Research on the strain gauge mounting scheme of track wheel force measurement system based on high-speed wheel/rail relationship test rig

Purpose-This paper aims to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface and study the optimal strain gauge location for force measurement system of the track wheel.Design/methodology/approach-Finite element method was employed to analyze the stress and strain distribution on the track wheel web surface under varying wheel-rail forces.Locations with minimal coupling interference between vertical and lateral forces were identified as suitable for strain gauge installation.Findings-The results show that due to the track wheel web’s unique curved shape and wheel-rail force loading mechanism,both tensile and compressive states exit on the surface of the web.When vertical force is applied,Mises stress and strain are relatively high near the inner radius of 710 mm and the outer radius of 1110mmof the web.Under lateral force,high Mises stress and strain are observed near the radius of 670mmon the inner and outer sides of the web.As the wheel-rail force application point shifts laterally toward the outer side,the Mises stress and strain near the inner radius of 710 mm of the web gradually decrease under vertical force while gradually increasing near the outer radius of 1110 mm of the web.Under lateral force,the Mises stress and strain on the surface of the web remain relatively unchanged regardless of the wheel-rail force application point.Based on the analysis of stress and strain on the surface of the web under different wheel-rail forces,the inner radius of 870 mm is recommended as the optimal mounting location of strain gauges for measuring vertical force,while the inner radius of 1143 mm is suitable for measuring lateral force.Originality/value-The research findings provide valuable insights for determining optimal strain gauge locations and designing an effective track wheel force measurement system.

Numerical analysis of high‑speed railway slab tracks using calibrated and validated 3D time‑domain modelling

Concrete slabs are widely used in modern railways to increase the inherent resilient quality of the tracks,provide safe and smooth rides,and reduce the maintenance frequency.In this paper,the elastic performance of a novel slab trackform for high-speed railways is investigated using three-dimensional finite element modelling in Abaqus.It is then compared to the performance of a ballasted track.First,slab and ballasted track models are developed to replicate the full-scale testing of track sections.Once the models are calibrated with the experimental results,the novel slab model is developed and compared against the calibrated slab track results.The slab and ballasted track models are then extended to create linear dynamic models,considering the track geodynamics,and simulating train passages at various speeds,for which the Ledsgard documented case was used to validate the models.Trains travelling at low and high speeds are analysed to investigate the track deflections and the wave propagation in the soil,considering the issues associated with critical speeds.Various train loading methods are discussed,and the most practical approach is retained and described.Moreover,correlations are made between the geotechnical parameters of modern high-speed rail and conventional standards.It is found that considering the same ground condition,the slab track deflections are considerably smaller than those of the ballasted track at high speeds,while they show similar behaviour at low speeds.

Beam-track interaction of high-speed railway bridge with ballast track

Based on the construction bridge of Xiamen-Shenzhen high-speed railway(9-32 m simply-supported beam + 6×32 m continuous beam),the pier-beam-track finite element model,where the continuous beam of the ballast track and simply-supported beam are combined with each other,was established.The laws of the track stress,the pier longitudinal stress and the beam-track relative displacement were analyzed.The results show that reducing the longitudinal resistance can effectively reduce the track stress and the pier stress of the continuous beam,and increase the beam-track relative displacement.Increasing the rigid pier stiffness of continuous beam can reduce the track braking stress,increase the pier longitudinal stress and reduce the beam-track relative displacement,Increasing the rigid pier stiffness of simply-supported beam can reduce the track braking stress,the rigid pier longitudinal stress and the beam-track relative displacement.

Analysis theory of spatial vibration of high-speed train and slab track system

The motor and trailer cars of a high-speed train were modeled as a multi-rigid body system with two suspensions. According to structural characteristic of a slab track, a new spatial vibration model of track segment element of the slab track was put forward. The spatial vibration equation set of the high-speed train and slab track system was then established on the basis of the principle of total potential energy with stationary value in elastic system dynamics and the rule of ＂set-in-right-position＂ for formulating system matrices. The equation set was solved by the Wilson-θ direct integration method. The contents mentioned above constitute the analysis theory of spatial vibration of high-speed train and slab track system. The theory was then verified by the high-speed running experiment carried out on the slab track in the Qinghuangdao-Shenyang passenger transport line. The results show that the calculated results agree well with the measured rcsults, such as the calculated lateral and vertical rail displacements are 0.82 mm and 0.9 mm and the measured ones 0.75 mm and 0.93 mm, respectively; the calculated lateral and vertical wheel-rail forces are 8.9 kN and 102.3 kN and the measured ones 8.6 kN and 80.2 kN, respectively. The interpolation method, that is, the lateral finite strip and slab segment element, for slab deformation proposed is of simplification and applicability compared with the traditional plate element method. All of these demonstrate the reliability of the theory proposed.

