection and optimal route planning for 6G-enabled UAV networks.EADCRP-6G technique deploys Improved Red Deer Algorithm-based Clustering (IRDAC) technique to elect an optimal set of Cluster Heads (CH) andorganize these clusters. Besides, Artificial Fish Swarm-based Route Planning(AFSRP) technique is applied to choose an optimum set of routes for UAVcommunication in 6G networks. In order to validated whether the proposedEADCRP-6G technique enhances the performance, a series of simulationswas performed and the outcomes were investigated under different dimensions.The experimental results showcase that the proposed model outperformed allother existing models under different evaluation parameters.

Energy-Efficient Underwater Data Collection:A Q-Learning Based Approach

Underwater data collection is an importance part in the process of network monitoring,network management and intrusion detection.However,the limited-energy of nodes is a major challenge to collect underwater data.The solution of this problem are not only in the hands of network topology but in the hands of path of autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV).With the problem in hand,an energy-efficient data collection scheme is designed for mobile underwater network.Especially,the data collection scheme is divided into two phases,i.e.,routing algorithm design for sensor nodes and path planing for AUV.With consideration of limited-energy and network robustness,Q-learning based dynamic routing algorithm is designed in the first phase to optimize the routing selection of nodes,through which a potential-game based optimal rigid graph method is proposed to balance the trade-off between the energy consumption and the network robustness.With the collected data,Q-learning based path planning strategy is proposed for AUV in the second phase to find the desired path to gather the data from data collector,then a mode-free tracking controller is developed to track the desired path accurately.Finally,the performance analysis and simulation results reveal that the proposed approach can guarantee energy-efficient and improve network stability.

Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Cooperative Cluster-Based Data Collection for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

In recent times,sixth generation(6G)communication technologies have become a hot research topic because of maximum throughput and low delay services for mobile users.It encompasses several heterogeneous resource and communication standard in ensuring incessant availability of service.At the same time,the development of 6G enables the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)in offering cost and time-efficient solution to several applications like healthcare,surveillance,disaster management,etc.In UAV networks,energy efficiency and data collection are considered the major process for high quality network communication.But these procedures are found to be challenging because of maximum mobility,unstable links,dynamic topology,and energy restricted UAVs.These issues are solved by the use of artificial intelligence(AI)and energy efficient clustering techniques for UAVs in the 6G environment.With this inspiration,this work designs an artificial intelligence enabled cooperative cluster-based data collection technique for unmanned aerial vehicles(AECCDC-UAV)in 6G environment.The proposed AECCDC-UAV technique purposes for dividing the UAV network as to different clusters and allocate a cluster head(CH)to each cluster in such a way that the energy consumption(ECM)gets minimized.The presented AECCDC-UAV technique involves a quasi-oppositional shuffled shepherd optimization(QOSSO)algorithm for selecting the CHs and construct clusters.The QOSSO algorithm derives a fitness function involving three input parameters residual energy of UAVs,distance to neighboring UAVs,and degree of UAVs.The performance of the AECCDC-UAV technique is validated in many aspects and the obtained experimental values demonstration promising results over the recent state of art methods.

UAV trajectory planning algorithmfor data collection in wireless sensor networks

In order to maximize the value of information(VoI)of collected data in unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)-aided wireless sensor networks(WSNs),a UAV trajectory planning algorithm named maximum VoI first and successive convex approximation(MVF-SCA)is proposed.First,the Rician channel model is adopted in the system and sensor nodes(SNs)are divided into key nodes and common nodes.Secondly,the data collection problem is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear program(MINLP)problem.The problem is divided into two sub-problems according to the different types of SNs to seek a sub-optimal solution with a low complexity.Finally,the MVF-SCA algorithm for UAV trajectory planning is proposed,which can not only be used for daily data collection in the target area,but also collect time-sensitive abnormal data in time when the exception occurs.Simulation results show that,compared with the existing classic traveling salesman problem(TSP)algorithm and greedy path planning algorithm,the VoI collected by the proposed algorithm can be improved by about 15%to 30%.

Design and implementation of railway green performance basic data collection system

This study addressed the issues related to the collection and management of basic data for railway green performance. A railway green performance basic database has been constructed based on metadata and data exchange schemas. A data classification system has been established from the perspectives of businesses, processes,and entities. A BIM(Building Information Modelling) model data extraction scheme is proposed based on field similarity matching and a document content extraction scheme is proposed based on image recognition. A railway green performance basic data collection system has been developed, achieving efficient collection and integrated management of railway green performance basic data. This system can provide data support for applications such as railway carbon emissions accounting, green cost-benefit analysis, and evaluation of green design solutions.

System for Control, Data Collection and Processing in 8 mm Portable Microwave Radiometer-Scatterometer

In this paper we describe a system used to control,collect and process data in an 8 mm portable microwave radiometer scatterometer .We focus on hardware and software design of the system based on a PIC16F874 chip. The system has been successfully used in an 8 mm portable microwave radiometer scatterometer. Compared with other similar systems, the system modularization, miniaturization and intelligentization are improved so as to meet portable instrument requirements.

