Promoting grain production through high-standard farmland construction:Evidence in China

Food security is a strategic priority for a country’s economic development.In China,high-standard farmland construction(HSFC)is an important initiative to stabilize grain production and increase grain production capacity.Based on panel data from 31 sample provinces,autonomous regions,and municipalities in China from 2005–2017,this study explored the impact of HSFC on grain yield using the difference-in-differences(DID)method.The results showed that HSFC significantly increased total grain production,which is robust to various checks.HSFC increased grain yield through three potential mechanisms.First,it could increase the grain replanting index.Second,it could effectively reduce yield loss due to droughts and floods.Last,HSFC could strengthen the cultivated land by renovating the low-and medium-yielding fields.Heterogeneity analysis found that the HSFC farmland showed a significant increase in grain yield only in the main grain-producing areas and balanced areas.In addition,HSFC significantly increased the yields of rice,wheat,and maize while leading to a reduction in soybean yields.The findings suggest the government should continue to promote HSFC,improve construction standards,and strictly control the“non-agriculturalization”and“non-coordination”of farmland to increase grain production further.At the same time,market mechanisms should be used to incentivize soybean farming,improve returns and stabilize soybean yields.

Assessment of High-standard Farmland Construction Effectiveness in Liaoning Province During 2011–2015

At present, the large-scale construction of high-standard farmland in China has improved the quality of cropland and crop production and enhanced the eco-environmental security. To obtain a comprehensive understanding of high-standard farmland construction in Liaoning Province of China during the 12 th five-year period(2011–2015), through on-the-spot investigations and remote sensing monitoring, this study assessed the construction effectiveness of ten typical sampling projects in Liaoning Province and then presented practical suggestions. The main conclusions were as follows. 1) The ranges of increase in productivity of the ten sampling projects in Liaoning Province all surpassed the goal of 1500 kg/ha. 2) Among all sampling project areas, the levels of productivity stability of nine sampling projects were higher than that of the surrounding farmland in a severe drought year. However, the productivity stability of the high-standard farmland construction project in Faku County, Yiniupu Town, declined by 1.04% compared with the surrounding farmland. 3) Except for the high-standard farmland construction project in Dengta City, Dengta Irrigation Region, the productivity uniformity of the other nine sampling projects increased by 3.30%–88.10%. 4) Eight of the ten sampling projects belonged to Class 1, and two projects belonged to Class 2, showing that the effectiveness of high-standard farmland construction in Liaoning Province was quite good.There were some suggestions for high-standard farmland construction in the future. All departments should strengthen cooperation and formulate corresponding protection and development strategies suitable for local conditions. Additionally, lasting management mechanisms should also be established. Using remote sensing monitoring to assess the high-standard farmland construction effectiveness during the 12 th five-year period could provide experience and decision-making support for high-standard farmland construction in the future.

Arrangement of High-standard Basic Farmland Construction Based on Village-region Cultivated Land Quality Uniformity

As an important constitute of land consolidation, high-standard basic farmland construction is an important means to protect the quantity, quality and ecological environment of cultivated land. Its target not only lies in the increase of cultivated land quantity, but also the improvement of cultivated land quality, agricultural production conditions and ecosystem environments. In the present study, the quality evaluation method and construction arrangement of cultivated land were explored to facilitate the process of decision-making and implementation for high-standard basic farmland construction(HSBFC) with administrative village as the unit. Taking the land comprehensive improvement project area in Quzhou County, Handan City, Hebei Province as a case study, the whole process of the study comprised of three steps: 1) establishment of the evaluation model of cultivated land quality uniformity based on regional optimum cultivated land quality, and construction of the uniformity evaluation index system from the aspects of soil fertility quality, engineering quality, spatial quality and eco-environment quality, according to the new concept of cultivated land quality; 2) calculation of cultivated land quality uniformity by grading indicators, assigning scores and weighting sums, exploring the local homogenization characteristics of regional cultivated land quality through spatial autocorrelation analysis, and analyzing the constraints and transformative potential of barrier factors; 3) arrangement of HSBFC according to the principle of concentration, continuity and priority to the easy operation. The results revealed that the value of farmland quality uniformity for the administrative villages in the study area was between 7.76 and 21.96, and there was a difference between various administrative villages. The regional spatial autocorrelation patterns included High-High(HH), Low-Low(LL), High-Low(HL) and Low-High(LH). These indicate that regional cultivated land quality has local homogenization characteristics. The most restrictive factors in the study area were the medium and low transformation difficulty indexes, including soil organic matter content, farmland shelterbelt network density, field regularity and scale of the field. In addition, there were also high transformation difficulty indicators in some areas, such as sectional configuration. The project area was divided into four partitions: major construction area, secondary construction area, general construction area, and conditional construction area. The cultivated land area of each subarea was 1538.85 ha, 1224.27 ha, 555.93 ha, and 1666.63 ha, respectively. This comprised of 30.87%, 24.56%, 11.15% and 33.42% of the total project area, respectively. The evaluation model and index system could satisfy the evaluation of farmland quality and diagnosis of obstacle factors to facilitate the subsequent construction decision. The present study provides reference for the practice of regional HSBFC, and a new feasible idea and method for related studies.

