Sound Source Localisation for a High-Speed Train and Its Transfer Path to Interior Noise

Noise is one of the key issues in the operation of high-speed railways, with sound source localisation and its transfer path as the two major aspects. This study investigates both the exterior and interior sound source distribution of a high-speed train and presents a method for performing the contribution analysis of airborne sound with regard to the interior noise. First, both exterior and interior sound source locations of the high-speed train are identified through in-situ measurements. Second, the sound source contribution for di erent regions of the train and the relationships between the exterior and interior noises are analysed. Third, a method for conducting the contribution analysis of airborne sound with regard to the interior noise of the high-speed train is described. Lastly, a case study on the sidewall area is carried out, and the contribution of airborne sound to the interior noise of this area is obtained. The results show that, when the high-speed train runs at 310 km/h, dominant exterior sound sources are located in the bogie and pantograph regions, while main interior sound sources are located at the sidewall and roof. The interior noise, the bogie area noise and the sound source at the middle of the coach exhibit very similar rates of increase with increasing train speed. For the selected sidewall area, structure-borne sound dominates in most of the 1/3 octave bands.

A Fast Approach for Predicting Aerodynamic Noise Sources of High-Speed Train Running in Tunnel

The aerodynamic noise of high-speed trains passing through a tunnel has gradually become an important issue.Numerical approaches for predicting the aerodynamic noise sources of high-speed trains running in tunnels are the key to alleviating aerodynamic noise issues.In this paper,two typical numerical methods are used to calculate the aerodynamic noise of high-speed trains.These are the static method combined with non-reflective boundary conditions and the dynamic mesh method combined with adaptive mesh.The fluctuating pressure,flow field and aerodynamic noise source are numerically simulated using the abovemethods.The results showthat the fluctuating pressure,flow field structure and noise source characteristics obtained using different methods,are basically consistent.Compared to the dynamic mesh method,the pressure,vortex size and noise source radiation intensity,obtained by the static method,are larger.The differences are in the tail car and its wake.The two calculation methods show that the spectral characteristics of the surface noise source are consistent.The maximum difference in the sound pressure level is 1.9 dBA.The static method is more efficient and more suitable for engineering applications.

Evaluation of vertical impact factor coefficients for continuous and integral railway bridges under high-speed moving loads

In the railway bridge analysis and design method,dynamic train loads are regarded as static loads enhanced by an impact factor(IF).The IF coefficients for various railway bridges have been reported as a function of span length or frequency of the bridges in Eurocode(2003).However,these IF coefficient values neglect the effects of very high speeds(>200 km/h)and soil-structure interaction(SSI).In this work,a comprehensive study to assess the impact factor coefficients of mid-span vertical displacements for continuous and integral railway bridges subjected to high-speed moving loads is reported.Three different configurations,each for the three-dimensional(3D)continuous and integral bridge,are considered.Also,single-track(1-T)and two-track(2-T)“real train”loading cases for both these bridge types are considered.Subsequently,finite element analysis of the full-scale 3D bridge models,to identify their IF values,considering the effects of SSI for three different soil conditions,is conducted.The IF values obtained from the study for both bridge types are comparable and are greater than the values recommended by Eurocode(2003).The results reveal that with a loss of soil stiffness,the IF value reduces;thus,it confirms the importance of SSI analysis.

Modeling the Underwater Acoustic Field Excited by an Airborne Rapidly Moving Source Using Wavenumber Integration

It is complicated to model the acoustic field in stratified ocean for airborne aircraft,due to high speed of the source and air-to-water sound transmission.To our knowledge,there are very few papers in the open literature dealing with this complicated problem;but,in our opinion,they all require great amount of computation.We now propose a different method that requires much less computation.We improve the wavenumber integration method to model the received temporal signal for a moving source in stratified ocean and sum up in a concise form the core of our paper as follows:(A) Eq.(11) can be calculated by means of fast Chirp Z transform and the signals at all N time points are generated simultaneously;(B) direct numerical evaluation of the wavenumber integral in Eq.(4) produces large numerical errors;so it is necessary to shift the integration slightly below the real axis;(C) we compare the computation cost of direct calculation method with that of our fast calculation method;from the results presented in table 1,we can see that the fast calculation method consumes much less computation time,particularly for long duration signals;(D) for an airborne rapidly moving source,we compute the Doppler-shifted signals in shallow water and analyze their short-time Fourier transform;from Fig.1b,we can see that the received signals have multiple frequency components for a tonal source due to source motion and that each component corresponds to an arrival path.

