Digital image correlation based high-speed crack tip locatingmethod and its application

Based on a digital image correlation（DIC）method with the measurements of a high speed crack＇s displacement and strain fields,a technique to accurately and automatically locate its crack tip has been developed.The crack tip is identified by finding the abrupt jump on the opening（or dislocation）curve of a point on the trace of the crack propagation,while the opening is measured through a virtual extensometer technique and the abrupt jump is identified by finding the peak on the curve.The method was verified using a specially designed experiment and applied to measure the critical crack tip opening angle of a rock sample.Because the involvement of analytical models has been avoided and then the good performance could be ensured for low resolution speckle images,this technique is expected to be very useful in the quantitative study of high speed cracks in experiments using high speed cameras.

Specimen aspect ratio and progressive field strain development of sandstone under uniaxial compression by three-dimensional digital image correlation

The complete stress-strain characteristics of sandstone specimens were investigated in a series of quasistatic monotonic uniaxial compression tests.Strain patterns development during pre-and post-peak behaviours in specimens with different aspect ratios was also examined.Peak stress,post-peak portion of stress-strain,brittleness,characteristics of progressive localisation and field strain patterns development were affected at different extents by specimen aspect ratio.Strain patterns of the rocks were obtained by applying three-dimensional(3D) digital image correlation(DIC) technique.Unlike conventional strain measurement using strain gauges attached to specimen,3D DIC allowed not only measuring large strains,but more importantly,mapping the development of field strain throughout the compression test,i.e.in pre-and post-peak regimes.Field strain development in the surface of rock specimen suggests that strain starts localising progressively and develops at a lower rate in pre-peak regime.However,in post-peak regime,strains increase at different rates as local deformations take place at different extents in the vicinity and outside the localised zone.The extent of localised strains together with the rate of strain localisation is associated with the increase in rate of strength degradation.Strain localisation and local inelastic unloading outside the localised zone both feature post-peak regime.

Digital Image Correlation Using Specific Shape Function for Stress Intensity Factor Measurement

The stress intensity factor (SIF) is a critical parameter associated with the fracture behaviour of materials. In this paper, we select the displacement function around a crack tip as the shape function of the digital image correlation (DIC), which makes it possible to directly calculate the SIF by the correlation scheme. Moreover, we use a non-rectangular subset, which can reduce the influence of plastic deformation and crack width on the DIC measurement accuracy. We measured the SIF of a mode I crack in a super-hard aluminium alloy specimen to verify the performance of the proposed method. Our experimental results show that a DIC with a specific shape function can be used to accurately and efficiently calculate the SIF. Furthermore, we also present a practical application of our proposed method for determining the SIF, crack propagation angle and crack tip displacement. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Mirror-assisted multi-view high-speed digital image correlation for dual-surface dynamic deformation measurement

Based on the recently proposed mirror-assisted multi-view digital image correlation(MV-DIC),we establish a cost-effective and easy-to-implement mirror-assisted multi-view high-speed digital image correlation(MVHS-DIC)method and explore its applications for dual-surface full-field dynamic deformation measurement.In contrast to the general requirement of four expensive high-speed cameras for dual-surface dynamic deformation field measurement,the established mirror-assisted MVHS-DIC halves the cost by involving only two synchronized high-speed cameras and two planar mirrors.The two synchronized high-speed cameras can dynamically measure the front and rear surfaces of a sheet sample simultaneously through the reflection of the two mirrors.The results on the two surfaces are then transformed into the same coordinate system,leading to the required dual-surface 3D dynamical deformation fields.The effectiveness and accuracy of the established system are validated through modal tests of a cantilever aluminum sheet.The vibration measurement of a drum and dual-surface transient deformation measurement of a smartphone in the drop-collision process further prove its practicability.Benefiting from the attractive advantages of multi-view dynamic deformation measurement in a cost-efficient way,the established mirror-assisted MVHS-DIC is expected to encourage more comprehensive dynamic mechanical behavior characterization of regular-sized materials and structures in vibration and impact engineering fields.