Zoning Approach of Key Construction Areas of High Standard Capital Farmland in Guangdong Province

On the basis of actual situations of Guangdong Province, using Factor Analysis Approach and Quantitative Analysis Method, we built index system by four factors, namely, extent of farmland connectivity, local financial support, grain production capacity and farmland consolidation potential. Finally, we obtained that the areas with total scores of evaluation higher than 50 points are key construction areas of high-standard capital farmland in Guangdong Province. In total, there are 40 key construction areas, including 16 in plain areas of the Pearl River Delta, 9 in coastal regions of east of Guangdong, 10 in coastal regions of west of Guangdong, and 5 in northwest mountainous regions of Guangdong. Besides, we put forward construction direction of these 4 capital farmland areas.

Connection of Farmland Consolidation Construction Works in Northern Anhui Plain:A Case Study of Si County of Anhui Province

The connection of farmland consolidation construction works was studied,to provide theoretical and practical basis for bringing into play optimal functions.It employed theoretical analysis method,case analysis method,and experience summary method.Through empirical study of Si County in Anhui Province,it further analyzed connection of four works:land consolidation,irrigation and drainage,field roads,farmland protection,and ecological and environmental protection,to provide methods and possibilities for coordination and connection of four works.It is required to take the land consolidation as a system,take full consideration of all aspects,attach great importance to connection of four works,so as to bring into full play optimal functions and realize sustainable use of land resources and sustainable development of social economy.

Construction of Legal System of China's Farmland Protection under the Coexistence of Multiple Objectives:Historical Logic,Practical Problems and Optimization Paths

[Objectives]To explore the evolution of the legal system of farmland protection and explore the rules and characteristics of policy development based on the theory and logic of institutional change since China's reform and opening up,reveal the problems and deep-seated reasons of its legislation,clarify the direction of farmland protection in the new period,and solve the"non-agricultural""non-grain"and ecological problems of farmland.[Methods]Literature analysis and inductive deduction methods were used.[Results]The evolution of the farmland protection legal system has gone through the process of"national consciousness-policy guidelines-institutional system",the change from"single subject to multiple subjects";change from the use of"one-way administrative means to coordinated use of administrative,economic and technical means".The practical problems of the farmland protection legal system are mainly due to the insufficient systematization of the farmland protection legal system itself,the generalization of quantity protection,the transformation of quality protection,and the absence of ecological protection.[Conclusions]It is recommended to improve the existing farmland protection legal system from the establishment of the Farmland Protection Law,the improvement of the farmland protection public participation mechanism and supervision mechanism,the establishment of the farmland quality construction and improvement system,the differentiated farmland occupation and supplementation balance system,and the ecological restoration system.

The Scale of Constructing Mountainous Cities in Yunnan Province based on “Benchmark” Farmlands

In 2011, Yunnan provincial committee and government proposed the strat- egy of constructing mountainous cities in order to protect farmlands and guarantee crop safety, which makes full use of hills and gentle-slopes and transforms land use pattern. However, social and economic development performs unevenly in Yun- nan, supplemented by varied geographical conditions, so that constructing mountain- ous cities should proceed as per local conditions. The research proposed the con- trol of constructing mountainous cities provided crop safety under the principle of farmland protection and measured the quantities of demanded construction lands ac- cording to science of population prediction and ekistics, based on which the control scales of constructing mountainous cities were determined by multiplying basic farm- land coefficient and the area of newly increased construction lands. The research is of significance for guiding the construction of mountainous cities and avoiding the occupation of construction lands on farmlands.

