Measured load spectra of the bearing in high-speed train gearbox under different gear meshing conditions

The load spectrum is a crucial factor for assess-ing the fatigue reliability of in-service rolling element bear-ings in transmission systems.For a bearing in a high-speed train gearbox,a measurement technique based on strain detection of bearing outer ring was used to instrument the bearing and determine the time histories of the distributed load in the bearing under different gear meshing conditions.Accordingly,the load spectrum of the total radial load car-ried by the bearing was compiled.The mean value and class interval of the obtained load spectrum were found to vary non-monotonously with the speed and torque of gear mesh-ing,which was considered to be caused by the vibration of the shaft and the bearing cage.As the realistic service load input of bearing life assessment,the measured load spectrum under different gear meshing conditions can be used to pre-dict gearbox bearing life realistically based on the damage-equivalent principle and actual operating conditions.

Multi-objective reliability optimization design of high-speed heavy-duty gears based on APCK-SORA model

For high-speed heavy-duty gears in operation is prone to high tooth surface temperature rise and thus produce tooth surface gluing leading to transmission failure and other adverse effects,but in the gear optimization design and little consideration of thermal transmission errors and thermal resonance and other factors,while the conventional multi-objective optimization design methods are difficult to achieve the optimum of each objective.Based on this,the paper proposes a gear multi-objective reliability optimisation design method based on the APCK-SORA model.The PC-Kriging model and the adaptive k-means clustering method are combined to construct an adaptive reliability analysis method(APCK for short),which is then integrated with the SORA optimisation algorithm.The objective function is the lightweight of gear pair,the maximum overlap degree and the maximum anti-glue strength;the basic parameters of the gear and the sensitivity parameters affecting the thermal deformation and thermal resonance of the gear are used as design variables;the amount of thermal deformation and thermal resonance,as well as the contact strength of the tooth face and the bending strength of the tooth root are used as constraints;the optimisation results show that:the mass of the gear is reduced by 0.13kg,the degree of overlap is increased by 0.016 and the coefficient of safety against galling Compared with other methods,the proposed method is more efficient than the other methods in meeting the multi-objective reliability design requirements of lightweighting,ensuring smoothness and anti-galling capability of high-speed heavy-duty gears.

OPTIMUM DESIGN OF HIGH-SPEED RAILWAY LOCOMOTIVE TRACTION GEAR

On the basis of deep investigation of locomotive traction gears manufactured at home and abroad , a variety of measures are putted forward to improve the driving load-bearing capacity and working life of our country's high-speed locomotive traction gears. The measures include the fol- lowing five aspects : optimally selecting the material and heat treatment process , optimally designing the tooth profile . reasonably choosing the manufacture accuracy and technique , optimally choosing the lubricant and the way of lubrication and seal , improving the dynamic feature of the gearing. In the respect of the tooth profile , a hob with optimal cutter angles is designed to make root thickness on the dangerous section as large as possible and the stress concentration as small as possible. Ad- dendum modification coefficient is optimized to minimize the maximum flash temperature in the course of meshing. Finally . finite element analysis method is used to calculate the deformation and the stress of teeth accurately. And on this basis , optimal profile correction and axial modification have been designed with regard to the start , continuious running and high speed travel of the loco- motive .

Experimental study on vibration suppression of gear shaft misalignment with ISFD

Misalignment faults in gear systems lead to violent vibration and noise, shortening the life of equipment. The aim of this work is the demonstration of vibration suppression of parallel-misaligned gear shafts using an integral squeeze film damper(ISFD). Using a first grade spur gear in engineering for reference, an open first-grade spur gear system is built and the vibration characteristics of the gear system with rigid supports and ISFD elastic damping supports are studied under different degrees of misalignment. The experimental results show that ISFD supports have excellent damping and vibration attenuation characteristics, which have improved control of the gear system vibration in horizontal, vertical and axial directions under different degrees of misalignment. This work shows that an ISFD structure can effectively suppress vibration of characteristic frequency components and resonance modulation frequency components. The test results provide evidence for the application of ISFD in vibration control of gear shaft misalignment faults in engineering.

