Modeling of workpiece temperature suppression in high-speed dry milling of UD-CF/PEEK considering heat partition and jet heat transfer

High-performance carbon fiber-reinforced polyether-ether-ketone(CF/PEEK)has been gradually applied in aerospace and automobile applications because of its high strength-to-weight ratio and impact resistance.The drymachining requirement tends to cause the cutting temperature to surpass the glass transition temperature(Tg),leading to poor surface quality,which is the bottleneck for dry milling of CF/PEEK.Temperature suppression has become an important breakthrough in the feasibility of high-speed dry(HSD)milling of CF/PEEK.However,heat partitioning and jet heat transfer mechanisms pose strong challenges for temperature suppression analytical modeling.To address this gap,an innovative temperature suppression analytical model based on heat partitioning and jet heat transfer mechanisms is first developed for suppressing workpiece temperature via the first-time implementation of an air jet cooling process in the HSD milling of UD-CF/PEEK.Then,verification experiments of the HSD milling of UD-CF/PEEK with four fiber orientations are performed for dry and air jet cooling conditions.The chip morphologies are characterized to reveal the formation mechanism and heat-carrying capacity of the chip.The milling force model can obtain the force coefficients and the total cutting heat.The workpiece temperature increase model is validated to elucidate the machined surface temperature evolution and heat partition characteristics.On this basis,an analytical model is verified to predict the workpiece temperature of air jet cooling HSD milled with UD-CF/PEEK with a prediction accuracy greater than 90%.Compared with those under dry conditions,the machined surface temperatures for the four fiber orientations decreased by 30%–50%and were suppressed within the Tg range under air jet cooling conditions,resulting in better surface quality.This work describes a feasible process for the HSD milling of CF/PEEK.

Diesel and Jet Fuels from Bitumen-derived Middle Distillates

Narrow fractions of light gas oils obtained from various upgrading processes of Athabasca oilsands bitumen were investigated as diesel and jet fuels. The relationship among the boiling range, cetane number, smoke point, and other properties such as aromatics content, aniline point, and the sulfur and nitrogen content was also studied. The study reveals that when appropriate processes and distillation boiling ranges are selected, oilsands bitumen can produce diesel and jet fuels that meet stringent environmental regulations and future product specifications. New correlations to predict CN and smoke point were developed as a function of density, boiling ranges by simulated distillation, and mono- and total aromatics by supercritical fluid chromatography. The correlations apply to bitumen-derived middle distillates that have a wide range of boiling points.

Experimental Investigation on Space-dispersed Double-wall Jet Combustion System for DI Diesel Engine

A space-dispersed double-wall jet combustion system was developed by adopting the wall-guiding spray method and the stratification theory.The experimental test was carried out to optimize the structural parameters of the diesel-engine combustion system,including chamber structure,swirl ratio of cylinder head,included angle of jet orifice,number and diameter of jet orifice,fuel injection pressure and timing.The effect of double-wall jet combustion system on combustion and engine performance was tested to obtain the best performance indexes,and the double-wall jet combustion system was compared to the prototype.The results show that NOx is reduced from 712 PPm to 487 PPm at 2 100 r/min,and from 593 PPm to 369 PPm at 3 000 r/min,which are reduced by 31.6% and 37.7%,respectively.The smoke intensity was reduced form 3.67 BSU to 2.1 BSU,and the oil consumption was reduced from 240.5 g/(kW·h) to 225.4 g/(kW·h),which was decreased by 6.3% at low speed.The pressure in the cylinder was obviously reduced from 115 bar to 108 bar,which was reduced by 6%.