基于DIC及CPG技术的热冷循环后花岗岩Ⅰ型断裂特性

深部储层岩石的热力学特性,尤其是循环热冷作用下损伤破坏特性,对于增强型地热系统井壁稳定性分析及地热开采效率评估具有重要意义。针对中心直裂纹半圆盘(NSCB)花岗岩试样,首先进行不同热冷循环处理(加热温度400℃,最高循环次数13次),然后开展3点弯Ⅰ型断裂韧度特性试验。基于裂纹扩展计(CPG)和数字图像相关(DIC)测试技术,研究了热冷循环作用下花岗岩Ⅰ型断裂韧度、断裂过程区(FPZ)、裂纹扩展速率及断裂轮廓特征的影响规律。试验结果表明:当热冷循环次数达到10次以上,花岗岩试样脆性明显减弱,而峰前软化特性和峰后延性增强;花岗岩的断裂过程区由裂缝尖端开始逐步孕育,断裂过程区长度随荷载增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,Ⅰ型断裂韧度、最大断裂过程区长度及裂纹平均扩展速度随热冷循环次数增大而指数减小,Ⅰ型断裂面随热冷循环次数增大越来越不平整。最后,基于X-ray衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)等微观测试技术,研究了热冷循环作用对花岗岩矿物成分及微观结构的影响规律,结果表明花岗岩4种矿物成分的峰值衍射强度及矿物质量分数均随热冷循环次数增大而降低,而微裂纹大小及数量随热冷循环次数增大而增大。热冷循环作用下花岗岩的损伤劣化机理包含了多次高温热损伤、水冷冲击及水弱化等3方面的联合作用结果。

基于DIC古建筑青砖受冻融循环作用的损伤演化

以内蒙古隆盛庄古建筑青砖砌体为研究对象,通过数字图像相关(DIC)技术,研究古建筑青砖在冻融循环作用下的损伤破坏规律,采用双因子——损伤程度因子和损伤局部化因子来表征古建筑青砖的单轴压缩损伤过程,并根据双因子损伤演化曲线建立了不同冻融循环次数下的损伤演化模型.结果表明:古建筑青砖在单轴压缩下的破坏过程可分为初始损伤闭合阶段、线弹性损伤阶段、弹塑性损伤阶段和塑性损伤阶段4个阶段;随着冻融循环次数的增加,青砖表面应变集中程度增大,使其承载能力降低;冻融循环会缩短双因子曲线的线弹性阶段,同时利用双因子建立的损伤演化模型能有效反映冻融循环作用下古建筑青砖材料的损伤演化过程.

Heterogeneous parallel computing accelerated iterative subpixel digital image correlation

Parallel computing techniques have been introduced into digital image correlation(DIC) in recent years and leads to a surge in computation speed. The graphics processing unit(GPU)-based parallel computing demonstrated a surprising effect on accelerating the iterative subpixel DIC, compared with CPU-based parallel computing. In this paper, the performances of the two kinds of parallel computing techniques are compared for the previously proposed path-independent DIC method, in which the initial guess for the inverse compositional Gauss-Newton(IC-GN) algorithm at each point of interest(POI) is estimated through the fast Fourier transform-based cross-correlation(FFT-CC) algorithm. Based on the performance evaluation, a heterogeneous parallel computing(HPC) model is proposed with hybrid mode of parallelisms in order to combine the computing power of GPU and multicore CPU. A scheme of trial computation test is developed to optimize the configuration of the HPC model on a specific computer. The proposed HPC model shows excellent performance on a middle-end desktop computer for real-time subpixel DIC with high resolution of more than 10000 POIs per frame.

Bi-prism-based single-lens three dimensional digital image correlation system with a long working distance: Methodology and application in extreme high temperature deformation test

As a novel three dimensional digital image correlation （3D DIC） method, the bi-prism-based single lens （BSL） 3D DIC method has been proposed and developed in recent years. Making use ofa bi-prism, this method is able to perform a 3D DIC measurement using only a single camera. Thus, the integration level of a BSL 3D DIC system could be much higher than that of the double-camera 3D DIC system. In this paper, using a small-angle bi-prism and a camera with a longer focal length, a special BSL 3D DIC system with a long working distance is designed for measurements in extreme environments. The principle of the system is first studied, and practical methods are then proposed for the system set-up and the determination of system parameters. Then, feasibility of the measurement system is verified by out-of-plane rigid-body translation tests. Finally, the BSL 3D DIC system is proven to be capable of combining with a high-temperature testing instrument to perform deformation tests in a high-temperature environment of up to 1500℃.

