The Dynamic Volt-Ampere Characteristics of a Vacuum Arc at Intermediate-Frequency Under a Transverse Magnetic Field

In this study, the changes of a vacuum arc＇s appearance were observed and the volt-ampere characteristics of the vacuum arc at intermediate frequency were analyzed under a transverse magnetic field （TMF）. The TMF and phase shift time were calculated by using the TMF contact model and the large phase shift of the magnetic field at a higher frequency was conductive to the dispersion process of residual plasma. The arc velocity was higher at 800 Hz than at 400 Hz. It can be inferred that TMF will encourage arc movement at 800 Hz. Moreover, the arc movement has an impact on the arc voltage. Because of the increasing length of the arc column with a high arc velocity, the elongated arc causes the arc voltage to increase. Specifically, the volt-ampere characteristics of the vacuum arc are divided into three stages in this paper. The higher the frequency, the greater the initial rate of rise in the arc voltage and the larger the area surrounded by arc volt-ampere characteristics. The correlations between the arc voltage and the amplitude and frequency of the current are also presented.

Motion and Splitting of Vacuum Arc Column in Transverse Magnetic Field Contacts at Intermediate—Frequency

Arc motion and splitting of vacuum arc at intermediate frequency（400-800 Hz） were investigated under transverse magnetic field（TMF）.The experiment was performed on cup-type TMF contacts with contact diameter of 40 mm and a contact gap of 4 mm in a single-frequency circuit.With high-speed photography we characterized the arc appearance at different arc currents from 3.3 kA-rms to 10 kA-rms at intermediate frequencies.As arc current increases from3.3 kA-rms to 10 kA-rms the arc appearance changes obviously.When current value is 3.3 kArms（current frequency 400-800 Hz）,there is almost no splitting arc;when the current exceeds5 kA-rms（current frequency 400-800 Hz）,the arc rotates at a speed above 20 m/s,accompanied by an observable splitting arc.The splitting arc could be observed at different frequencies and the arc-voltage had no noises when splitting occurred.The motion direction and the velocity of arc column were studied.Finally,the formation of a split arc was discussed.

Doppler frequency offset estimation and diversity reception scheme of high-speed railway with multiple antennas on separated carriage

The challenges of severe Doppler effects in high-speed railway are considered. By building a cooperative antenna system; an algorithm of joint channel estimation and Doppler frequency offset （DFO） estimation is proposed based on Ricean channel model. First, a maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） algorithm for DFO is designed, show- ing that the Doppler estimation can be obtained by estimating moving velocity of the train and the path loss with the exploitation of pilots that are placed inside the frame. Then a joint detection algorithm for the receiver is proposed to exploit multi-antenna diversity gains. Last, the theoretical Crammer Rao bound （CRB） for joint channel estimation and DFO estimation is derived. The steady performance of the system is confirmed by numerical simulations. In particular, when the Ricean fading channel parameter equals 5 and the velocities of train are 100 m/s and 150 m/s, the estimation variances of DFO are very close to the theoretical results obtained by using CRB. Meanwhile, the corresponding sig- nal to noise ratio loss is less than 1.5 dB when the bit error rate is 10-5 for 16QAM signals.

Interruption Phenomenon in Intermediate-Frequency Vacuum Arc

In the condition of the 3 mm gap, experiments for 360 Hz intermediate-frequency vacuum arc are carried out in interrupters with the diameters being 41 mm and with the contact materials being CuCr50 and Cu-W-WC alloy respectively. The results indicate that the contacts material is closely related to the breaking capacity of the vacuum interrupters and characteristics of an intermediate-frequency vacuum arc. For contacts with the same diameter, the breaking capacity of CuCr50 is better than that of Cu-W-WC. When the current fails to be interrupted, the arcs overflow the gap and present irregular performances in the first half wave. Consequently a voltage spike appears. More macroscopic metal droplets can be seen in the arc column between CuCr50 contacts because of the lower melting point. It is observed that the droplet emission is much more severe during arc reignition than that in the first half wave. It is much more conspicuous that the high frequency arc voltage noises appear in Cu-W-WC contacts when the vacuum arcs reignite, for higher temperature and stronger electronic emission ability of Cu-W-WC contacts.