Fretting instability characteristics for gear shaft shoulder

In order to solve fretting instability problem of gear shaft shoulder due to torsional vibration in mechanical system, the mathematical model of fretting instability vibration of gear shaft shoulder was established by adopting the method of combining kinematics and tribology, and the numerical analysis was applied to the fretting instability mechanism of gear shaft shoulder by introducing the friction instability damping ratio. The numerical results show that the main factors causing the unstable and vibrating gear shaft shoulder are the large tightening torque and too large static friction coefficient. The reasonable values of the static friction coefficient, the amount of interference and tightening torque can effectively mitigate the fretting instability phenomenon of gear shaft shoulder. The experimental results verify that damping plays a significant role in eliminating the vibration of gear shaft control system.

Theoretical analysis of nonlinear vibration characteristics of gear pair with shafts

The circumferential vibration of a gear pair is a parametric excitation caused by nonlinear tooth stiffness,which fluctuates with meshing.In addition,the vibration characteristics of the gear pair become complicated owing to the tooth profile error and backlash.It is considered that the circumferential vibration of the gear pair is affected by the torsional vibration of the shafts.It is important to understand quantitatively the vibration characteristics of the gear system considering the shafts.Therefore,the purpose of this research was to clarify the nonlinear vibration characteristics of a gear pair considering the influence of the shafts using theoretical methods.To achieve this objective,calculations were performed using equations of motion in which the circumferential vibration of the gear pair and the torsional vibration of the shafts were coupled.The nonlinear tooth stiffness was represented by a sine wave.The influence of tooth separation was considered by defining a nonlinear function using backlash and the tooth profile error.For the numerical calculations,both stable and unstable periodic solutions were obtained by using the shooting method.The effect of the shafts on the gear system vibration were clarified by comparing the results in the cases in which the shaft was not considered,one shaft was considered,and both shafts were considered.

半轴齿轮的热—冷复合锻造中冷锻充不满缺陷的成形数字仿真及工艺研究

针对半轴齿轮热—冷复合锻造中冷锻整形时出现的充不满缺陷,利用UG、Geomagic-Design和Deform-3D等软件,对冷锻毛坯(热锻成形的工件)进行了重新设计和冷锻整形工序仿真模拟,全面考查齿厚、齿高参数变化对产品质量的影响。从模拟结果来看,当冷锻整形开始合模时,毛坯初始位置齿顶和冷锻模具型腔之间的间隙越大(齿厚增加越大/齿高减小越大)时,终锻时所需的锻压力越大,在产品小端齿顶处越易形成折叠缺陷。毛坯初始位置齿顶与型腔贴合(齿厚增加量为零或为负),则不易产生折叠缺陷,齿侧和冷锻模具型腔之间的间隙越大(实际齿厚越小),所需锻压力越大。经过实际生产验证,在相应的齿轮参数条件下,冷锻毛坯比冷锻模具型腔轮廓的齿高增加0.1 mm、齿厚不变时,冷锻整形后齿槽和齿高全部压满,成型质量好,产品废品率达到预期要求。

小模数齿轮传动的时变啮合刚度计算方法

小模数齿轮传动中心距较小,其动态性能对中心距误差非常敏感,且中间级齿轮常被设计在固定轴上高速旋转,齿轮中心孔与轴之间存在间隙,考虑这些特征,建立了中心距误差与轴孔配合间隙影响下的齿轮啮合特性参数与时变啮合刚度计算模型,研究了二者对啮合刚度的影响规律。研究结果表明:中心距误差会改变齿轮副的重合度与啮合刚度;轴孔配合间隙使实际中心距围绕理论中心距上下周期性波动,导致整个周期内啮合刚度强化区域与弱化区域共存;中心距误差与轴孔配合间隙的影响在不同的转角范围内存在既有相互叠加又有相互削弱的现象,这一现象使得各轮齿的啮合刚度有差异,存在诱发更大振动与不同噪声的风险。