Multi-perspective digital image correlation method using a single color camera

A novel 3 D digital image correlation(DIC) system based on a single three charge-couple device(3 CCD) color camera is proposed in this paper. Images from three different perspectives are captured by a 3 CCD camera using a reflective-based pseudo-vision system. These images are then separated by the different CCD channels, and the correlation algorithm for the multi-camera DIC system is adopted to evaluate the images. Compared to the conventional multi-camera DIC system, the proposed system is much more compact. In addition, the proposed system has no loss of spatial resolution, compares to the traditional single camera DIC system. The complex surface measurement ability and the measurement accuracy is significantly improved through the use of the multi-camera DIC algorithm. The principle of the proposed system is described in detail as well as the experimental setup. A series of validation tests are performed, and the results are verified with the commercial 3 D-DIC system.

Ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation applied for deformation measurement in thermal testing with infrared quartz lamps

In thermal-structural testing of hypersonic materials and structures,deformation measurement on the front surface of an object directly heated by quartz lamps is highly necessary and very challenging.This work describes a novel front-surface high-temperature deformation measurement technique,which adopts ultraviolet 3D digital image correlation(UV 3D-DIC)to observe and measure the high-temperature deformation fields on front surfaces directly heated by quartz lamps.Compared with existing blue light DIC techniques,the established UV 3D-DIC,which combines UV CCD camera,active UV illumination and bandpass filter imaging,can effectively suppress the strong disturbing light emitted by the quartz lamps and the heated sample itself during heating process.Two experiments were carried out to verify the robustness and accuracy of the developed technique:(1)direct observation of front surfaces of a hypersonic thermal structure sample heated from room temperature to 1050℃,and(2)front-surface thermal stain and coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE)measurement of an Inconel 718 sample up to 800℃.The well matched strain and CTE results with literature data show that UV 3D-DIC system is an effective technique for front-surface deformation measurement and has great potential in characterizing deformation response of hypersonic materials and structures subjected to transient aerodynamic heating.

Residual stress determination in friction stir butt welded joints using a digital image correlation-aided slitting technique

This paper presents an incremental cutting method for evaluating the longitudinal residual stresses in a butt welded thin plate via combining the traditional residual stress measurement methods and the advanced optical technique.The proposed approach,which can be called digital image correlation（DIC）-aided slitting technique,introduces a successive extension slot to a specimen and employs the DIC technique to measure the released displacement profiles of the cutting sections after each cutting increment.Then the displacement profiles are used to directly calculate the residual stress distributions up to the slot tip and hence,a stress distribution can be obtained after a cutting increment.Finally,all of the stress distributions are averaged to ultimately determine the original residual stress field.This method does not include any complex experimental operations or tedious derivation,and the resolution of stress variation is greatly improved by the continuous measurement of the released displacements.The presented method has been preliminarily verified by a specimen with residual stress introduced by a four-point bending test.The results show that residual stresses determined by the DIC-aided slitting technique agree well with those from finite element（FE） prediction.The residual stress in a friction stir welded aluminum specimen obtained by the presented technique is also consistent with the evaluations given by X-ray diffraction.Furthermore,the residual stresses obtained by the DIC-aided slitting technique demonstrate higher accuracy and stability than the evaluations derived by the DIC-aided contour method.

Application of Digital Image Correlation Method to In-Situ Dynamic Strain Measurement

Application of digital image correlation(DIC) method to determination of in-situ dynamic strain is presented in this study. Firstly, an integrative software is programmed based on the DIC algorithms and pointwise least-squares fitting technique. Then, simulated speckle images are generated to study the computational accuracy of this software. The experimental setup and procedures for measuring in-situ dynamic strain through both DIC and strain gauge are proposed. The DIC results are close to those measured by strain gauge. This fact reveals that DIC is a practical and effective tool for in-situ dynamic strain measurement. Finally, the full-field in-situ dynamic strain of another specimen is measured by DIC, and the overall distribution of the strain in the measurement area is clearly shown.