Experimental investigation on de-icing by an array of impact rod-type plasma synthetic jets

Since flight accidents due to aircraft icing occur from time to time,this paper proposes an array of impact rod-type plasma synthetic jet de-icing methods for aircraft icing problems.The impact rod-type plasma synthetic jet actuator(PSJA)is based on the traditional PSJA with an additional impact rod structure for better de-icing in the flight environment.In this work,we first optimize the ice-breaking performance of a single-impact rod-type PSJA,and then conduct an array of impact rod-type plasma synthetic jet ice-breaking experiments to investigate the relationship between crack expansion and discharge energy,ice thickness and group spacing.The results show that the impact force and impulse of a single-impact rod-type PSJA are proportional to the discharge energy,and there exists a threshold energy Qmin for a single actuator to break the ice,which is proportional to the ice thickness.Only when the discharge energy reaches above Qmin can the ice layer produce cracks,and at the same time,the maximum radial crack length produced during the ice-breaking process is proportional to the discharge energy.When the ice is broken by an array of impact rod PSJAs,the discharge energy and group spacing together determine whether the crack can be extended to the middle region of the actuator.When the group spacing is certain,increasing the energy can increase the intersection of cracks in the middle region,and the ice-fragmentation degree is increased and the ice-breaking effect is better.At the same time,the energy estimation method of ice breaking by an array of impact rod-type PSJAs is proposed according to the law when a single actuator is breaking ice.

柴油机唇口射流燃烧室对燃烧及排放特性的影响

为改善高压共轨直喷柴油机燃烧室内的油、气混合质量,提出了一种唇口射流结构燃烧室.通过计算流体动力学(CFD)仿真,探究了其油、气混合特性,分析了燃烧室结构和喷油参数对柴油机燃烧与排放的影响.结果表明:利用唇口射流原理可实现对燃烧室内部分燃油在射流唇口、射流唇背区域内分布的有效引导,形成燃烧室中心-射流唇口回流区-射流唇背回流区的内、中、外3层油、气混合,改善油、气混合质量;在转速为2000r/min、全负荷工况下,喷油夹角为80°时,凹曲面结构的回流区底面有利于喷雾扩散,在喷孔直径为0.12 mm的条件下,锥面结构的回流区底面能在回流区形成顺时针涡旋,有利于油束卷吸空气;与ω型燃烧室相比,在喷油夹角为80°、喷孔直径为0.12 mm时,采用圆柱状射流唇背和凹曲面状回流区底面结构的唇口射流燃烧室,可实现更均匀的油、气混合和更充分的燃烧,使NO_(x)与碳烟排放分别降低11.0%与32.4%.

柴油发动机燃油跨/超临界喷射特性数值仿真

针对柴油发动机工作条件下喷雾特性变化复杂的问题,利用计算流体动力学软件CONVERGE,采用大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)方法进行跨/超临界柴油机燃料正庚烷的射流喷雾特性仿真分析,对LES中湍流亚格子模型进行深入研究,并从质量分数、密度和温度三方面对比跨/超临界射流的喷雾特性。研究结果表明:随机湍流分散模型开启会使喷雾贯穿距的预测值更接近试验值,当湍流分散系数c_(ps)=0.16时模型预测的贯穿距比c_(ps)=0.05更加贴合试验的结果;跨临界射流存在更加类似于液态的区域,升温时从环境吸收更多热量;与跨临界射流相比,超临界射流喷雾的温度扩散更加迅速,并且喷雾前端温度接近环境温度;跨临界射流中类似液态区域形成了较大的密度分层,抑制喷雾扩散,超临界射流喷雾外层的絮状结构比跨临界射流出现得更早,絮状结构范围更大,径向扩散作用更强;两种状态下温度、密度和质量分数分布呈现一定的对应关系,即温度、质量分数和密度都在中心轴线靠近喷油器处最大,随着轴向距离和径向扩散的增大而减小。

2023年我国炼油和成品油市场回顾及2024年展望

2023年,国内成品油行业完成疫后复苏的爬坡过坎。随着宏观经济回暖、用油行业需求逐步恢复及出行活动回归正常,成品油消费迎来复苏,整体消费超疫情前水平;而供应侧,产能增长放缓,企业生产负荷在需求回升、效益好转的带动下大幅回升,攀升至历史高位;同时,替代资源强势发展,气价下行带动车用LNG经济性好转,新能源汽车自主扩张动力全面形成。2024年,成品油产业链在继续修复的基础上深化转型发展。预计国内成品油消费徘徊于低速增长通道,汽油小幅增长,航煤继续恢复,柴油略降;国内炼油产能继续增长;市场经营环境有望在政策持续系统化、全面化的基础上得到进一步优化。

