Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen in Rubber Plantations Soil at Different Age Stages in the Western Region of Hainan Island

[Objective]The aim was to study on the characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in rubber （Hevea brasiliensis Muell-Arg） plantations at different age stages in the western region of Hainan Island,so as to evaluate the ecological benefits of rubber plantations and provide basic data for studying the effect of tropical land utilization/cover change on the global carbon and nitrogen cycle. [Method]The situs was in Danzhou city,western region of Hainan Island,and the samples were four kinds of rubber plantations soil at different ages and one kind of control check （pepper,Piper nigrum L.） soil. In this research,four quadrats were set up in each sample,and the size of each was 20 cm×20 cm. Four specimens were gathered from four layers of 0-15,15-30,30-45,45-60,and the average of them was the last analysis result of each sample. Soil density was measured by cutting ring method,soil containing and hygroscopic water was detected by oven drying method,soil organic carbon （SOC） was measured by low temperature heated outside potassium dichromate oxidation-colorimetry method,and soil total nitrogen （STN） was detected by semimicro Kjeldahl method. [Result]SOC contents of different layers in rubber plantations soil at different age stages （including the CK pepper soil,the same as below） varied little,and the content of SOC in surface layer （0-15 cm） was higher,while the underlayer （45-60 cm） was lower than the average value; there was significant difference in SOC content among different kinds of soil,and the content was of 6.03-7.78 g/kg,tapping young trees （7 years） CK pepper mature age trees （30 years） prophase of young trees （2 years） tapping trees （16 years）; there was no significant difference in SOC storage among different kinds of soil,and the storage was of 61.33-74.29 t/hm2,mature age trees （30 years） tapping young trees （7 years） prophase of young trees （2 years） CK pepper tapping trees （16 years）; there was significant difference in STN content among rubber plantations soil at different age stages,the content was of 410.86-664.14 mg/kg2,CK pepper tapping young trees （7 years） prophase of young trees （2 years） mature age trees （30 years） tapping trees （16 years）,and STN content of tapping trees （16 years） soil was extremely lowest; there was significant difference in C/N ratio among different kinds of soil,the ratio was of 10.94-14.47,and the ratio of tapping trees （16 years） mature age trees （30 years） tapping young trees （7 years） CK pepper prophase of young trees （2 years）. [Conclusion]There wasn＇t unhealthy effect of rubber trees planted in tropical area on the content and storage of SOC,the content of STN and the ratio of C/N. there was no significant difference between rubber plantations and CK pepper soil,and the effects of rubber plantation on soil carbon-nitrogen was similar to that of other tropical crops （such as pepper）.

Economic Benefits of Rubber Plantations in Longjiang Farm in Hainan by the Application of Optimized Fertilization Formula

The influence of formula fertilization optimization on dry rubber yield and economic benefits of the rubber plantation in Hainan Longjiang Farm were studied by using ＂contrast＂ design method of fertilizer field experiments. The results showed that the actual production rate reached 4.61% and the net production rate of dry rubber reached 3.97% by application of optimized fertilization formula. Analysis of variance showed that the average dry rubber yield in optimization of formula fertil- ization area was significantly higher than that of conventional area. The results also indicated that the optimization of formula fertilization had obvious economic benefits, and each rubber tree reduced cost and increased 9.95 yuan on average after the test.

Fluxes Footprint and Source Area of Rubber Plantation

[Objective] The paper was to analyze the quality of flux observation data of rubber plantation.[Method]Based on the FSAM model,footprint and flux source area were analyzed according to the continuous flux measurement with the open-path eddy covariance system on the 50 m tower of Danzhou Key Field Station of Observation and Research for Tropical Agricultural Resources and Environments,Ministry of Agriculture from Jan 1 to Jun 30,2010.[Result] Under unstable stratification,source areas were smaller than those under stable conditions,and source areas in the dormant season were larger than those in the growing season at the same level.In the main wind direction 130°-270°,the upwind range of source areas was in the magnitude of 100-758 m and vertical upwind range was-251-251 m at 80% level under unstable stratification in the growing season,and they were some large than those under the unstable stratification in the dormant season.The source areas of the upwind and vertical upwind ranges were 173-1 858,-534-534 m especially under stable stratification in the growing season,and they were smaller than those under stable stratification in the dormant season.In the other wind directions of 0°-130° and 270°-360°,the ranges were similar to those of the growing season in the prevailing wind direction under the same atmospheric conditions.[Conclusion] The study would lay a foundation for the future flux calculation and analysis.