有土斯有粮:高标准农田建设提高了粮食单产吗?

作为“藏粮于地,藏粮于技”战略的重要政策实践,高标准农田建设被期待能够有效实现粮食增产和更好保障国家粮食安全。基于27个省(市、自治区)的面板数据,探索了高标准农田建设对粮食单产的影响及其可能机制。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设能显著提高粮食单产。替换核心变量、进行非参数估计和考虑内生性的稳健性检验,均证实上述发现可信。(2)机制验证表明,高标准农田建设主要通过提升规模经营、促进技术进步和降低生产风险三大路径来提高粮食单产。(3)异质性分析发现,高标准农田建设对起伏度较小地形、粮食主产区、较发达地区的粮食单产促进效应更大。研究结果表明高标准农田建设确实是夯实粮食安全根基的重要举措,需扎实推进新一轮高标准农田建设工作。

关于高标准农田基础设施建设投入问题的思考——基于河北省农田建设多元化投入的实证

本文基于对河北省农田建设项目现状以及财政投入情况进行实地考察,系统总结了中国当前农田建设投入管理的特点、存在问题及其根本原因。借鉴日本在农田基础设施建设方面的经验和做法,提出了一些政策建议,例如最大限度发挥参与农田建设的实体的作用、制定合理的投资标准、优化财政资金补助方式以及增加项目收益渠道。

高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响——基于农业新质生产力的中介作用

基于全国10省1032份农户的微观调查数据,使用内生转换回归模型实证分析了高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设参与显著提升农民种粮收益,且平均处理效应表明,参与高标准农田建设可使农民种粮收益提高2.77%。(2)异质性分析表明,相较于小农户,规模户参与高标准农田建设能够提升种粮收益;高标准农田建设参与不仅促进兼业农户增加种粮收益,而且促进纯农户增加种粮收益;相较于非粮食主产区,粮食主产区农户参与高标准农田建设的种粮收益提升效果更明显。(3)机制分析表明,高标准农田建设参与通过提升农业新质生产力水平,从而提高农民种粮收益。据此,鼓励农民积极参与高标准农田建设管理工作,制定出台农户参与高标准农田建设的差异化政策,同时加快培育和发展农业新质生产力,以实现农民种粮收益提升。

从“以机适地”到“改地宜机”的丘陵山区农业机械化路径优化

丘陵山区耕地面积、农作物播种面积均占全国耕地面积及农作物播种面积的1/3,涉及农业人口近3亿人,研究如何推进农业机械化以实现农业强国至关重要。从丘陵山区农业机械化发展的内在逻辑出发,比较分析“改地宜机”与“以机适地”,探讨丘陵山区从“以机适地”到“改地宜机”的农业机械化转换动力,结合Hotelling模型测算政府支持丘陵山地“改地宜机”的补贴标准,并对国内外案例进行分析解读。研究表明,“以机适地”的小型化农机对农业生产率改进有限,丘陵山区农业现代化、建设农业强国的根本出路在于“改地宜机”为大动力、高效率农机作业创造土地条件。为提高农业经营主体参与“改地宜机”意愿,政府应根据宜机化改造耕地条件采取差异化财政补贴,降低农业经营主体“改地宜机”投入成本、缩短投资回本年限,其中坡度在2°以下、2°~6°、6°~15°的补贴标准分别为15 000元/hm^(2)、30 000元/hm^(2)和45 000元/hm^(2),对坡度超过15°以土地原则应退耕还林还草,不宜高成本进行宜机化改造。针对国内外丘陵山区“改地宜机”的农业机械化经验及存在的问题,提出积极稳妥推进丘陵山区“改地宜机”的对策建议。

高标准农田建设能遏制耕地“非粮化”吗?

