High-speed penetration of ogive-nose projectiles into thick concrete targets:Tests and a projectile nose evolution model

The majority of the projectiles used in the hypersonic penetration study are solid flat-nosed cylindrical projectiles with a diameter of less than 20 mm.This study aims to fill the gap in the experimental and analytical study of the evolution of the nose shape of larger hollow projectiles under hypersonic penetration.In the hypersonic penetration test,eight ogive-nose AerMet100 steel projectiles with a diameter of 40 mm were launched to hit concrete targets with impact velocities that ranged from 1351 to 1877 m/s.Severe erosion of the projectiles was observed during high-speed penetration of heterogeneous targets,and apparent localized mushrooming occurred in the front nose of recovered projectiles.By examining the damage to projectiles,a linear relationship was found between the relative length reduction rate and the initial kinetic energy of projectiles in different penetration tests.Furthermore,microscopic analysis revealed the forming mechanism of the localized mushrooming phenomenon for eroding penetration,i.e.,material spall erosion abrasion mechanism,material flow and redistribution abrasion mechanism and localized radial upsetting deformation mechanism.Finally,a model of highspeed penetration that included erosion was established on the basis of a model of the evolution of the projectile nose that considers radial upsetting;the model was validated by test data from the literature and the present study.Depending upon the impact velocity,v0,the projectile nose may behave as undistorted,radially distorted or hemispherical.Due to the effects of abrasion of the projectile and enhancement of radial upsetting on the duration and amplitude of the secondary rising segment in the pulse shape of projectile deceleration,the predicted DOP had an upper limit.

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅰ: Engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nosed projectiles

The mass loss and nose blunting of a projectile during high-speed deep penetration into concrete target may cause structural destruction and ballistic trajectory instability of the penetrator,obviously reducing the penetration efficiency of penetrator.Provided that the work of friction between projectile and target is totally transformed into the heat to melt penetrator material at its nose surface,an engineering model is established for the mass loss and nose-blunting of the ogive-nosed projectile.A dimensionless formula for the relative mass loss of projectile is obtained by introducing the dimensionless impact function I and geometry function N of the projectile.The critical value V c0of the initial striking velocity is formulated,and the mass loss of projectile tends to increase weakly nonlinearly with I/N when V0〉V c0,whilst the mass loss is proportional to the initial kinetic energy of projectile when V0

Stability analyses of the mass abrasive projectile high-speed penetrating into concrete target. Part Ⅱ: Structural stability analyses

The initial oblique and attacking angles as well as the asymmetrical nose abrasion may lead to bending or even fracture of a projectile,and the penetration efficiency decreases distinctly.The structural stability of a high-speed projectile non-normally penetrating into concrete and the parametric influences involved are analyzed with the mass abrasion taken into account.By considering the symmetrical or asymmetrical nose abrasion as well as the initial oblique and attacking angles,both the axial and the transverse drag forces acting on the projectile are derived.Based on the ideal elastic-plastic yield criterion,an approach is proposed for predicting the limit striking velocity（LSV）that is the highest velocity at which no yielding failure has occurred and the projectile can still maintain its integral structural stability.Furthermore,some particular penetration scenarios are separately discussed in detail.Based on the engineering model for the mass loss and nose-blunting of ogive-nose projectiles established in Part I of this study,the above approach is validated by several high-speed penetration tests.The analysis on parametric influences indicates that the LSV is reduced with an increase in the asymmetrical nose abrasion,thelength-diameter-ratio,and the concrete strength,as well as the oblique and attacking angles.Also,the LSV raises with an increase in the initial caliber-radius-head（CRH）and the dimensionless cartridge thickness of a projectile.

Method of ballistic control and projectile rotation in a novel railgun

In order to realize the ballistic control of the railgun and the flight stability of the projectile, a new type of railgun is designed, which can control the muzzle velocity and rotation rate. The method of the muzzle velocity and overload control is to adjust the voltage or other parameters of pulse power supply. It would be easy to change velocity accurately in large wide. Another widespread concern problem is launching the spinning stability projectile by railgun. This paper designed a new structure of additional rails to generate an unsymmetrical magnetic field to produce rotational torque in armature. The structure is simple and can control the rotation rate by linear changing the barrel parameters. The calculation formulas of interior ballistic are derived by Biot-Safar law. The important parameter is the deflection angle of the additional rails relative to the symmetry plane of main rail. The larger the angle, the greater the rotation torque generated in the armature. To maintain the flight stability of the projectile, the barrel structural parameters should be proportional to the projectile structural parameters. When changing the muzzle velocity, the rotation rate will also be the equal proportion change. So that the gyro stability is the same. The experiment proves that the railgun designed in this paper can launch the projectile to rotate. And the rotational projectile may not cause the transition or much arcs. This method expands the application of the railgun.