Precise 3D shape measurement of three-dimensional digital image correlation for complex surfaces

Three dimensional-digital image correlation （3D-DIC） is a widely used optical metrology in the experimental mechanics community because of its reliability, practicality, and flexibility. Although the precision of digital image correlation （DIC） has been thoroughly studied theoretically and numerically, verification experiments have seldom been performed, especially fbr complex surfaces with a small field of view （FOV）. In this work, the shape of a 1-yuan coin was measured using 3D-DIC; the shape was complex due to the presence of many fine details, and the FOV was relatively small because the coin diameter was only 25 mm. During the experiment, a novel strategy for speckle production was developed： white paint was simply sprayed onto the surface. Black paint was not used; instead, taking advantage of the reflective nature of the coin surface, polarized light and a Polaroid filter were introduced, and the polarization direction was carefully adjusted, ensuring that the spray pattern was extremely thin and that high-quality speckle images with significant contrast were captured. The three-dimensional coin shape was also successfully determined for comparison using a stylus profiler. The results demonstrate that 3D-DIC provides high precision in shape measurement even for complex surfaces with small FOV. The precision of 3D-DIC can reach 1/7000 of the field of view, corresponding to about 6 ~tm in this experiment.

基于DIC技术的自密实混凝土界面裂缝扩展规律研究

采用自密实混凝土作为堆石混凝土坝的抗冲磨层并与坝体进行一体化浇筑成型是一种新构造,其中抗冲磨层与坝体的界面性能至关重要。通过制作600 mm×600 mm×600 mm自密实混凝土(SCC)试件(C40SCC、C25SCC)及C40、C25SCC分层浇注试件(C40-C25SCC),结合数字图像技术(DIC)开展劈裂抗拉试验,分析了自密实混凝土界面裂缝扩展规律。结果表明:SCC断面破坏形态表现为骨料劈裂和剥落2种破坏形式;C40SCC、C25SCC及C40-C25SCC劈裂抗拉强度分别为1.861、1.416和1.362 MPa;基于DIC技术获取了裂缝相关参数,其中C40-C25SCC裂缝最大开口宽度、扩展时间均为最大,分别为0.125 mm、10.667 ms,C25SCC裂缝最大扩展速度最快,为10.12 m/s。研究表明:骨料的存在及粒径大小改变了试件破坏形态,影响了裂缝开口宽度及扩展速度变化。

Fatigue Damage Development in 14MoV6-3 Steel for Power Plant Pipes Monitored by Digital Image Correlation

In this paper,fatigue damage development of 14MoV6-3(13HMF)power engineering steel was studied through different experimental and analytical approaches.The specimens machined from the as-received pipe were subjected to fatigue loading and simultaneously monitored using the digital image correlation(DIC)technique.The damage development was analysed through microstructural observations of fracture surfaces and further described as a function of the fatigue damage parameter D and the fatigue damage measureφ.The combination of such parameters’evolution with the number of cycles to failure and the DIC technique enables a determination of separate stages of damage development.It was found that dynamics of damage could be effectively exposed within the first 100 cycles.

Experimental Study on Full-Surface Buckling of Variable Curvature Cylindrical Shell Using Multi-camera 3D-DIC System

To achieve full-surface strain measurement of variable curvature objects,a 360°3D digital image correlation(DIC)system is proposed.The measurement system consists of four double-camera systems,which capture the object’s entire surface from multiple angles,enabling comprehensive full-surface measurement.To increase the stitching quality,a hierarchical coordinate matching method is proposed.Initially,a 3D rigid body calibration auxiliary block is employed to track motion trajectory,which enables preliminary matching of four 3D-DIC sub-systems.Subsequently,secondary precise matching is performed based on feature points on the test specimen’s surface.Through the hierarchical coordinate matching method,the local 3D coordinate systems of each double-camera system are unified into a global coordinate system,achieving 3D surface reconstruction of the variable curvature cylindrical shell,and error analysis is conducted on the results.Furthermore,axial compression buckling experiment is conducted to measure the displacement and strain fields on the cylindrical shell’s surface.The experimental results are compared with the finite element analysis,validating the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed multi-camera 3D-DIC measuring system.