40Cr钢转动轴齿轮磨损原因

某40Cr钢转动轴在转动测试约35 h后,转动轴齿轮出现磨损现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、扫描电镜分析、金相检验、硬度测试等方法分析了齿轮磨损的原因。结果表明:该转动轴齿轮与齿轮轴套的热处理工艺控制不当,导致齿顶表层晶粒偏大;与该转动轴齿轮匹配的齿轮轴套硬度偏高,使转动轴齿轮发生变形以及齿顶表层材料缺失,缺失的材料形成磨粒磨损,最终导致该转动轴齿轮齿牙缓慢剥落。

三轴环板式永磁齿轮气隙磁场及转矩计算

利用标量磁位法获得了三轴环板式永磁齿轮(Triple-shaft Ring-plate Magnet Gear,TRMG)的气隙磁场数理模型,根据磁场叠加原理建立了内、外永磁圈间气隙磁场及其相应的电磁转矩模型;由于所有计算均基于TRMG的平面磁场建立,因此,所建模型与二维有限元结果间具有较高的准确度(误差≤5%);其计算速度远快于三维有限元法,且与二维及三维有限元分析具有较好的吻合度与趋势性,验证了所建模型的准确性,可适用于三轴以上的多轴环板式永磁齿轮的磁场分析与结构动力学计算。

船用楔形齿桨轴离合器设计与仿真分析

针对船用楔形齿桨轴离合器的参数设计问题,开展了船用楔形齿桨轴离合器设计研究。理论分析了船用楔形齿桨轴离合器自锁所需的临界摩擦因数随楔形齿压力角和楔形角变化的规律,并进行了仿真验证;建立了船用楔形齿桨轴离合器的多体动力学模型,研究了存在对齿误差时的接合过程。结果表明,船用楔形齿桨轴离合器降低了对齿过程的精度需求,在接合对齿过程存在0.4°以内的误差时可以在自身导向作用下完成接合。推导的自锁临界摩擦因数公式可以用来指导船用楔形齿桨轴离合器设计。

齿轮啮合周期内摩擦载荷变化有限元仿真分析

为能更好地分析齿轮啮合周期中摩擦载荷变化,建立齿轮分析模型,研究齿轮间传动关系,区分齿轮输入端和输出端的阻力扭矩,搭建有限元分析模型。为保证模型的精确度,在前期预处理阶段针对齿轮不同位置的实际情况构建对应网格,区分不同位置的网格密度,根据齿轮的轮动比和角位移得出旋转自由度。在齿轮啮合过程中,搭建动力学分析模型,研究摩擦载荷的变化情况,考虑齿轮啮合频率,根据长度线条确定摩擦因数,利用摩擦函数明确齿轮间的最大接触应力和弯曲应力,完成摩擦载荷变化分析。经仿真验证可知,所研究方法能准确描述齿轮啮合周期内摩擦载荷的实时变化。

某汽油机平衡轴测试工艺中齿轮间隙特性研究及优化

齿轮间隙是影响汽油机平衡轴可靠性的关键因素。本文基于控制变量法研究了平衡轴齿轮间隙的测量特性,并对平衡轴夹爪橡胶材料、平衡轴弹簧压紧力与coast力矩的匹配关系和平衡轴螺栓的拧紧工艺进行了优化。结果表明:齿轮间隙的合格率主要与平衡轴夹爪橡胶材料、平衡轴压紧力与coast力矩匹配关系和平衡轴螺栓的拧紧工艺有关,通过优化平衡轴夹爪橡胶材料,齿轮间隙的合格率从95.09%提升至97.11%,优化平衡轴压紧力与coast力矩匹配关系后,合格率提升了1.41%,进一步优化螺栓的拧紧工艺后,其合格率提升了1.26%,最终达到了99.78%,有效解决平衡轴齿轮间隙测试不合格的问题。