环烷基劣质蜡油加氢裂化装置掺炼催化裂解柴油效果探究

为实现资源利用效益最大化,某公司根据催化裂解柴油和蜡油加氢裂化装置进料性质的特点,开展了2.1 Mt a环烷基劣质蜡油加氢裂化装置掺炼质量分数5%催化裂解柴油的工业试验。结果表明:环烷基劣质蜡油加氢裂化装置掺炼催化裂解柴油后,喷气燃料产品收率增加1.93百分点,有效提高了喷气燃料的收率;喷气燃料烟点上升1.2 mm,加氢柴油十六烷值升高1.9,改善了喷气燃料、柴油的性质;掺炼催化裂解柴油后,装置精制反应器温升明显增加,氢耗和电耗增加。经测算,掺炼催化裂解柴油后,原来作为燃料油调合组分的催化裂解柴油,转化为附加值较高的重石脑油、喷气燃料及柴油组分,产生利润467.2元t(以掺炼1 t裂解柴油计),可获得4036.8万元a的经济效益。

一种系列化喷水推进装置的快速选型方法

船用喷水推进装置通常采用系列化的供货模式。喷水推进供货商依据提供的船舶主尺度、航速、动力系统等输入参数,通过船-机-泵匹配理论从系列化喷水推进产品中选择一型以满足需求。本文提出一种基于系列化喷水推进装置的快速选型方法,在仅已知设计航速和主机功率的条件下可快速选择适当的系列化喷水推进规格。本文方法适用于船舶的前期论证和方案设计阶段,船东或设计人员能利用本方法和喷水推进产品样本来实现快速选型。系列化快速选型的结果经分析误差较小,能够满足工程应用的需求。

柴蜡油混合进料加氢裂化装置试产军用3号喷气燃料

目的提高柴蜡油混合进料加氢裂化装置生产的3号喷气燃料中芳烃含量,使之能达到军用3号喷气燃料产品的要求。方法通过提高混合原料中蜡油比例和混合原料油密度、降低精制反应器床层温度、优化裂化反应器级配催化剂床层温度及降低芳烃加氢饱和深度的方式,提高3号喷气燃料中芳烃含量。结果①在处理量不变的情况下,通过提高原料中蜡油比例和混合原料油密度,可显著提高喷气燃料中芳烃含量;②在高柴油比例原料的工况下,通过大幅降低精制反应器床层温度、同步降低轻油型催化剂床层温度及提高灵活型和中油型催化剂床层温度的方式,降低了芳烃加氢饱和程度,使喷气燃料产品中芳烃体积分数≥8%,同时确保尾油BMCI值小于13。结论通过提高混合原料蜡油比例和混合原料密度至一定数值以及降低精制反应器床层温度和芳烃加氢饱和深度的方式,可实现喷气燃料产品中芳烃体积分数≥8%的目标,解决了柴蜡油混合加氢裂化装置生产军用3号喷气燃料的问题,具有一定的生产指导意义。

甘油三酯催化转化为柴油、喷气燃料和润滑油基础油

将生物质转化为可持续燃料和化学品对于解决环境问题、减少碳排放、增强能源安全以及促进经济和社会发展至关重要.在众多生物质原料中,来自不同来源的甘油三酯,如植物油、动物脂肪和微藻油,因其低氧含量和脂肪酸单元中的高度石蜡骨架,与石油衍生烃的结构相似,而特别适合生产可持续的烃燃料和化学品.这意味着通过相对简单的催化转化过程,就能有效地将甘油三酯转化为烃类产物.本文概述了甘油三酯通过加氢过程转化为无氧燃料(如柴油和喷气燃料)以及润滑油基础油等高附加值产品的过程.此外,还根据反应机理讨论了所需催化剂的重要结构性质,以及甘油三酯的不同脂肪酸组成对催化转化过程的影响.