Dynamic responses of bridge-approach embankment transition section of high-speed rail

Based on the vehicle track coupling dynamics theory, a new spatial dynamic numerical model of vehicle track subgrade coupling system was established considering the interaction among different structural layers in the subgrade system. The dynamic responses of the coupled system were analyzed when the speed of train was 350 km/h and the transition was filled with graded broken stones mixed with 5% cement. The results indicate that the setting form of bridge-approach embankment section has little effect on the dynamic responses, thus designers can choose it on account of the practical circumstances. Because the location about 5 m from the bridge abutment has the greatest deformation, the stiffness within 0 5 m zone behind the abutment should be specially designed. The results of the study from vehicle track dynamics show that the maximum allowable track deflection angle should be 0.09% and the coefficient of subgrade reaction(K30) is greater than 190 MPa within the 0 5 m zone behind the abutment and greater than 150 MPa in other zones.

Multi-point Contact of the High-speed Vehicle-turnout System Dynamics

The wheel-rail contact problems, such as the number, location and the track of contact patches, are very important for optimizing the spatial structure of the rails and lowering the vehicle-turnout system dynamics. However, the above problems are not well solved currently because of having the difficulties in how to determine the multi-contact, to preciously present the changeable profiles of the rails and to establish an accurate spatial turnout system dynamics model. Based on a high-speed vehicle-turnout coupled model in which the track is modeled as flexible with rails and sleepers represented by beams, the line tracing extreme point method is introduced to investigate the wheel-rail multiple contact conditions and the key sections of the blade rail, longer nose rail, shorter rail in the switch and nose rail area are discretized to represent the varying profiles of rails in the turnout. The dynamic interaction between the vehicle and turnout is simulated for cases of the vehicle divergently passing the turnout and the multi-point contact is obtained. The tracks of the contact patches on the top of the rails are presented and the wheel-rail impact forces are offered in comparison with the contact patches transference on the rails. The numerical simulation results indicate that the length of two-point contact occurrence of a worn wheel profile and rails is longer than that of the new wheel profile and rails; The two-point contact definitely occurs in the switch and crossing area. Generally, three-point contact doesn’t occur for the new rail profile, which is testified by the wheel-rails interpolation distance and the first order derivative function of the tracing line extreme points. The presented research is not only helpful to optimize the structure of the turnout, but also useful to lower the dynamics of the high speed vehicle-turnout system.

Minimum Curve Radii for High-Speed Trains, Including the Gyroscopic Moments of the Wheels

This paper studies the title problem including an analysis of the gyroscopic effects of the wheels of a rail-car travelling at high-speed around a level, horizontal curve. The analysis is based upon the fundamental principles of dynamics. The result is a design formula for the minimum curve radius needed to prevent derailment. Aside from the rail car geometric and physical properties, the minimum curve radius depends upon the square the train speed. An illustrative example shows that the wheel gyroscopic effect is destabilizing and additive to the centrifugal force derailment tendency. From a track design perspective, however, the gyroscopic effect is relatively small compared with the centrifugal force effect.

Design theories and maintenance technologies of slab tracks for high-speed railways in China:a review

The durability and reliability of slab track structures are essential for the long-term safety and stable operation of high-speed railways.In order to provide a solid theoretical basis and technical reference for the advancement of high-speed railway quality,this paper comprehensively discusses design theories of slab track structures,service performance evolution and maintenance technologies,and reviews the innovation happening in the industry.On top of that,the damage evolution,fatigue features and durability of slab tracks,which are highly relevant to serviceability,are summarized,and the future research trend of slab track service behaviours is pointed out.In addition,this paper summarizes the rules of establishing standards for damage maintenance,typical solutions for repairing damage and methods of evaluating the maintenance outcomes that combine field tests and numerical simulations.It also envisions a future direction where advanced testing technologies would assist the evaluation of maintenance effects.