Optimizing Data Collection Path in Sensor Networks with Mobile Elements

Exploiting mobile elements （MEs） to accomplish data collection in wireless sensor networks （WSNs） can improve the energy efficiency of sensor nodes, and prolong network lifetime. However, it will lead to large data collection latency for the network, which is unacceptable for data-critical applications. In this paper, we address this problem by minimizing the traveling length of MEs. Our methods mainly consist of two steps： we first construct a virtual grid network and select the minimal stop point set （SPS） from it; then, we make optimal scheduling for the MEs based on the SPS in order to minimize their traveling length. Different implementations of genetic algorithm （GA） are used to solve the problem. Our methods are evaluated by extensive simulations. The results show that these methods can greatly reduce the traveling length of MEs, and decrease the data collection latency.

RAN Centric Data Collection for New Radio

Self-organizing network(SON)and minimization of driver tests(MDT)are functions designed for Long Term Evolution(LTE)system.SON is designed for network deployment by automatic configuration.MDT is designed for network performance evaluation by automatic signalling procedure.However,these functions do not support new features in new radio(NR)access technology,e.g.,multiple radio access technology(RAT)-dual connectivity(MR-DC),central unit-distribute unit(CU-DU)split architecture,beam,etc.Therefore,how to support these features is a challenge for the industry.This paper provides analysis for these problems and provides the summary of SON/MDT functions progress in3 GPP.The analysis includes sub functions such as inter/intra system mobility robustness enhancement,inter/intra system mobility load balance,measurement qualities and mechanism of MDT,energy saving mechanism and procedure,RACH procedure optimization,PCI selection optimization,coverage and capacity optimization,and quality of service(QoS)monitoring mechanism.In addition,this paper also provides an initial thought on artificial intelligence(AI)algorithms applied to SON/MDT functions in NR,so called Smart Grid.

Development of a tracking-based system for automated traffic data collection for roundabouts

Traffic data collection is essential for performance assessment, safety improvement and road planning. While automated traffic data collection for highways is relatively mature, that for roundabouts is more challenging due to more complex traffic scenes, data specifications and vehicle behavior. In this paper, the authors propose an automated traffic data collection system dedicated to roundabout scenes. The proposed system has mainly four steps of processing. First, camera calibration is performed for roundabout traffic scenes with a novel circle-based calibration algorithm. Second, the system uses enhanced Mixture of Gaussian algorithm with shaking removal for video segmentation, which can tolerate repeated camera displacements and background movements. Then, Kalman filtering, Kemel-based tracking and overlap-based opti- mization are employed to track vehicles while they are occluded and to derive the complete vehicle trajectories. The resulting vehicle trajectory of each individual vehicle gives the position, size, shape and speed of the vehicle at each time moment. Finally, a data mining algorithm is used to automatically extract the interested traffic data from the vehicle trajectories. The overall traffic data collection system has been implemented in software and runs on regular PC. The total processing time for a 3-hour video is currently 6 h. The automated traffic data collection system can significantly reduce cost and improve efficiency compared to manual data collection. The extracted traffic data have been compared to accurate manual measurements for 29 videos recorded on 29 different days, and an accuracy of more than 90% has been achieved.

Reactive data collection protocol using mobile sink in wireless sensor network

We suggest event collection protocol in a specific region where sensors are deployed to detect and collect events.In the traditional multi-hop routing in wireless sensor networks reporting events to a sink node or base-station will cause imbalanced energy consumption of static sensors.To solve this problem,we use mobile sink.In this paper,we study the design of efficiency routing protocol for supporting efficient data collecting in mobile sink wireless sensor networks(mWSNs).We suggest the following two main ideas.First,we use reactive protocol to cut off unnecessary delay.Mobile sink makes a path to access to sensor node.Second,we model mobile sink movement depending on data frequency,so we can reduce moving distance efficiently.We simulate this protocol and compare it with the traditional method.Simulation results show this protocol reduces distance significantly and is suitable for mWSNs with heavy traffic.

Real-Time Data Transmission with Data Carrier Support Value in Neighbor Strategic Collection in WSN

An efficient trust-aware secure routing and network strategy-based data collection scheme is presented in this paper to enhance the performance and security of wireless sensor networks during data collection.The method first discovers the routes between the data sensors and the sink node.Several factors are considered for each sensor node along the route,including energy,number of neighbours,previous transmissions,and energy depletion ratio.Considering all these variables,the Sink Reachable Support Measure and the Secure Communication Support Measure,the method evaluates two distinct measures.The method calculates the data carrier support value using these two metrics.A single route is chosen to collect data based on the value of data carrier support.It has contributed to the design of Secure Communication Support(SCS)Estimation.This has been measured according to the strategy of each hop of the route.The suggested method improves the security and efficacy of data collection in wireless sensor networks.The second stage uses the two-fish approach to build a trust model for secure data transfer.A sim-ulation exercise was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested framework.Metrics,including PDR,end-to-end latency,and average residual energy,were assessed for the proposed model.The efficiency of the suggested route design serves as evidence for the average residual energy for the proposed framework.