把高标准农田建设作为一项准自然实验,构建连续型双重差分模型,基于省级面板数据考察高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”的影响及作用机制。研究发现:相较于控制组,高标准农田建设使实验组耕地“非粮化”程度下降了3.64%,表明高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”具有显著且持续强化的抑制效应,经过模型适用性和多重稳健性检验后结果依然可信;该政策效应因区域粮食功能定位、粮食熟制、粮食作物种类和地形条件不同而表现出明显差异,粮食主产区、高熟制地区、水稻主种植区和非平原地区高标准农田建设对耕地“非粮化”的抑制效应更明显;地块规模扩张、种植模式变革和比较成本优势是高标准农田建设抑制耕地“非粮化”的三条重要途径。研究结论的政策启示为:在建设农业强国过程中,应加快新一轮高标准农田建设,尽快补齐耕地质量短板;同时严格落实高标准农田利用优先序,彻底扭转耕地“非粮化”势头,为实现“藏粮于地”战略目标提供支撑。

内蒙古高标准农田建设要处理好十对关系

本文根据国务院印发《关于推动内蒙古高质量发展奋力书写中国式现代化新篇章的意见》,从内蒙古的实际出发,提出在加快建设高标准农田、逐步将永久基本农田全部建成高标准农田的过程中,我区要处理好十对关系。这十对关系是:进与出、快与慢、表与里、大与小、内与外、有机农业与无机农业、水浇地与旱地、平原与丘陵的关系,以及政府投入与农民投入、政府投入与社会资本投入的关系。其核心要义是防止高标准农田建设中的形式主义。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市研究的热点、演进与展望——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

使用文献计量法和内容分析法对来自知网、万方、维普3大数据库的农村集体经营性建设用地入市的404篇研究文献作者、机构及热点进行分析,基于研究现状展望重点方向及前沿趋势。研究发现:研究人员和机构合作意识较弱,受学缘、地缘等因素影响未能形成较为明显的研究群体;“三块地”改革试点期呈现出百花齐放的研究态势,相关研究文献数量急剧上升,2019年至今为巩固改革成果期;现有研究聚焦于集体经营性建设用地入市的制度设计、与土地征收及宅基地制度改革的关系、地方实践、收益分配等主题。利益均衡视角下集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配机制的探索与优化、城乡融合发展视域下同地同权同价的实现条件及路径、农村三项土地制度改革的法理平衡及制度设计、集体经营性建设用地入市助推乡村振兴的地方模式及发展经验等方面仍需继续深化研究,也是未来的主要研究方向。

烟田宜机化改造发展现状问题及对策研究

农业规模化、机械化、标准化是当代农业生产的发展目标,宜机化改造是实现目标的有效途径。烟草是我国重要的经济作物之一,烟田宜机化改造是烟草行业发展的重要方向之一。烟田全程农机化装备供给不足、农机农艺融合不紧密、烟田宜机化改造标准体系不完善已成为烟田宜机化改造面临的重要问题。为此,应从烟草宜机化品种培育、栽培模式及配套技术研究、宜机化装备关键技术升级、宜机化改造标准体系构建、后期维护标准体系构建、政策和制度建设等方面解决目前所面临的问题,加快农田宜机化改造进度,推动烟草农业的规模化、机械化、标准化经营发展。

典型黑土区坡耕地表层土壤活性有机碳变化特征

以典型黑土区3种地貌类型区(漫川漫岗区、丘陵漫岗区、平原低地区)坡耕地不同坡位表层土壤为研究对象,通过测定土壤总有机碳、高活性有机碳、中活性有机碳和低活性有机碳等指标,分析黑土区坡耕地不同坡位表层土壤活性有机碳的变化特征,探究不同地貌类型区坡耕地土壤活性有机碳变化特征的差异。结果表明,坡耕地各坡位表层土壤总有机碳含量变化范围为26.57~38.61 g/kg,土壤活性有机碳含量变化范围为1.85~5.67 g/kg。3种地貌类型区坡耕地不同坡位土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量变化特征不同。漫川漫岗区总有机碳、中活性有机碳和低活性有机碳含量变化特征均表现为坡上和坡中显著大于坡下、坡上和坡中无显著差异;高活性有机碳含量变化特征则以坡中最高坡下最低,且不同坡位之间高活性有机碳含量差异显著。丘陵漫岗区不同坡位土壤总有机碳和低活性有机碳含量差异显著,并表现为坡下显著大于坡上、坡上显著大于坡中;高活性有机碳和中活性有机碳含量的变化则呈现坡上和坡下显著大于坡中、坡上和坡下无显著差异。平原低地区总有机碳及3种活性有机碳组分的含量在各坡位间的差异均为未达显著水平。不同地貌间典型黑土区坡耕地表层土壤活性有机碳分布规律有所差异,漫川漫岗区和丘陵漫岗区坡耕地土壤有机碳活性最差的坡位分别是坡下和坡中,而平原低地区不同坡位间无显著变化。研究结果为黑土坡耕地生态建设与保护技术的针对性设计奠定了理论基础。