Effect of cross-wind on spatial vibration responses of train and track system

By taking cross-wind forces acting on trains into consideration, a dynamic analysis method of the cross-wind and high-speed train and slab track system was proposed on the basis of the analysis theory of spatial vibration of high-speed train and slab track system. The corresponding computer program was written by FORTRAN language. The dynamic responses of the high-speed train and slab track under cross-wind action were calculated. Meanwhile, the effects of the cross-wind on the dynamic responses of the system were also analyzed. The results show that the cross-wind has a significant influence on the lateral and vertical displacement responses of the car body, load reduction factor and overturning factor. For example, the maximum lateral displacement responses of the car body of the first trailer with and without cross-wind forces are 32.10 and 1.60 mm, respectively. The maximum vertical displacement responses of the car body of the first trailer with and without cross-wind forces are 6.60 and 3.29 mm, respectively. The maximum wheel load reduction factors of the first trailer with and without cross-wind forces are 0.43 and 0.22, respectively. The maximum overturning factors of the first trailer with and without cross-wind forces are 0.28 and 0.08, respectively. The cross-wind affects the derailment factor and lateral Sperling factor of the moving train to a certain extent. However, the lateral and vertical displacement responses of rails with the crnss-wind are almost the same as those without the cross-wind. The method presented and the corresponding computer program can be used to calculate the interaction between trains and track in cross-wind.

基于轨道板振动加速度的钢轨振动加速度反演估计与现场验证

为研究高速铁路轨道板与钢轨之间的时空关联规律,提出变分模态-转换器(Variational Mode Decomposition-Transformer, VMD-T)反演模型,该模型通过分解轨道板振动加速度来反演估计钢轨振动加速度.首先,对数据进行预处理并利用双门限法检测振动端点,分离振动信号与静默信号、干扰信号,再将提取后的振动信号整合输入到VMD-T模型.其次,利用VMD模型将轨道板振动加速度数据分解成一系列不同的子模态,并网格遍历搜索与钢轨振动加速度相关系数最大的子模态,以降低原始数据的复杂度以及非平稳性,提升Transformer模型的特征抽取能力.然后,通过Transformer模型对搜索出的轨道板振动加速度子模态与钢轨振动加速度数据进行反演估计训练.最后,将该模型应用于某城际高速铁路轨道板与钢轨实测振动加速度数据反演估计试验.现场高铁试验结果表明:与单一Transformer模型相比,VMD-T模型均方根误差(RootMean Squared Error, RMSE)、绝对平均误差(Mean Absolute Error, MAE)及决定系数(R2_score)分别提升近20%、11%及48.1%,特征学习能力更强,反演估计效果更佳,初步实现钢轨垂向振动加速度幅值非接触式监测估计.

城市轨道交通浮置板轨道纵向联板的动力效应分析

城市轨道交通浮置板轨道纵向联结处存在薄弱环节,轨道设计时对板与板纵向联结的动态效应考虑不足。通过引入等效密度及等效地基系数的方法对钢弹簧浮置板轨道系统板下基础进行合理的模型简化,建立了预制式和现浇式浮置板系统振动特性三维有限元分析模型,充分考虑了钢轨、剪力铰和板下基础对浮置板结构振动特性的影响,研究了浮置板轨道系统模态与谐响应特性,分析了浮置板纵向联结处的动力效应特性。结果表明:浮置板轨道在1~200 Hz低频段的模态振型变化主要表现为四种运动方式:刚体运动、弯曲、弯扭组合和扭转;对于预制板轨道系统,浮置板主导整个系统的振动特性表现的频段在系统模态分析和谐响应分析中表现出一致的规律;对于现浇板轨道系统,当频率为32.6~57.8 Hz时,浮置板对系统振动特性的主导作用弱化,表现为过渡频段;浮置板联板动力效应产生的低阶弯曲模态在预制板系统中表现为刚体运动模态;对于由Ns块板组成的浮置板系统,联板效应引起的单块板每阶弯曲模态频率附近的附加模态数为N_(s)/2-1。

随机轮轨动态激励对钢弹簧浮置板轨道减振性能影响分析

为分析随机轮轨不平顺对钢弹簧浮置板轨道减振性能影响,该文采用随机模拟的方法,研究了不同轨道不平顺状态下随机车轮不圆顺在浮置板轨道插入损失评估结果方面的随机特性,以及轨道不平顺发展对插入损失评价结果的影响。研究结果表明:不同轨道不平顺状态下,随机车轮不圆顺作用下隧道壁最大Z振级的插入损失离散超过10 dB,且随着轨道不平顺的发展,插入损失的样本均值和标准差均明显减小;分频插入损失统计结果显示,轨道不平顺的发展对频率低于6.3 Hz的插入损失影响更加显著,对于20 Hz以上频段的统计均值的影响并不明显。