Hydrological eco-service of rubber plantations in Hainan Island and its effect on local economic development

The impacts of economic forest on global environmental change(GEC) are one of the hot issues in environmental study. Based on the 3 year observation data and 40 year climate data, GEC and analysis of the hydrological dynamic characteristics of rubber plantations and estimate of the water balance in the rubber plantations in Hainan Island were made. The results showed that the rainfall intercepted by the canopy of the plantations accounted for 11 45% of the annual rainfall, the total runoff for 23 71%, the total evaporation and transpiration for 63 24%, the soil moisture storage for 1 6%. Analysis of the 40 year rainfall data in the 19 counties of Hainan Island during 1951—1990 showed that the large scale substitution of the natural vegetation with the rubber plantations had no significant effect on the local rainfall in Hainan Island. The main reasons are (1) 80% of the rainfall in Hainan is brought by typhoons; (2) the proportion of 11 6% rubber plantations in total forest coverage in Hainan is not enough to influence the local rainfall in Hainan Island; and (3) although the rubber plantation is artificial vegetation, it has the similar function to the tropical rain forest. Analysis of the total water resource and total GDP of Hainan in 1997 showed that the economic benefit resulted from the water resource was 1 0 RMB Yuan/m 3 The value of hydrological of the rubber plantation in Hainan was 113 9 million RMB Yuan/a when compared with the tropical rain forest. The paper reaches conclusion that the hydrological eco service function of rubber plantation has been enhanced after transformed from natural vegetation, which includes the natural service and powerful social service.

Sustainable Land Management Practices for Rubber Plantations in Mountainous Area of Hainan

This research was designed to help solve existing sustainable use problems such as soil nutrient loss and soil fertility decline in natural rubber plantations located in the hilly land of the south central mountainous area of Hainan Island, China. Two different land management practices, sustainable and traditional, were adopted in a four-year experiment. Contour terraced fields and deep ditches for green manure were built in a sustainable way with a balanced, need-based application of complex fertilizer. R…

Spatial and seasonal variation in soil respiration along a slope in a rubber plantation and a natural forest in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

Soil respiration is a key component of the global carbon cycle, and even small changes in soil respiration rates could result in significant changes in atmospheric CO_2 levels. The conversion of tropical forests to rubber plantations in SE Asia is increasingly common, and there is a need to understand the impacts of this land-use change on soil respiration in order to revise CO_2 budget calculations. This study focused on the spatial variability of soil respiration along a slope in a natural tropical rainforest and a terraced rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna, Southwest(SW) China. In each land-use type, we inserted 105 collars for soil respiration measurements.Research was conducted over one year in Xishuangbanna during May, June, July and October 2015(wet season) and January and March 2016(dry season). The mean annual soil respiration rate was 30% higher in natural forest than in rubber plantation and mean fluxes in the wet and dry season were 15.1 and 9.5 Mg C ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in natural forest and 11.7 and 5.7 Mg C ha^(-1) yr^(-1) in rubber plantation. Using a linear mixedeffects model to assess the effect of changes in soil temperature and moisture on soil respiration, we found that soil temperature was the main driver of variation in soil respiration, explaining 48% of its seasonal variation in rubber plantation and 30% in natural forest. After including soil moisture, the model explained 70% of the variation in soil respiration in natural forest and 76% in rubber plantation. In the natural forest slope position had a significant effect on soil respiration, and soil temperature and soil moisture gradients only partly explained this correlation. In contrast, soil respiration in rubber plantation was not affected by slope position, which may be due to the terrace structure that resulted in more homogeneous environmental conditions along the slope. Further research is needed to determine whether or not these findings hold true at a landscape level.