Research for the Dynamic Range and Its Extension of Digital Intermediate Frequency Receiver

For the optimization of dynamic range and bandwidth of digital intermediate frequency receiver(DIFR), main factors affecting them and their relationships are studied. Firstly, the DIFR sensitivity, bandwidth, noise factor of radio frequency (RF) analog front-end (RFAF), and processing gain of intermediate frequency(IF) sampling are analyzed. Secondly, the constraint relationship of the noise factor of RFAF, the signal-to-noise ratio of ADC and the dynamic range of DIFR are studied. The relationship between the dynamic range and the RFAF gain, and that of the extended dynamic range and the RF AGC(automatic gain control) step are educed and simulated. These results can be used as theory foundations and design references for the implementation and optimization of the large dynamic range and wideband DIFR.

Properties of intermediate-frequency vacuum arc in sinusoidal curved contact and butt contact

In this report,two new contact structures of a vacuum interrupter with a sinusoidal curved surface are proposed to improve the capability by increasing the surface area.The experimental investigation of vacuum arc at intermediate frequency(360-800 Hz)was conducted and the results were compared with a butt contact with the same contact diameter(41 mm)and the same material.By analyzing the arc behavior,arc voltage characteristics,arc energy,current interrupting capacity,ablation of the anode contact and condensation of the arc products at a 3 mm gap,the differences in their vacuum arc characteristics were determined.The correlations of their arc energy with the amplitude and the frequency of the current were also achieved.Analysis suggests that the ruled curved contact has strong application potentiality because of its low arc energy,low arc voltage noise and arc voltage peak,light ablation on the surface of the anode contact and high interrupting capacity.

ZERO INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY RECEIVER FOR MULTICARRIER MODE OF cdma2000

This paper proposes a novel zero Intermediate Frequency (IF) receiver for Multi-Carrier (MC) Direct-Sequence Code-Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) based on multicar-rier mode of cdma2000 system. The proposed receiver employs direct RF-to-baseband down-conversion, sampling at a rate equal to the bandwidth of the baseband multicarrier signal and complex-valued coefficient FIR filters. This receiver avoids the need for arrays of high Q analog bandpass filters, has a much lower sampling rate half of that of conventional receiver and offers significant savings in hardware implementation. Analytic and simulation results show that the presented receiver performs well for both the AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel.

The Primary Configuration and Formulae of the Intermediate Frequency Bend Machine

In this paper the primary configuration and formulae of design parameters of the intermediate frequency bend machine(  1450)are introduced and the main points of its design are explained.

Analysis of stress and natural frequencies of high-speed spatial parallel mechanism

In order to grasp the dynamic behaviors of 4-UPS-UPU high-speed spatial parallel mechanism, the stress of driving limbs and natural frequencies of parallel mechanism were investigated. Based on flexible multi-body dynamics theory, the dynamics model of 4-UPS-UPU high-speed spatial parallel mechanism without considering geometric nonlinearity was derived. The stress of driving limbs and natural frequencies of 4-UPS-UPU parallel mechanism with specific parameters were analyzed. The relationship between the basic parameters of parallel mechanism and its dynamic behaviors, such as stress of driving limbs and natural frequencies of parallel mechanism, were discussed. The numerical simulation results show that the stress and natural frequencies are relatively sensitive to the section parameters of driving limbs, the characteristic parameters of material on driving limbs, and the mass of moving platform. The researches can provide important theoretical base of the analysis of dynamic behaviors and optimal design for high-speed spatial parallel mechanism.