惯性增强动力吸振器-浮置板轨道低频减振性能研究

浮置板轨道(floating slab track, FST)对低频车轨耦合振动具有放大作用,由此引起的低频环境振动难以解决。引入惯性增强动力吸振系统(inerter enhanced dynamic vibration absorber, IDVA),提出带有IDVA的FST,即FST-IDVA,以减小列车移动荷载下的低频振动影响。理论分析给出浮置板轨道结构等效单自由度系统;考虑轮轨激励随机性,应用H_(2)优化理论给出IDVA的设计参数理论解;开发一种Matlab-Ansys联合仿真技术,应用该技术计算8编组列车运行过程中的车轨耦合动力响应。对比无动力吸振器和普通动力吸振器,验证惯性增强动力吸振器对浮置板轨道低频振动的抑制性能。研究结果表明,移动车辆荷载作用下,应用惯性增强动力吸振器后,FST板在其基频处加速度响应、钢弹簧支反力、单块板传往基础的合力均得到有效减小。惯容器的动态质量效果使吸振器与FST之间的相对位移减小大于50%。该技术可在浮置板轨道有限空间内实现更好的低频减振性能。

钢弹簧浮置板浸水条件下的减振效果

[目的]针对浮置板浸水后的减振效果问题,有必要研究运营条件下列车运行速度、钢弹簧隔振器刚度对减振效果的影响。[方法]基于流固耦合理论,建立了包含浸水钢弹簧浮置板与隧道在内的浮置板-浸水-隧道流固耦合振动模型,通过实测数据验证了所提模型的准确性;分析浸水浮置板在列车荷载作用下,隔振器刚度和列车运行速度对其减振效果的影响。[结果及结论]钢弹簧浮置板浸水工况下,隔振器刚度和列车运行速度的变化主要影响隧道壁振动级的幅值,对主频分布影响较小。当钢弹簧隔振器刚度越大或列车运行速度越高时,浮置板在发生浸水时的减振效果降低越明显。当浸水深度从80 mm增加至160 mm以上(即浸水达到浮置板板侧空间高度的1/4~1/2)时,隧道壁最大Z振级幅值会增大10%以上。在浸水浮置板工况下,列车运行速度从80 km/h降低至40 km/h时,隧道壁振动级最大降低约8%,但仍大于无浸水工况时的隧道壁振动级。当浸水高度超过板侧空间高度1/2以上时,无论是降低隔振器刚度或降低列车运行速度,均对减振效果的提升作用有限。

考虑剪力铰与钢弹簧变刚度下浮置板轨道减振特性研究

针对浮置板轨道中浮置板端部位移偏大的问题,研究剪力铰设置与钢弹簧变刚度两种方式对浮置轨道位移的改善效果。将剪力铰简化为剪切弹簧阻尼单元,根据浮置板挠度分布及钢弹簧间距调整浮置板下钢弹簧刚度,基于振型叠加法和龙格-库塔法数值计算研究不同剪力铰刚度与钢弹簧刚度下浮置板轨道的减振特性。研究表明,设置剪力铰可以有效减少浮置板端部的位移差,但主要对端部3 m左右范围内的浮置板位移改善较为有效,剪力铰刚度并非越大越好,刚度取值应使浮置板和钢轨的位移波动幅度尽可能小。在钢弹簧总刚度不变的前提下,根据浮置板挠度分布调节钢弹簧刚度对浮置板位移和端部位移差的改善效果不大,但可以有效减少钢轨位移及其波动幅度,且长型浮置板轨道下的减振效果更好。适当扩大钢弹簧间距从而增大弹簧刚度可以改善浮置板轨道的位移响应,但间距过大时浮置板位移会出现剧烈波动。研究可为浮置板轨道的减振设计提供一定参考。

地铁曲线地段钢弹簧浮置板轨道钢轨波磨成因及控制方法

随着地铁列车行驶速度与行车密度不断提高,越来越多的线路出现了钢轨波磨现象,引起了严重的环境振动噪声问题。为研究曲线地段钢弹簧浮置板轨道钢轨波磨的成因,对某地铁线路钢轨波磨情况以及轨道动力响应进行了现场测试,建立曲线地段轮对-钢弹簧浮置板轨道系统有限元模型,探究轮轨间摩擦系数、扣件刚度以及隔振器垂向刚度对钢轨波磨的抑制作用。结果表明,钢弹簧浮置板曲线地段波磨波长为30~50 mm,列车通过该波磨区间时会引起416~694 Hz的振动;轮轨系统位于曲线地段时的不稳定振动主要发生在内轮与内轨之间,导致内轨产生更为严重的钢轨波磨,412.56 Hz的不稳定振动是引起钢弹簧浮置板地段产生钢轨波磨的重要原因;随着曲线半径减小,钢轨波磨产生的可能性增大,特别是列车通过半径小于600 m的曲线时,轮轨间摩擦自激振动十分容易发生;降低轮轨间摩擦系数、增大扣件刚度与隔振器垂向刚度均可有效降低轮轨系统发生自激振动的趋势,从而抑制钢轨波磨的产生与发展;考虑轨道结构减振的需求以及负阻尼比的增长幅度,应优先选择增大扣件刚度的措施来抑制钢轨波磨的产生与发展。