柴油加氢精制装置生产3^(#)喷气燃料可行性研究

介绍了某炼油厂利用15万t·a^(-1)柴油加氢精制装置试生产3^(#)喷气燃料的具体实施过程,通过对原料油馏程、操作参数的调整,采取降低反应温度、反应压力及分馏塔温度等一系列措施,以常减压装置常一线油为原料,成功生产出3^(#)喷气燃料。实践发现,140~255℃常一线馏分是生产3^(#)喷气燃料的适宜原料,操作参数相较于生产柴油时偏低,将反应压力从3500 k Pa降低至3200 k Pa,3^(#)喷气燃料的芳烃体积分数由7.33%上升至9.27%,满足大于体积分数8.50%的内控指标要求。3^(#)喷气燃料试生产的成功,证明柴油加氢精制装置具备在线切换生产柴油和3^(#)喷气燃料产品的能力,有效提升装置的经济效益和社会效益,对柴油加氢精制装置的产品转型提供了良好的工业范例。

柴油加氢装置改炼航煤运行总结

随着航空煤油需求的日益增长,航煤加氢装置的研究和开发也日益受到重视。为了满足航煤高质量、高清洁度、高效产出的要求,研究人员正在不断探索和优化相关工艺。根据航煤加氢装置的技术特点,对原有柴油加氢装置进行改造,采取调整管线设计、增加注抗氧化剂设施、增设聚结器等方法,通过生产获得合适的工艺参数,并对生产中出现的能耗高、含水量高等问题进行原因分析及给出解决思路,同时,根据新的工艺要求,选择适合航煤加氢的管线和设备,确保装置能够高效、稳定地运行。最终实验结果证明,将柴油加氢装置改造为生产喷气燃料是切实可行的。本次改造研究有利于优化工艺流程,提高设备效率,可为相关企业提供有益的参考和借鉴,推动航煤生产技术的进步和发展。

High-speed measurement of thickness of a water film formed by a jet obliquely impinging onto a plate using an LED-induced fluorescence method

A transient thickness distribution measured with a high temporal resolution is elemental for exploring the flow characteristics and mechanism of a liquid film formed by an impinging jet.Therefore,this paper develops a high-speed Light-Emitting Diode-Induced Fluorescence(LEDIF)system based on the brightness measured directly above the liquid film.An Ultraviolet(UV)LED lamp is used to provide sufficient and continuous excitation light.Then,a system performance analysis proves that the system can continuously measure the global film thickness at a high acquisition frequency of 5000 Hz when the dye concentration is 200 mg/L.The influence of the irregularity of the excitation intensity,including the spatial non-uniformity,temporal instability,and long-term instability,on the measurement uncertainty is analyzed in detail.The analysis indicates that the system has an acceptable uncertainty of 10%.Compared with theoretical results,experimental results verify that the LEDIF system can accurately measure the global thickness of a liquid film formed by a water jet obliquely impinging onto a plate.An experimental investigation of the radial section of the raised zone demonstrates that the radial section changes from a sewing needle to an oval when the azimuth angle increases from 10°to 90°.Meanwhile,the dynamic contact angle exponentially decreases from 41.4°to 30.1°.A dynamic analysis of surface waves shows that the measured wave velocity decreases from 12 m/s to 1 m/s and the dominant frequency decreases from 1000 Hz to 10 Hz along the flow direction.

High Speed Observation of Periodic Cavity Behavior in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle for Cavitating Water Jet

Cloud cavitation shows an unsteady periodic tendency under a certain flow condition. In a cavitating water jet flow with cavitation clouds, the cavities or the clouds produce high impact at their collapse. In order to make clear a mechanism of the periodic cavity behavior, we experimentally examine the behavior in a transparent cylindrical convergent-divergent nozzle using a high-speed video camera. An effect of upstream pressure fluctuation due to a plunger pump is investigated from a viewpoint of unsteady behavior in a cavitating water jet. As a result, it is found that the cavitating flow has two kinds of oscillation patterns in the cavity length (cavitation cloud region). One is due to the upstream pressure fluctuation caused by the plunger pump. The other is much shorter periodic motion related to the characteristic oscillation of cavitation clouds accompanied with the shrinking (reentrant), growing and shedding motion of the clouds.