Novel scheme of high precision inertial measurement for high-speed rotating carriers

In order to satisfy the requirement of high precision measurement in a high dynamic environment, a kind of gyro aided multi-accelerometer inertial measurement unit （GAMA-IMU） with six accelerometers and two gyros （6A2G） was proposed in this paper. The available configurations have the problem of low measurement precision In a high dynamic environment due to channel coupling. The three channels were decoupled when calculating the angular velocity in the proposed configuration. The yawing and pitching angular velocity were directly measured by gyros, while only the rolling angular velocity was obtained by the GAMA-IMU indirectly from the rolling angular acceleration and quadratic component of rolling angular velocity. Then a single channel rolling angular velocity calculation model was established and the extended Kalman filter （EKF） was used to do state esti- mation. Simulations were carried out and results indicated that the calculation precision of the proposed 6A2G configuration could meet the demand of high precision measurement for a high-speed rotating carrier.

Model of Rotation Accuracy of High-Speed Spindles on Ball Bearings

For the purpose to improve a design quality of high-speed spindle units, we have developed mathematical models and software to simulate a rotation accuracy of spindles running on ball bearings. In order to better understand the mechanics of ball bearings, the dynamic interaction of ball bearings and spindle unit, and the influence of the bearing imperfections on the spindle rotation accuracy, we have carried out computer aided analysis and experimental studies. When doing this, we have found that the spindle rotation accuracy can vary drastically with rotational speed. The influence of bearing preload has a secondary importance. Comparison of the results of these studies has demonstrated adequacy of the models developed to the real spindle units.

Research on dynamic stabilityrotational speed range of rolling projectiles with different characteristics

Traditional dynamic stability analyses of the rolling projectiles are mainly based on solving the systems＇ transfer functions or angular motion＇ s homogeneous equations to obtain their charac- teristic roots. The solving processes of these methods are complex and lacking further analysis of the results. To solve this problem, Routh stability criterion is introduced to determine the stability of rolling missiles based on the transfer function model, and an important advantage of this method is that it is unnecessary to solve the system＇ s characteristic equation. Rotational speed ranges satisfy- ing the dynamic stability of rolling projectiles with four different characteristics are acquired, and the correctness of analysis results is verified by computing the system＇ s root locus. The analysis results show that the relation between stability and rotational speed for static stable missiles is opposite to that for spin-stabilized projectiles, and the relative size of gyroscopic effect and Magnus effect has an extremely important influence on the trend of the stability of the system with increasing rotational speed.

Real-time measurement of high rotational projectile axial acceleration based on 2-axis acceleration sensor

The real-time measurement principle of high rotational projectile＇s angular velocity based on 2-axis acceleration sensor and the axial acceleration measurement error caused by the installation error are discussed.The 2-axis acceleration sensor is applied to measure the high rotational projectile＇s angular velocity and the measurement value of axial acceleration,the axial acceleration of the high rotational projectile equals the measurement value of axial acceleration subtracting the centrifugal acceleration component,so that the high-accuracy real-time measurement of axial acceleration is realized.The memory test has confirmed the strike tally of the theoretical analysis and the test result.The measurement technique can satisfy the high-accuracy measurement of the high rotational projectile axial acceleration in the self-determination course correction fuze projectile.

Method of measuring rotation speed of high spinning projectile based on plane magnetic induction coil

For the test of rotation speed of high spinning projectile, the general formula of the motional electromotive force （MEMF） of planar magnetic induction coil （PMIC） is derived in case of 3D rotation in a stable magnetic field. Under a reasona-ble assumption, the MEMF of PMIC is simplified after the aforementioned general formula is used to calculate high spinning PMIC in the geomagnetic field environment. The determination approach of half-cycle is discussed and the method of rotation speed test is studied, and a test is conducted in the paper. The rotation speed curve obtained by the approach in this paper is consistent with the curve by telemetry.