Dynamic analysis of a high-speed train operating on a curved track with failed fasteners

A high-speed train-track coupling dynamic model is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of a high-speed train operating on a curved track with failed fasteners. The model considers a high-speed train consisting of eight vehicles coupled with a ballasted track. The vehicle is modeled as a multi-body system, and the rail is modeled with a Timoshenko beam resting on the discrete sleepers. The vehicle model considers the effect of the end connections of the neighboring vehicles on the dynamic behavior. The track model takes into account the lateral, vertical, and torsional deformations of the rails and the effect of the discrete sleeper support on the coupling dynamics of the vehicles and the track. The sleepers are assumed to move backward at a constant speed to simulate the vehicle running along the track at the same speed. The train model couples with the track model by using a Hertzian contact model for the wheel/rail normal force calculation, and the nonlinear creep theory by Shen et al. (1984) is used for wheel/rail tangent force calculation. In the analysis, a curved track of 7000-m radius with failed fasteners is selected, and the effects of train operational speed and the number of failed fasteners on the dynamic behaviors of the train and the track are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the wheel/rail forces and derailment coefficient and the wheelset loading reduction are analyzed when the high-speed train passes over the curved track with the different number of continuously failed fasteners at different operational speeds. Through the detailed numerical analysis, it is found that the high-speed train can operate normally on the curved track of 7000-m radius at the speeds of 200 km/h to 350 km/h.

地铁工程减振垫浮置板无砟道床施工技术研究

随着当今社会经济的发展,人们对在市区内安全且高效的出行方式需求逐渐增大,为缓解城市交通压力,满足人们日常出行,各大城市在地铁建设方面加大了建设力度。为更好打造舒适环保型地铁,广大设计人员在减振降噪方面做出较大努力,将地铁对居民生活影响降到最低。结合青岛地铁4号线减振垫整体道床施工,从施工工法流程方面着手,采用轨排架轨法施工,是目前应用较广泛,减振等级高的减振道床之一,总结一套行之有效的工艺流程,解决关键控制技术,是广大建设人员共同的目标。

城市轨道交通装配式轨道板自密实混凝土施工质量影响因素分析

[目的]针对地铁施工空间狭窄、装配式轨道板道床施工质量难控制、自密实混凝土施工质量要求高等问题,通过现场试验方式,分析自密实混凝土施工质量的影响因素。[方法]通过试验分析了不同配合比、施工工装、施工技术、混凝土运输时长和施工环境等对自密实混凝土质量的影响。[结果及结论]自密实混凝土配合比黏度改性剂用量宜为30 kg/m 3,砂率控制在50%左右,粉煤灰用量控制在15%~25%;观察孔灌注高度宜保持在20~30 cm,宜采用“慢-快-慢”的灌注工艺,灌注时间宜为3 min以上;灌注漏斗材料宜采用2 mm以上钢板材质;中转料斗宜采用闸刀阀门。

城市轨道交通预制轨道板尺寸与线路线型适应性研究

[目的]通过研究预制轨道板尺寸与线路线型的适应性关系,并根据相应的限制条件提出合理的预制板尺寸,为预制轨道板的工程设计及标准化提供依据。[方法]依据预制轨道板通过以直代曲和扣件横向调整实现平面曲线线型,通过扣件竖向调整以实现缓和曲线及竖曲线线型的施工,由几何关系得到扣件横向允许调整量和竖向允许调整量与板长的关系表达式。通过几何关系,根据板缝的允许值得出预制板长度与宽度间的关系表达式。[结果及结论]研究表明,轨道板长度限值与扣件横向允许调整量及扣件竖向允许调整量关系密切,线型不是预制板宽度的限制因素。建议扣件横向允许调整量取值2 mm,竖向允许调整量取值15 mm;建议同一条线预制板长度的规格不大于两种,当线路曲线半径R≥950 m时采用长度为5.9 m板,当300 m≤R<950 m时采用长度为3.5 m板,当R<300 m时采用横向大调整量扣件。