Experimental and Molecular Simulations for Evaluating the Effect of Lubricity Improvers on the Property of Jet Fuel

Since the 1990 s, the kerosene fuel(code: JP-8) had been applied in the ground equipment provided with direct injection compression ignition engines in the U.S. Army, resulting in increased occurrence of injection pump failures. Anti-wear additives must be used in the single fuel due to its poor lubricity. In the present work, lubricity improvers were selected on the basis of molecular simulation theoretically and these agents were evaluated to improve the lubricity of jet fuel using the high frequency reciprocating rig(HFRR) apparatus and the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator(BOCLE). It was revealed that dimer acid with higher value of adsorption energy on the Fe(110) plane surface had more efficient lubricity promoting properties than that of naphthenic acid. The experimental results suggested that the dimer acid had a better tribological behavior compared with that of naphthenic acid used as lubricity improver of jet fuel. And addition of anti-wear additives at a dosage of 15 μg/g was able to promote the lubricity of jet fuel to a required level on BOCLE, while a higher concentration over 80 μg/g was needed to improve the lubricity to a demanded value of diesel on HFRR.

An experimental study on RP-3 jet fuel injection on a common rail injection system

RP-3 jet fuel could be an alternative fuel for diesel engines.In this study,the injection characteristics of RP-3jet fuel under single and split injection strategies were investigated and compared with diesel fuel.The experimental results indicate that RP-3 jet fuel has slightly shorter injection delay time than diesel fuel,but this difference is negligible in actual engine operations.Further,although the lower density and viscosity of RP-3 jet fuel lead to higher volumetric injection rates and cycle-based injection quantities,the cycle-based injection mass and the mass injection rates at the stable injection stage of RP-3 jet fuel are close to or slightly lower than those of diesel fuel.Based on these experimental observations,it could be concluded that fuel physical properties are the secondary factor influencing the injection characteristics in both single and split injection strategies,as RP-3 jet fuel and diesel fuel are taken for comparison.

中国成品油市场2022年回顾与2023年供需预测

2022年疫情防控工作贯穿全年社会生活,消费属性突出的汽油和航空煤油消费被抑制,替代能源持续增加,中国成品油消费量为3.26亿吨,与上年相比减少7%,创历史最大降幅。受需求萎缩、出口配额从紧管理等影响,成品油生产侧出现产能上升但产量下降的情况。汽柴油替代能源超过6500万吨,其中LNG占比达到63%。2023年,经济建设重新成为社会发展重心,消费修复,成品油增长动力回归;新炼厂产能释放,成品油市场将呈现供需两旺局面。预计2023年中国成品油消费量为3.60亿吨,与上年相比增长10.5%,汽油和煤油消费量将在低基数上实现两位数的高增长,柴油消费量微增;汽柴油替代能源消费量预计增长14%以上,增量主要来自电动力。

加氢裂化装置在压减柴油中的作用分析

国内某炼化企业利用加氢裂化装置产品质量好、生产方案灵活的特点,开展了最大化生产非柴油产品、降低柴油收率的工业实践。结果表明:在尚未全面实施压减柴油策略的情况下,该装置平均每年可加工124.2 kt催化裂化柴油和120.4 kt直馏柴油;实施压减柴油策略后,增产轻石脑油方案的轻石脑油收率可达46.29%,增产重石脑油方案的重石脑油收率可达53.41%,增产喷气燃料方案的喷气燃料收率可达46.01%。此外,通过挖掘潜力,装置可生产5号工业白油特种油。在不改变该加氢裂化装置原设计及催化剂级配体系的条件下,通过调整原料配比及性质、优化生产方案等方式,该装置压减柴油能力可达到400 kt/a。

喷气燃料加氢装置与柴油加氢装置用氢流程优化

对喷气燃料加氢装置的用氢流程优化进行了探讨。原设计一次通过流程氢气回收率高,但存在新氢压缩机气阀结盐问题。通过将反应后低分气改去变压吸附(PSA),保障了新氢压缩机的稳定运行。从节能角度考虑,将氢气供应方式由冷氢改为热氢,可节省燃料成本84万元/a。通过新增喷气燃料加氢循环氢压缩机,可降低喷气燃料加氢装置补充氢量,提高柴油加氢装置供氢能力3.0 dam3/h。氢气一次通过流程改为循环氢方式后,喷气燃料加氢反应低分气量减少5.0 dam3/h,可有效降低装置氢气损失。