Influence of yawing force frequency on angular motion and ballistic characteristics of a dual-spin projectile

A roll-decoupled course correction fuze with canards can improve the hit accuracy of conventional unguided ammunitions. The fuze increases accuracy by reducing the effect of angular and translational motion produced by the cyclical yawing forces applied on the projectile. In order to investigate the influence of yawing forces on angular motion, a theoretical solution of the total yaw angle function with the cyclical yawing forces is deduced utilizing the 7 degrees of freedom(7-DOF) model designed for this calculation. Furthermore, a detailed simulation is carried out to determine the influence rules of yawing force on angular motion. The calculated results illustrate that, when the rotational speed of the forward part is close to the initial turning rate, the total yaw angle increases and the flight range decreases sharply. Moreover, a yawing force at an appropriate frequency is able to correct the gun azimuth and elevation perturbation to some extent.

Numerical Simulations of Snow Accumulation in the Bogie Region of a Train Considering Snow Particle Rotation

To investigate the influence of snow particle rotational motion on the accumulation of snow in the bogie region of high-speed trains,an Euler‒Lagrange numerical approach is adopted.The study examines the effects of snow particle diameter and train speed on the ensuing dynamics.It is shown that considering snow particle rotational motion causes significant deviation in the particle trajectories with respect to non-rotating particles.Such a deviation increases with larger snow particle diameters and higher train speeds.The snow accumulation on the overall surface of the bogie increases,and the amount of snow on the vibration reduction device varies greatly.In certain conditions,the amount of accumulated snow can increase by several orders of magnitudes.

A mass abrasion model with the melting and cutting mechanisms during high-speed projectile penetration into concrete slabs

In this study,ogive-nose projectile penetration into concrete slabs was tested at initial projectile impact velocities ranging from 1325.0 m/s to 1425.0 m/s.The depth of penetration and mass loss of the projectiles were measured,and the residual projectiles were recovered after the penetration tests.Scanning electron microscopy and metallographic microscopy of the microstructures were performed on various sections and outer surfaces of the projectiles taken from different locations of the residual projectiles,to analyze the intrinsic mechanisms of mass abrasion.The analysis results reveal that,during high-speed projectile penetration,projectile abrasion is caused by multiple mechanisms.Based on the cavity expansion theory,a projectile penetration model was established by considering the two main mass loss mechanisms observed in the microscopic tests.The theoretical predictions of the penetration depth,mass loss rate,and change of projectile head are consistent with the experimental results obtained both in this study and previous research.

旋转稳定弹动力学弹道特性分析

不同弹箭的飞行弹道特性对指导外弹道设计、构建一些弹道判据等有重要意义.文章基于弹箭飞行动力学方程组及合理简化,对旋转稳定弹飞行弹道上的质心加速度变化、旋转角加速度变化等动力学弹道环境特性状况,以及旋转圈数同飞行距离的关系等进行了研究,分析得出了它们沿飞行弹道上的变化规律,并建立了相关关系表达式和判据.对两种型号的旋转稳定弹进行外弹道仿真计算,验证了结论的正确性.这些空气弹道特性的研究结果,将对今后开展一些新型弹箭方案研究、弹药信息化利用、控制飞行与安全性设计等提供技术支持.

基于AFCKF的捷联旋转弹视线角速率滤波算法

针对捷联旋转弹输出的视线角速率与姿态误差强耦合的问题,提出一种基于自适应渐消容积卡尔曼滤波(AFCKF)的方法。为实现弹目视线角速率的解耦,考虑弹目相对运动特性,构建包含末制导段视线角速率估计模型的状态模型,并根据几何关系建立了包含弹目视线角和姿态角的量测模型。为解决旋转弹下传统CKF视线角速率估计结果的发散导致滤波失效,引入基于残差序列的渐消因子对预测状态协方差进行调节以快速收敛估计结果。为验证AFCKF的有效性,考虑姿态角和量测角的典型干扰。仿真结果表明,所提方法的视线高低角速率估计误差均值、方位角速率估计误差均值分别为传统EKF的30.41%和42.18%,有效提升了旋转弹视线角速率估计的精度。

Influence of ground effect on flow field structure and aerodynamic noise of high-speed trains