Assessment of the Influence of Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Tropical Peat Swamp Soils Using Microbial Diversity and Activity Analysis

In this study, tropical peat swamp soils from Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSKBB) in Indonesia was evaluated to assess the impact of oil palm and rubber plantations on this unique organic soil through comparisons with soils from a natural forest using a polyphasic approach (chemical and molecular microbial assays). Changes in the ammonium, nitrate and phosphate concentration were observed in soils converted to agricultural use. Soil enzyme activities in plantation soils showed reduced β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase and acid phosphatase activities (50% - 55% decrease). PCR-DGGE based analysis showed that the soil bacterial community from agricultural soils exhibited the lowest similarity amongst the different microbial groups (fungi and Archaea) evaluated (34% similarity to the natural forest soil). Shannon Diversity index values showed that generally the conversion of tropical peatland natural forest to rubber plantation resulted in a greater impact on microbial diversity (ANOVA p < 0.05). Overall, this study indicated substantial shifts in the soil microbial activity and diversity upon conversion of natural peatland forest to agriculture, with a greater change being observed under rubber plantation compared to oil palm plantation. These findings provided important data for future peatland management by relating changes in the soil microbial community and activities associated to agricultural practices carried out on peatland.

REGIONAL GEOCHEMISTRY OF RUBBER PLANTATION IN HAINAN ISLAND,CHINA

Hainan Island is located in the northern periphery of the tropical world.The environment is suitable for a number of tropical economic crops.The content of soil organic matter under rubber plantation is around 10- 20 g kg-1.Cu,Zn,Mn,As,Mg,Ca and K in the soil profile reflect the parent material and the intensive weathering and leaching in the area.Copper has noticeably accumulated in the lower horizon,whereas the concentrations of Ca,Mg and K.in rubber trees are 0.5- 4.9,2.2- 4.3 and 4.6-10.2 g kg-1respectively.These three elements are mostly distributed in the plant roots and are particularly required during the development of new leaves early in the season.

Studies on Rubber (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) Trees Exist Plant Type after Planting and Available Tapping Tree of Rubber Plantation in China

Existing plant types of rubber tree after planting and available tapping tree were investigated, and there were about 28 rubber plantations with different tapping years of 8 varieties “CATAS7-33-97”, “CATAS8-79”, “CATAS7-20-59”, “PR107”, “RRIM600”, “GT1”, “INA873”, “93-114”in South China. The results showed that there were six kinds of existing plant types of rubber tree after planting of rubber plantations, which were available tapping trees, wind damaged trees, cold damaged trees, tapping panel dryness trees, absent trees and weak trees, respectively. These data investigated also showed rubber trees under available tapping, stoppage due to tapping panel dryness, absence, wind damage, cold damage and weakness were counted and calculated and made up for 72.21%, 14.75%, 5.61%, 3.86%, 2.68% and 1.89%. Tapping panel dryness trees, wind damage and absent trees are major factors for the loss of tapping rubber trees in the rubber plantations. Of these investigated varieties, available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “PR107”at the 1st, 12th, 14th, 16th, 20th, 24th tapping year were 96, 67, 70, 75, 66, 46 trees in Hainan planting zone, respectively. Available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “RRIM600”at the 9th, 15th, 20th, 22nd tapping year were 88, 62, 55, 36 trees in Yunnan planting zone, respectively. Available tapping trees per 100 trees of rubber plantation of “93-114” at the 10th, 19th, tapping year were 94, 62 trees in Guangdong planting zone. These results showed that available tapping trees of rubber plantation decreased with increasing tapping age under different planting zones in China.

Effects of the conversion of natural tropical rainforest to monoculture rubber plantations on soil hydrological processes

Rubber plantations have increased signifcantly under unprecedented economic growth in tropical areas,which leads to soil degradation and thereby alters soil hydrological processes.However,our understanding of how forest conversion affects soil hydrological processes remains unclear.Here,we collected soil samples from secondary forests(SF)and rubber plantations(RP)to determine the soil hydrological characteristics.We found the topsoil(0-20 cm)water retention in SF was higher than that of RP but displayed the contrast pattern in a deeper soil layer(20-60 cm).Meanwhile,the soil infltration rates among the two vegetation types decreased signifcantly with infltration time,with higher stable soil infltration rates in SF than those in RP.Moreover,soil properties were also impacted by the forest conversion,such as the topsoil capillary porosity(CP)and total porosity(TP)in SF were higher than those of RP but contrasted in a deep soil layer.In comparison,the topsoil bulk density(BD)in SF was lower than that of RP,but contrasted in the deep soil layer and reached a signifcant level in the 0-10 and 40-50 cm(P<0.05).Overall,the soil water retention was mainly determined by the CP,which could explain 31.56%of the total variance in soil water retention,followed by TP(26.57%)and soil BD(26.47%),whereas soil texture exerts a weak effect on soil water retention.Therefore,we can conclude that the conversion of tropical rainforest into rubber plantations may accelerate soil erosion owing to its lower topsoil water retention and soil infltration rates.