Development of High-Speed On-Of Valves and Their Applications

With the widespread application of the computer and microelectronic technology in the industry,digitization becomes the inevitable developing trend of the hydraulic technology.Digitization of the hydraulic components is critical in the digital hydraulic technology.High-speed on-of valves(HSVs)which convert a train of input pulses into the fast and accurate switching between the on and of states belong to widely used basic digital hydraulic elements.In some ways,the characteristics of the HSVs determine the performance of the digital hydraulic systems.This paper discusses the development of HSVs and their applications.First,the HSVs with innovative structures which is classifed into direct drive valves and pilot operated valves are discussed,with the emphasis on their performance.Then,an overview of HSVs with intelligent materials is presented with considering of the switching frequency and fow capacity.Finally,the applications of the HSVs are reviewed,including digital hydraulic components with the integration of the HSVs and digital hydraulic systems controlled by the HSVs.

Frequency measurement technique based on frequency conversion

To measure the signals with high freq u ency(>500 MHz),a sampling frequency down conversion method is introduced.This pa per analyzes the intermodulation signals and figures out the relationship betwee n the intermodulation signal and intermediate frequenc y signal.Based on the frequency conversion technology,an exclusion algorithm i s proposed a nd the actual implementation of the algorithm is given.The application resu lts show that the exclusion algorithm can identify the intermodulation signal exactly and eliminate the bad influence on the frequency measurement.

Evaluation and optimization analysis of high-speed rail network structure in Northeast China under the background of northeast revitalization

The construction of high-speed rail(HSR)network has promoted the social-economic ties of cities,accelerated the compression of time and space,and changed the pattern of regional development.In this paper,with the adoption of the operation frequency data of HSR from 12306 website,and based on the HSR connection strength model and social network analysis model,as well as according to the HSR connection strength,HSR network density,centrality,agglomeration subgroup,and other indicators,we analyzed the characteristics of HSR network structure in Northeast China.Results show that the number of HSR cities in Northeast China is small,cities in HSR network generally exhibit weak connectivity,and the existence of HSR network marginalizes cities such as Ulanhot,Baicheng,and Songyuan,which significantly reduce the overall network connectivity of Northeast China.The overall centrality of HSR network in Northeast China is characterized by“one axis,four edges”;specifically,the one axis is located in Harbin-Dalian transportation line and the four edges are located on both sides of the main axis of Harbin-Dalian transportation line.Eight agglomeration subgroups(four double city subgroups and four multi city subgroups)have formed in Northeast China.The core status of Shenyang in HSR network is improved significantly,and“one axis and two wings”HSR network in Liaoning Province is improved significantly.With the gradual expansion of Chaoyang-Fuxin,Dandong-Benxi,and Jilin-Yanji branch networks,the“point axis”HSR network mode in Northeast China has gradually developed and matured.In the future,it is recommended to rely on eight agglomerating subgroups to encrypt HSR network structure,create secondary node central cities,and gradually build a new pattern of opening up in Northeast China.

Deep learning based Doppler frequency offset estimation for 5G-NR downlink in HSR scenario

In the fifth-generation new radio(5G-NR) high-speed railway(HSR) downlink,a deep learning(DL) based Doppler frequency offset(DFO) estimation scheme is proposed by using the back propagation neural network(BPNN).The proposed method mainly includes pre-training,training,and estimation phases,where the pre-training and training belong to the off-line stage,and the estimation is the online stage.To reduce the performance loss caused by the random initialization,the pre-training method is employed to acquire a desirable initialization,which is used as the initial parameters of the training phase.Moreover,the initial DFO estimation is used as input along with the received pilots to further improve the estimation accuracy.Different from the training phase,the initial DFO estimation in pre-training phase is obtained by the data and pilot symbols.Simulation results show that the mean squared error(MSE) performance of the proposed method is better than those of the available algorithms,and it has acceptable computational complexity.