Finite Element Simulation of Processes Involving Moving Heat Sources. Application to Welding and Surface Treatment

A wide range of welding and surface treatment processes involve the use of a heat source which is moving at a constant speed over the component. The numerical simulation of such processes implies a transient analysis using a very refined mesh in order to follow properly the path of the heat source. The 3D-mesh size can be very large if one consider the welds length or the heat-treated surface size in industrial components. To reduce the computational time to acceptable values, several techniques have been investigated. The first type is to use analytical methods such as Rosenthal equations. The second type of solutions consists in performing a transient analysis using adaptive meshing. But, for a large proportion of the involved processes, practical experience demonstrates the existence of quasi steady state conditions over the major part of the heat source path. Numerical algorithms have therefore been developed to directly compute the steady temperature, metallurgical phase proportion and stress distributions. This paper gives a general overview of the different numerical methods used to simulate welding and surface treatment processes with a special emphasis on the steady state calculation. The benefits and limitations of each of them are discussed and applications are presented.

Blow-up of Solutions to Porous Medium Equations with a Nonlocal Boundary Condition and a Moving Localized Source

This paper is devoted to the blow-up properties of solutions to the porous medium equations with a nonlocal boundary condition and a moving localized source. Conditions for the existence of global or blow-up solutions are obtained. Moreover, we prove that the unique solution has global blow-up property whenever blow-up occurs.

A modified fractional-order thermo-viscoelastic model and its application to a polymer micro-rod heated by a moving heat source

Classical thermo-viscoelastic models may be challenged to predict the precise thermo-mechanical behavior of viscoelastic materials without considering the memorydependent effect.Meanwhile,with the miniaturization of devices,the size-dependent effect on elastic deformation is becoming more and more important.To capture the memory-dependent effect and the size-dependent effect,the present study aims at developing a modified fractional-order thermo-viscoelastic coupling model at the microscale to account for two fundamentally distinct fractional-order models which govern the memory-dependent features of thermal conduction and stress-strain relation,respectively.Then,the modified theory is used to study the dynamic response of a polymer micro-rod heated by a moving heat source.The governing equations are obtained and solved by the Laplace transform method.In calculation,the effects of the fractional-order parameter,the fractional-order strain parameter,the mechanical relaxation parameter,and the nonlocal parameter on the variations of the considered variables are analyzed and discussed in detail.

Numerical modelling of vibration response in loess hills due to a high-speed train on railway viaduct

In order to accurately analyze vibration characteristics and site effects of loess hills under moving load of a highspeed train,four types of loess hill models under railway viaduct was established by ABAQUS of finite element analysis software by field test.The dynamic response and stability of loess hills under two different vibration sources under high-speed train load were studied by using two-dimensional equivalent linear response timehistory analysis,and the influence of the mechanical parameters of loess on the vibration of different types of loess hill was analyzed.Results show that there are obvious differences between peak displacement cloud maps of loess hills under the railway viaduct under gravity and train load action.We analyzed the influence of the change of elastic modulus on vibration propagation of soil of foundation and loess knoll,and found that the change of elastic modulus of soil in different position of foundation has more effect on vibration propagation than that of loess knoll soil.At the same time,the vertical acceleration cloud maps of the four types of loess hills are obviously different.