The simulation of the ground effect has always been a technical difficulty in wind tunnel tests of high-speed trains.In this paper,large eddy simulation and the curl acoustic integral equation were used to simulate the flow-acoustic field results of high-speed trains under four ground simulation systems(GSSs):“moving ground+rotating wheel”,“stationary ground+rotating wheel”,“moving ground+stationary wheel”,and“stationary ground+stationary wheel”.By comparing the fluid-acoustic field results of the four GSSs,the influence laws of different GSSs on the flow field structure,aero-acoustic source,and far-field radiation noise characteristics were investigated,providing guidance for the acoustic wind tunnel testing of high-speed trains.The calculation results of the aerodynamic noise of a 350 km/h high-speed train show that the moving ground and rotating wheel affect mainly the aero-acoustic performance under the train bottom.The influence of the rotating wheel on the equivalent sound source power of the whole vehicle was not more than 5%,but that of the moving ground slip was more than 15%.The average influence of the rotating wheel on the sound pressure level radiated by the whole vehicle was 0.3 dBA,while that of the moving ground was 1.8 dBA.

刻槽弹体旋转侵彻铝靶试验与数值模拟

为研究刻槽弹体旋转侵彻作用性能,分析了刻槽弹体旋转侵彻作用过程,在着靶速度400~700m/s范围对刻槽弹体和卵形弹体旋转侵彻铝靶进行了试验研究,利用LS-DYNA动力学软件对刻槽弹体和卵形弹体旋转侵彻过程进行了数值仿真,仿真和试验结果吻合较好,表明仿真方法及材料模型的适用性。进行了着靶速度300~700m/s,转速0~1 500r/s条件下的仿真试验。仿真结果表明,旋转对刻槽弹体侵深具有很大的影响,在弹体转速和着靶速度达到合理匹配时,旋转的刻槽弹体可以有效地提高弹体的侵深。

利用转速测试弹丸炮口速度的方法研究

介绍了一种利用转速测试弹丸炮口速度的方法。地磁传感器与测试电路安装在弹丸或引信里,当弹丸发射、地磁传感器的线圈随弹丸旋转时,线圈切割磁力线而产生周期性感应电动势。测试电路采集到感应电动势信号并存储于电路内部的存储器里。在实弹测试回收测试电路后读取存储器里的数据,可以得到弹丸在炮口处的转速值,结合火炮的炮口缠度可以计量或计算出弹丸在炮口的初速值。经过实弹测试验证,该测试方法可测量炮口处弹丸的速度。

刻槽弹体旋转侵彻混凝土效应试验研究

为研究刻槽弹体旋转侵彻混凝土靶的侵彻性能,利用14.5 mm滑膛枪发射平台,进行了非旋转的卵形弹体与刻槽弹体侵彻砂浆混凝土靶试验研究,同时利用14.5 mm线膛枪发射平台,进行了旋转的卵形弹体和刻槽弹体侵彻砂浆混凝土靶和石灰石混凝土靶试验研究。两种发射平台对比试验结果表明:采用卵形弹体头部刻槽和旋转侵彻的方法,使对混凝土目标的破坏从单一的挤压破坏变为挤压与环向剪切联合作用的破坏模式,达到了减少轴向阻力和提高侵彻威力的作用;相比于砂浆混凝土靶,石灰石混凝土靶具有较强的抗侵彻能力。

滑翔增程弹滑翔弹道设计

在滑翔段上采用法向加速度等于零和升阻比最大两种方式进行滑翔弹道设计,导出俯仰舵偏角和平衡攻角的表达式,得到滑翔射程的一般关系式,分析了决定制导炮弹射程的主要因素。仿真结果表明,采用这两种方式设计的滑翔弹道各有特点,在工程实现中可以根据不同的使用要求和实际情况进行选择。

弹道修正弹滚转角辨识系统模型与误差分析

建立了航用弹道修正弹滚转角辨识系统数学模型,利用向弹上引信装定的初始信息及磁阻传感器探测到的地磁信息,使用滚转角解算算法求出滚转角。对理想弹道条件下的误差进行分析并通过实例进行仿真,验证该滚转角辨识系统可有效辨识出弹体滚转角,在给定条件下能达到较高精度,误差基本在弹丸实际使用的允许范围之内。