俄罗斯KB8046-4000型热模锻压力机维修保养

介绍了俄罗斯KB8046-4000型热模锻压力机曲轴、传动轴及其相关零部件的检修方法。其中曲轴及传动轴是其传动系统中最主要的两个部件,其维护保养状况直接影响压力机的使用寿命。

航空发动机用齿轮泵齿轮轴疲劳断裂分析与优化设计

针对航空发动机用齿轮泵齿轮轴瞬时断裂的现象,对其关键运动副进行材料金相组织、结构受力和应力分析,将理论分析与试验相结合,明确了齿轮轴的瞬时断裂现象主要表现为疲劳断裂,明晰了齿轮轴疲劳断裂的影响因子,并以此优化了齿轮轴安装孔关键尺寸和机加工工艺。结果表明:优化后的齿轮轴安装孔附近的应力明显减小,能够有效提升齿轮轴在交变载荷下的抗疲劳特性。

WT2000系列风电机组齿轮箱空中更换技术研究

为了降低双馈异步风力发电机组主齿轮箱(增速箱)整体更换的成本,使作业流程更加简洁,在WT2000系列风电机组的基础上,设计一种主轴固定工装来临时代替齿轮箱的作用,固定主轴的后端。通过实践探究了WT2000系列风电机组齿轮箱空中更换作业中新的操作工艺和方法。结果表明:所设计工装大大降低了WT2000系列风电机组齿轮箱更换的作业成本(包含吊车成本和时间、人工成本),降低了维修期间的发电量损失。

冷凝器凝液泵齿轮轴断裂原因分析

冷凝器凝液泵齿轮轴在运行过程中断裂,其材质为42CrMo,采用断口分析、力学性能试验、金相组织分析、扫描电镜观察和能谱分析等手段对其断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:介质中的Cl^(-)在齿轮轴表面诱发点蚀,裂纹起源于点蚀坑,点蚀坑处因应力集中而成为疲劳源,当凝液泵高速运转时,泵轴承受着很大的交变载荷,由于材料的强度偏低,泵轴很容易发生疲劳断裂。在疲劳源处产生的微裂纹在交变载荷作用下逐步扩展,使泵轴的有效承载面积不断减少,当其面积达到泵轴剩余承载面积的临界值时,泵轴就会发生断裂。

挖掘机齿轮轴断裂原因

某挖掘机齿轮轴发生断裂,采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、扫描电镜分析以及金相检验等方法对齿轮轴断裂的原因进行分析,结果表明:齿轮轴半径不符合技术要求,半径圆弧不平滑,渗碳层的深度不合格,使应力集中处萌生微裂纹,微裂纹进一步发生疲劳扩展,最终导致齿轮轴断裂。

SGZ1000/2×1200刮板输送机链轮轴组改造设计

链轮轴组是煤矿井下输送设备不可或缺的部件,刮板输送机、转载机的链轮轴组在工作面使用过程中出现故障需要更换时,必须先将输送设备动力部拆下后才可更换,耗费大量的人力、物力及时间。为解决这一问题,设计出一种可快速拆解式的链轮轴组,将链轮轴组与减速器的直接联接方式进行改进,通过一种齿轮联轴器进行互联,既能实现轴组与减速器的联接,也能实现轴组的快速更换。

风电齿轮箱行星轮系齿轮修形研究

前集成式传动链已经成为风电机组的主要技术路线,主轴系对第一级行星轮系耦合影响突出。以某中速永磁风电机组传动链为研究对象,建立了轮毂、主轴系和第一级行星轮系的一体化模型。轮毂中心施加载荷,进行仿真分析,研究了主轴系变形对第一级行星轮系啮合的影响,并进一步开展了齿轮微观修形设计和试验研究。研究显示,本文轮齿的微观修形方案能显著改善第一级行星轮系偏载现象,降低主轴系变形对第一级行星轮系啮合的影响,为风电齿轮箱行星轮系的参数设计和轮齿微观修形提供了参考依据。