An investigation into high-speed train interior noise with operational transfer path analysis method

Passengers’demands for riding comfort have been getting higher and higher as the high-speed railway develops.Scientific methods to analyze the interior noise of the high-speed train are needed and the operational transfer path analysis(OTPA)method provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the noise control of the train and overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional method,which has high test efficiency and can be carried out during the working state of the targeted machine.The OTPA model is established from the aspects of“path reference point-target point”and“sound source reference point-target point”.As for the mechanism of the noise transmission path,an assumption is made that the direct sound propagation is ignored,and the symmetric sound source and the symmetric path are merged.Using the operational test data and the OTPA method,combined with the results of spherical array sound source identification,the path contribution and sound source contribution of the interior noise are analyzed,respectively,from aspects of the total value and spectrum.The results show that the OTPA conforms to the calculation results of the spherical array sound source identification.At low speed,the contribution of the floor path and the contribution of the bogie sources are dominant.When the speed is greater than 300 km/h,the contribution of the roof path is dominant.Moreover,for the carriage with a pantograph,the lifted pantograph is an obvious source.The noise from the exterior sources of the train transfer into the interior mainly through the form of structural excitation,and the contribution of air excitation is non-significant.Certain analyses of train parts provide guides for the interior noise control.

Computation of Impact Factor of High-Speed Railway Bridge by KTX Train Riding Test

The design live load of railway is divided into common railway and high-speed railway separately inKorea. Accordingly, the Korean design specification of railway specifies the impact factor for common railway and high-speed railway respectively. The impact factor for high-speed railway is based on Eurocode. Since the impact factor criteria inKoreawere established by adopting those of the Eurocode and without dedicated investigation relying on research results reflecting the domestic circumstances, thorough examination should be implemented on these criteria. Therefore the evaluation of impact factor based on field tests is required. Both dynamic and static vertical displacements are necessary to compute the impact factor. The dynamic response can be obtained from the measurement of deflection of the bridge slab crossed by the firstKoreahigh-speed train (KTX, Korea Train eXpress) running at high-speed. The main difficulties encountered are in obtaining static response because static response corresponds to the response of the bridge when the train remains immobile on the bridge or crosses the bridge at speed slower than5 km/hr. This study introduces the static response derived by applying the moving average method on the dynamic response signal. To that goal, field measurements was conducted under train speeds of5 km/hr and ranging from100 km/hr to300 km/hr on Yeonjae Bridge located in the trial section of the Gyeonbu High-Speed Railway Line before its opening. The validity of the application of the moving average method is verified from comparison of measured static response and derived static response by moving average method. Moreover, evaluation is conducted on the impact factor computed for a bridge crossed by the KTX train running at operational speed.

隧道竖井高度对高速列车火灾烟气输运特性的影响

为研究隧道竖井高度对高速列车火灾烟气输运特性的影响规律,采用带有浮力修正的RNG k-ε双方程模型和体积热源模型,构建隧道高速列车运动火灾数值仿真方法,并通过动模型试验验证数值模拟方法的可靠性。研究结果表明:对于着火列车迫停于竖井上游的火灾场景,竖井高度变化对烟气输运特性的影响主要体现在停车后期;列车停车360 s时,随竖井高度增大,竖井烟囱效应增强,隧道拱顶纵向流速正峰值增大,而隧道拱顶温度峰值呈减小趋势。对于着火列车迫停于竖井下游的火灾场景,竖井烟囱效应以及隧道内活塞风对火灾烟气输运起主导作用;列车停车90 s时,烟气出现逆流现象,随着竖井高度增大,火源上游烟气逆流速度峰值增大,烟气逆流长度先增大后保持不变,当竖井高度由20 m增大至100 m时,火源上游高温烟气逆流至竖井底部所需时间缩短253 s;列车停车360 s时,隧道拱顶处温度峰值的变化规律发生改变,当竖井高度由20 m增大至100 m时,隧道拱顶处温度峰值先增大后减小。

综合移动源排放模型——MOVES

美国环保局发布了新一代移动源排放测算模型MOVES2010,该模型代表着排放模型开发的最新技术和研究方向。文中分析了MOVES的开发背景和系统组成,阐述了模型的基本计算原理和主体框架,从模型结构、输入输出、计算原理和结果等角度对MOVES和目前广泛使用的排放模型MOBILE6进行了对比。