山东省郓城县整县域高标准农田建设SWOT分析

为更加科学、高效地推进高标准农田建设与管护提供改进建议和科学支撑,利用SWOT分析法对山东省郓城县整县域高标准农田建设情况进行研究。分析了郓城县整县域高标准农田建设优劣势、机遇与威胁,判明其存在的主要问题及原因。研究发现,整县域高标准农田建设存在投资标准低、缺乏管护资金、农田用电同质不同价及耕地进出平衡对接困难等劣势和威胁。针对上述劣势和威胁,提出提高单位土地面积财政资金投资密度、拓宽资金筹措渠道、合理优化布局结构、推进农业灌溉用电价格改革、统筹耕地进出平衡指标、建立健全高标准农田资产管理和基础设施管护制度等对策建议。

基于莫兰指数的丘陵地区高标准农田建设时序分区——以安徽省滁州市凤阳县为例

推进高标准农田建设是提升长江中下游丘陵地区耕地质量的重要举措。为了使高标准农田建设有序、高效地进行,以安徽省滁州市凤阳县为例,基于莫兰指数,结合耕地质量、灌溉排水能力的空间分布,以地块为最小单元划分高标准农田建设区域。结果表明:凤阳县耕地质量等级为中等,平均等级为4.367等;全县耕地质量等级呈现显著的空间正相关性,其中有73.45%的耕地呈现显著的空间自相关性。灌溉排水能力的可改善程度可分为1~9级,依据耕地质量等级的空间相关性和灌溉排水能力可改善程度,将高标准农田建设时序划分为优先建设区、次级建设区、后备建设区和暂不建设区,其中优先建设区为空间相关性为高-低(HL)型且灌溉排水能力可改善程度较大的区域。采用研究区高标准农田建设实施案例对研究结果进行验证,耕地质量等级提升程度较大的区域均处于优先建设区和次级建设区。研究结果对于高标准农田建设的选址具有一定的参考和应用价值,可为有序和高效推进高标准农田建设和提升耕地质量提供参考。

高标准农田建设实践与粮食安全保障路径

高标准农田建设是保障粮食安全的重要举措。从地方实践来看,保障粮食安全的高标准农田建设形成了多元导向思路,包括土地流转导向、基础设施建设导向和土地细碎化治理导向。基于对不同建设思路的比较,发现土地细碎化治理导向的高标准农田建设产生了较强的经营激励,是具有较强复制性和基层适应性的粮食安全保障路径。以土地细碎化治理为导向建设高标准农田的关键是构建有效的管理体制和治理机制。安徽省T县的高标准农田建设实践表明,统分结合的高标准农田建设管理体制与行政赋能的村级民主治理机制有助于推动土地细碎化治理导向的高标准农田建设。在管理体制层面,统分结合体现为县级政府统筹与多部门联合工作机制以及县级主管部门赋权基层组织的“双业主”管理模式;在实践运作层面,村级民主治理机制呈现为全过程民主治理,包括社会动员、民主协商和权力社会化3个环节。土地细碎化治理导向的高标准农田建设有利于保证粮食生产稳定性、提高土地利用效率以及增强粮食生产能力,对于保障粮食安全具有重要意义。

面向高标准农田建设的农地制度创新:小农户视角

在农业强国战略背景下,高标准农田建设在农业农村现代化中发挥关键支撑作用。相对于工程管理问题,农地制度创新在高标准农田建设中尚未被充分重视。已有关于农地制度的研究主要关注稳定土地承包权和流转土地经营权的关系,而对高标准农田建设与农地制度改革的关系研究不足。在广大中西部村庄,小农户仍然是农业经营的主体,需要高标准农田建设项目支持,融入现代农业发展体系。从小农户的视角出发,面向高标准农田建设的农地制度创新要解决两个问题:一是地块整合问题,要避免工程导向的项目建设造成农田耕作的不便;二是土地经营权配置问题,要避免大户导向的项目建设造成小农户被制度性排斥。基于田野调查,克服两种困境的办法是在保持土地承包权不变的基础上,由村集体整合地块,形成按户连片经营,不仅能充分释放高标准农田建设促进农业发展的经济效应,而且有利于保障农村社会稳定。