基于DIC技术的曲率对成形极限的影响研究

高强度钢因具有强度高、相同强度下质量更小的特点,成为目前车身及零部件上使用最多的材料。起皱、破裂是汽车覆盖件在弯曲成形及曲面翻边成形过程中的主要缺陷,而曲率是影响其成形性能的重要因素。为了预防起皱、破裂等缺陷,提高高强度钢的成形性能,利用数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)技术及Nakajima试验研究曲率对高强度钢成形极限的影响。以DP780高强度钢为试验材料,分别在不同直径的冲头下对其进行胀形试验,利用DIC技术实时监测板材的应变状态,通过位置相关法求得DP780在不同曲率下的成形极限曲线(Forming Limit Curves,FLC),并绘制各曲率下DP780板材的成形极限图(Forming Limit Diagrams,FLD)。通过对比各曲率下的FLC可知,DP780高强度钢板的成形性能随着曲率的增加而提高。

基于DIC技术的高温后混凝土变形性能

基于DIC(数字图像相关)技术,对经历20,200,400,600和800℃后的混凝土在单轴受压过程中的全场位移进行采集,分析了混凝土在不同温度下、不同受力阶段应变云图的变化特征和变形参数的变化规律.结果表明:400℃是混凝土横向应变集中区域与纵向应变压缩量最大区域匹配的临界温度;横向应力应变曲线原点至上升段0.4fcθ(fcθ为温度θ下的峰值应力)时对应的斜率Gr-H对温度的响应要比弹性模量Eθ对温度的响应更加敏感;高温损伤会导致混凝土在较低应力比下产生较大的体积压缩.

基于DIC技术的3D打印节理试件破裂机制研究

为了准确表征不同角度预制节理岩石在单轴压缩下的变形破坏模式,基于3D打印技术制作了节理模型用于模拟岩体中的结构面,通过水泥砂浆的浇筑得到含不同角度预制节理的岩石试件并进行单轴压缩试验,同时采用数字图像相关技术(DIC)观测、分析试验过程中试件裂纹产生、扩展以及贯通过程。结果表明:随着预制节理从0°增加到90°,试件强度与峰值应变均呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,0°和45°试件弹性模量相对于完整试件有所降低。基于DIC检测结果,0°、30°、45°及60°试件裂纹皆从预制节理尖端部位起裂,各角度试件的起裂应力与试件强度变化规律一致。各角度试样起裂时在剪应力控制下以剪切翼型裂纹形式起裂,0°与45°试件裂纹在扩展过程由剪切发展为张拉型裂纹,30°和60°试件以剪切裂纹形式贯穿始终,90°试件从底部起裂并最终表现为张拉破坏。研究还发现,下翼起裂角θ2和上翼起裂角θ1之间存在明显的线性正相关关系,关系式为θ2=0.828 6θ1+12.185,且起裂应力大小变化与峰值应力变化一致,皆随节理角度的增加先减小后增大。

三维数字图像相关技术(3D DIC)在材料形变研究中的应用进展

三维数字图像相关技术(3D DIC)由于其非接触、全场化的测量方式,与其他光测方法相比,具有自动化、光路简单、普适性及抗干扰能力强等优点,广泛应用于多领域多种材料的力学性能测试中,但在应用过程中会出现测量精确性不确定、高温实验测量误差大、大曲率物体可测面积有限等问题。综述了3D DIC在不同种类材料常规力学实验中的应用,通过对比分析3D DIC、传统引伸计测量结果及有限元模拟结果,验证该技术精确性;由于高温和大变形测量中3D DIC的应用是目前的研究热点和难点,故重点介绍了高温散斑制备和多相机DIC等最新技术进展;指出在散斑对测量精度影响、微应变尺度测量、环境因素对测量效果干扰以及在军事材料和生物医学领域应用等方面还需对3D DIC进一步研究。