Inter-carrier Interference Analysis for MIMO-OFDM Systems in High-Speed Train Environment

The orthogonality between the subcarriers of multipleinput multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing( MIMO-OFDM) systems is destroyed due to the Doppler frequency offset,particularly in the high-speed train( HST) environment,which leads to severe inter-carrier interference( ICI). Therefore,it is necessary to analyze the mechanism and influence factor of ICI in HST environment. In this paper, by using a non-stationary geometry-based stochastic model( GBSM) for MIMO HST channels, ICI is analyzed through investigating the channel coefficients and the carrier-to-interference power ratio( CIR). It is a fact that most of signal energy spreads on itself and its several neighborhood subcarriers. By investigating the amplitude of subcarriers, CIR is used to evaluate the ICI power level. The simulation results show that the biggest impact factor for the CIR is the multipath number L and the minimum impact factor K; when the train speed υR> 400 km / h,the normalized Doppler frequency offset ε > 0. 35,the CIR tends to zero,and the communication quality will be very poor at this condition. Finally,bit error rate( BER) is investigated by simulating a specific channel environment.

Determination of the shedding frequency of cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet based on high-speed photography images

To accurately determine the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet,the spectral analysis and the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)for high-speed photography images are performed.The spectrums of 6 different kinds of image signals(the area-averaged gray level,the line-averaged gray level,the point gray level,the cavitation length,width,and area)are calculated and compared.The line-averaged gray level is found to be optimal in determining the shedding frequency but an accurate frequency can only be obtained in the stable-frequency zone where the cavitation cloud sheds.In repeated experiments,the plateau-shape distribution of the main frequency is established with a deviation of 10.8%.A revised Reynolds number Re'is defined and the shedding frequency can be correlated to Re'by a power law when the cavitation number is less than 0.02.This relationship is validated by the experimental data in literature.The first mode of the POD characterizes the ensemble-average of the cavitation cloud while the second mode is the major part of the cavitation cloud transient components.The modes 2-5 are organized in pairs,which confirms the periodic feature of the cavitation cloud in the submerged cavitation jet.Near the nozzle exit,the modes 2-5 are symmetrically distributed in the jet shear layer.The shedding frequency of the cloud cavitation can also be precisely determined by performing the spectral analysis of the weighting coefficients of the mode 2.This paper shows that the two parameters,namely,the line-averaged gray level and the weighting coefficients of the mode 2,can be confidently used to calculate the shedding frequency of the cavitation cloud in a submerged cavitation jet.

Linear-in-dB Variable-Gain Downconversion Mixer for Zero Intermediate Frequency Receivers

In-phase/quadrature （I/Q） mismatch is a key problem in zero intermediate frequency （ZIF） receiver architectures. Although integration and careful layout can alleviate I/Q mismatch, circuit and system level calibrations are also needed due to process variations and variable operating conditions. The amplitude im- balance between I/Q channels was calibrated using a modified R-2R ladder to achieve fine linear-in-dB variable gain. A downconversion mixer working in the 2,4-GHz band was developed for a wireless local area network （WLAN） ZIF receiver using 0.25μm complementary metal-oxide semiconductor （CMOS）. The twostage mixer configuration relaxes the tradeoff between noise and linearity. Experimental results verify the fine linear-in-dB variable conversion gain of the mixer, which can also be used as part of an automatic gain control （AGC）loop.

肿瘤治疗电场在肿瘤治疗中的应用和机制研究进展

[背景]肿瘤治疗领域缺乏高效、安全的非侵入式治疗方法.近年来,肿瘤治疗电场(tumor treating fields,TTFields)作为一种新兴的非侵入性物理治疗技术,通过释放中频、低强度的交变电场有效抑制肿瘤生长,引发的副作用较小.[进展]目前TTFields已被广泛应用于各类肿瘤治疗的临床研究中,包括脑胶质瘤、间皮质瘤、非小细胞肺癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、肝癌及胃癌等.TTFields通过向生物分子施加生物物理力,扰乱肿瘤细胞的生物学功能从而抑制其生长,但具体分子机制尚不明确.为研究TTFields在肿瘤治疗中的分子机制,研究人员通过设计和搭建不同电极和交变电场发生平台,在体外研究TTFields对肿瘤细胞的作用机制.研究发现TTFields干扰细胞分裂、DNA修复、自噬、细胞迁移和细胞膜通透性等生物学过程,也影响血脑屏障、血管生成和肿瘤免疫等肿瘤微环境.[展望]本文回顾了近年来TTFields在肿瘤治疗中的应用、用于体外研究的电极设计和电场发生平台,及其潜在的抗肿瘤机制.然而,TTFields抑制肿瘤生长的分子机制仍需深入研究,评估其对能够自我更新的非肿瘤细胞和终端分化细胞的影响,以减少可能的副作用.这些研究将有助于提升TTFields的治疗潜力,为更多恶性肿瘤的治疗开辟新的可能性.