铁路交通荷载作用下的土体移动多源黏弹性边界

黏弹性边界由于可以有效地消除土体边界反射、易与有限元结合等优点,成为结构-土体动力相互作用分析中常用的人工边界。黏弹性边界是基于单源和固体源提出的,然而交通荷载作用下轨枕、路基和桥墩等铁路基础设施振动引发的环境振动属于多源和移动源问题,采用现有的黏弹性边界会产生一定的误差。该研究基于多源及移动源的特点,利用波动方程对既有的黏弹性边界进行修正,提出了移动多源黏弹性边界方程。同时为减小前处理工作量,结合黏弹性本构方程和UMAT子程序构建了移动多源黏弹性边界单元,实现了边界单元材料属性的自动更新,并进行了算例验证。研究结果表明,在多源和移动源作用下,移动多源黏弹性边界和自由边界的计算结果差异基本保持在5%以内,而修正前的黏弹性边界与自由边界的垂向位移最大可相差35%。可以看出,相比于修正前的黏弹性边界,在处理多源和移动源问题时修正后的黏弹性边界具有更高的精度。

电动式换能器:结构、性能及其在声学模拟和校准中的应用与发展趋势

电动式换能器以其小尺寸、超低频、超宽带发射的特点,在舰船辐射噪声模拟、声呐系统校准等领域具有广泛应用。总结了电动式换能器的结构及性能特点,讨论了超低频、超宽带发射的原理,回顾了电动式换能器驱动磁路优化、工作频带拓宽、工作深度提升等相关工作。针对电动式换能器研究中的非线性问题,提出了优化驱动磁路来降低输出力的非线性效应、改善电动式换能器与功率放大器的阻抗匹配以降低波形畸变及谐波失真。对于声腔对换能器性能的影响,可以通过在声腔内充入特性阻抗较小的气体以抑制声源级响应起伏现象。电动式换能器未来的研究应以改善大深度环境下超低频段的声辐射性能、提升连续工作时间及可靠性、降低非线性失真为主要方向。

轮轨滑动磨损对应力和温度影响的研究

列车在启动、制动或通过曲线轨道、长大下坡道时,轮轨之间将出现滑动接触,这种现象在地铁中较为常见。滑动接触引起的磨损对接触区域应力和温度有着显著影响。根据数值计算方法和摩擦传热理论,建立轮轨接触磨损模型和摩擦传热模型,引入与磨损相关的接触应力,采用移动热源模拟轮轨之间的摩擦热,考虑温度对材料参数的影响,研究滑动磨损对应力和温度的影响。结果显示,随着滑动距离的增加,轮轨接触斑面积逐渐变大,接触应力从尖凸状变为扁平状,最大接触应力逐渐减小,接触应力分布趋于均匀。当磨损深度超过0.2 mm时,采用初始接触应力计算得到的轮轨节点温度值要显著高于采用与磨损相关的接触应力计算得到的温度值,并且随着滑动距离的增加,温度之间的差异逐渐变大。滑动接触时刻末,用初始接触应力计算的轮轨接触区域温度场中的最高温度比磨损相关的接触应力计算得到的最高温度分别高113.9℃和61.0℃。研究结果显示,磨损对应力和温度的影响较为显著,在计算应力和摩擦热时应充分考虑磨损对其的影响。

2023中国舞台影视灯光调研分析报告——电脑灯篇

本文根据中国照明学会舞台电影电视照明专业委员会2023年调研情况,对电脑灯的新技术、新产品作了介绍,并对电脑灯行业的产品理念、生产工艺、用户需求、技术发展等发展趋势进行分析。

不同高度移动火源条件下隧道内无烟低温区域预测研究

为了得到隧道内不同高度移动火源火灾烟气的蔓延规律,采用FDS全尺寸数值模拟对隧道内移动火源火灾烟气蔓延全过程进行模拟,之后采用量纲分析的方法,分析无烟低温区域的长度与无量纲火源功率和无量纲火源移动速度之间的函数关系,对数值模拟所得数据进行处理并分析。研究结果表明:火源移动速度越快,低温无烟区长度越长,火源高度越高,低温无烟区的长度越短;低温无烟区长度与无量纲火源功率的1/3次方和无量纲火源移动速度呈非线性关系,并进一步建立隧道火灾无烟低温区长度的预测模型。研究结果可为发生火灾后人员的疏散路径规划、隧道通风系统的设计及优化提供理论支撑。

考虑Gauss移动热源瞬态效应的传热结构拓扑优化

针对热源位置随时间发生变化的结构热传导问题,考虑Gauss移动热源进行瞬态热传导拓扑优化设计.分别以整个时间历程内传热结构散热弱度最小化与区域温度最大值最小化为设计目标,体积分数为约束条件,采用伴随变量法推导目标函数与约束条件的敏度信息,借助移动渐进线法更新设计变量,研究了不同Gauss热源移动路径与移动速度对拓扑优化结果的影响.结果表明,瞬态拓扑结构相较于稳态结果具有明显时变性,同时最佳传热构型受到热源加热时间和移动速度及路径的多重影响.

Influence of ground effect on flow field structure and aerodynamic noise of high-speed trains

The simulation of the ground effect has always been a technical difficulty in wind tunnel tests of high-speed trains.In this paper,large eddy simulation and the curl acoustic integral equation were used to simulate the flow-acoustic field results of high-speed trains under four ground simulation systems(GSSs):“moving ground+rotating wheel”,“stationary ground+rotating wheel”,“moving ground+stationary wheel”,and“stationary ground+stationary wheel”.By comparing the fluid-acoustic field results of the four GSSs,the influence laws of different GSSs on the flow field structure,aero-acoustic source,and far-field radiation noise characteristics were investigated,providing guidance for the acoustic wind tunnel testing of high-speed trains.The calculation results of the aerodynamic noise of a 350 km/h high-speed train show that the moving ground and rotating wheel affect mainly the aero-acoustic performance under the train bottom.The influence of the rotating wheel on the equivalent sound source power of the whole vehicle was not more than 5%,but that of the moving ground slip was more than 15%.The average influence of the rotating wheel on the sound pressure level radiated by the whole vehicle was 0.3 dBA,while that of the moving ground was 1.8 dBA.

小脑在事件相关电位工作任务中的作用

目的分析小脑在事件相关电位工作任务中的作用。方法收集2016年至2020年在开滦总医院参与健康体检的110名志愿者参与完成工作任务范式。应用64导脑电信号采集分析系统,用于采集与预处理事件相关电位。应用Curry7软件进行脑电源分析。结果脑电源分析生成两个移动偶极子,分别命名为P3Ⅰ和P3Ⅱ。最佳偶极子出现在左额下回皮层下部和左额中回。移动偶极子P3Ⅰ呈现激活脑区25次,大脑脑区17次,小脑脑区8次;左侧大脑激活16次,左颞下回9次、左颞上回1次;左侧小脑脑区共激活6次,其中左侧小脑扁桃体5次,左小脑下半月小叶1次;右小脑扁桃体和右小脑下半月小叶各1次。移动偶极子P3bⅡ呈现激活脑区46次,大脑脑区33次,小脑脑区13次;左侧大脑脑区激活16次,左颞上回和下回各2次,左颞中回1次;左侧额下回和中回各2次;右侧大脑脑区激活17次,右舌回和枕下回各5次;左侧小脑5次,左小脑扁桃体、左小脑山顶各2次,左小脑蚓锥体1次;右侧小脑激活8次,右侧小脑扁桃体5次,右侧小脑下半月小叶3次。结论小脑参与了视觉工作记忆认知加工过程,其中小脑后叶是视觉工作记忆认知加工的重要枢纽,承担着重要作用。