中频真空电弧边缘击穿现象及仿真研究

为深入掌握航空变频(360~800 Hz)电力系统中真空电器电弧特性,该文围绕中频灭弧室弧后发生的边缘击穿现象,以双温磁流体动力学仿真结合实验的研究方法,得到了以下结论:中频真空电弧离子数密度的最大值为2.6×10^(19)m^(-3),离子温度的范围为0.30~0.91eV,电子温度的范围为1.50~2.43 eV;电子与离子之间存在能量交换,电子温度的变化会引起离子温度的变化;最高离子温度出现在阳极触头边缘处,与实验发现的边缘击穿位置重合,证明了此处确实存在能量集中;中频真空电弧是超声速流体,速度在边界处减慢,根据动能热能互换原理,中频真空电弧的质量流运动规律是边缘击穿的本质原因。

中频乳腺治疗仪联合中医药对乳腺腺病干预的效果及对癌变的影响

目的观察中频乳腺治疗仪联合中医药干预对乳腺腺病的治疗效果及对癌变的影响。方法将122例乳腺腺病患者按照随机数字表法分为2组,对照组61例予中医药干预,观察组61例在对照组基础上联合中频乳腺治疗仪治疗。2组均干预3个月。比较2组干预前后肿块硬度评分、健康知识评分及干预后依从性评分、满意度评分,统计肿块缩小一半时间和完全消失时间,比较干预后6个月、1年肿块复发率和乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI-RADS)分级升高率。结果2组干预后肿块硬度评分均较本组干预前降低(P<0.05),且观察组干预后低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组肿块缩小一半时间和完全消失时间均短于对照组(P<0.05)。2组干预后健康知识评分均较本组干预前升高(P<0.05),且观察组干预后均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组干预后6个月、1年肿块复发率和BI-RADS分级升高率均低于对照组同期(P<0.05)。观察组干预后依从性评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组干预后满意度评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论中频乳腺治疗仪联合中医药干预治疗乳腺腺病效果可靠,可促进肿块缩小,提高患者的健康知识水平,降低复发率和癌变风险,提高患者的依从性和满意度。

适用于WLAN接收机的高线性电流模式混频器设计

针对无线局域网接收机对低成本和线性度的定制化需求,设计了一款适用于IEEE 802.11 b/g/n/ax标准WLAN接收机的高线性度电流模式混频器;采用零中频接收机架构,电流模式混频器的电路结构主要包括跨导级放大器,混频开关级和跨阻放大器;通过跨导级两种工作状态的转换和跨阻放大器反馈电阻的两种取值变化实现了混频器的四档增益可调;混频开关级选用双平衡无源混频电路以提供良好的线性度;为了解决零中频接收机存在的直流失调问题,加入了一种电流注入式的直流失调校准电路,进一步提高了混频器的线性度;对跨阻放大器中的跨导运算放大器电路进行优化设计以提高其带宽,使跨阻放大器的输入阻抗足够小以保证混频器的线性度;基于180 nm RF CMOS工艺,对混频器进行仿真:当本振频率为2.4 GHz时,四档增益分别为38、32、27和21 dB,中频带宽可达20 MHz;噪声系数在高增益的情况下为8.46 dB,输入三阶交调点在低增益的情况下可达13.72 dBm;仿真结果表明,在较宽的中频带宽下,电流模式混频器取得了良好的线性度性能,满足WLAN接收机的定制化需求。