Preliminary Study on the Effect of Different Ecological Cultivation Modes on the Water Stability of Soil Aggregates in Rubber Based Agroforestry Systems

Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) have been commercially cultivated for a century and a half in Asia, particularly in China, and they constitute a common element of plantation ecosystems in tropical regions. Soil health is fundamental to the sustainable development of rubber plantations. The objective of the study is to explore the influence of different complex ecological cultivation modes on the stability of soil aggregates in rubber based agroforestry systems. In this study, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantations, the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantations and monoculture rubber plantations were selected, and the particle size distribution of soil aggregates and their water stability characteristics were analyzed. The soil depth of 0 - 20 cm and 20 - 40 cm was collected for four cultivation modes. Soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 20 cm. soil was divided into 6 particle levels > 5 mm, 2 - 5 mm, 1 - 2 mm, 0.5 - 1 mm, 0.25 - 0.5 mm, and 0.053 - 0.25 mm according to the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates were determined by the wet sieve method. The particle size proportion and water stability of soil aggregates under different ecological cultivation modes were analyzed. The results showed that under different ecological cultivation modes in the shallow soil layer (0 - 20 cm), the rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation promoted the development of dominant soil aggregates towards larger size classes, whereas the situation is the opposite for rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation. In soil layer (20 - 40 cm), the ecological cultivation mode of rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation developed the dominant radial level of soil aggregates to the diameter level of large aggregates. Rubber—Alpinia oxyphylla plantation and rubber—Homalium ceylanicum plantation, three indicators, including the water-stable aggregate content R0.25 (>0.25 mm water-stable aggregates), mean weight diameter (MWD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD), were all lower than those in the rubber monoculture mode. However, in the rubber—Phrynium hainanense plantation, the water-stable aggregate content R0.25, mean weight diameter, and geometric mean diameter were higher than in the rubber monoculture mode, although these differences did not reach statistical significance.

不同间作模式对胶园土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

【目的】研究不同间作模式对胶园土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,为今后橡胶林下间作模式优化和间作栽培管理提供科学依据。【方法】运用Biolog⁃ECO技术研究土壤微生物代谢功能特征,分析不同间作胶园土壤微生物碳源代谢活性和多样性的差异。【结果】土壤微生物对碳源利用在培养216 h时达到稳定,不同处理的平均吸光值AWCD依次为橡胶/王草间作>橡胶/咖啡间作>橡胶/益智间作>纯林胶园。间作模式不仅增加了土壤微生物利用的碳源种类,还增强了碳源代谢活性,橡胶/王草间作土壤微生物对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类、酚酸类、羧酸类、多聚物类的代谢能力较强,橡胶/咖啡间作土壤微生物对胺类的代谢能力较强。主成分分析表明,间作胶园与纯林胶园之间土壤微生物碳源利用特征差异显著,橡胶/王草与橡胶/咖啡、橡胶/益智间作之间差异显著,橡胶/咖啡与橡胶/益智间作二者之间无显著差异。不同间作模式提高了胶园土壤微生物多样性指数,各处理之间的AWCD值和McIntosh指数差异显著,Shannon指数、Simpson指数无显著差异。相关性分析表明,胶园土壤微生物碳源代谢功能与土壤环境因子密切相关,土壤含水量、pH、有机质是影响胶园土壤碳源代谢差异的主要因子。【结论】橡胶林下间作王草、益智和咖啡作物有利于改善土壤生态环境,促进土壤碳源利用,提高土壤微生物群落功能多样性。

地膜覆盖对胶园间种珠芽黄魔芋光合生理特性及产量的影响

为了解不同地膜覆盖对胶园间种的珠芽黄魔芋(Amorphophallus muelleri)叶片光合生理特性、土壤物理性状及产量的影响,本研究设置银色地膜、黑色地膜、白色地膜、防草席、加厚黑色地膜、微孔黑色地膜和无覆盖(CK)共7个处理,测定分析魔芋换头期、膨大期和成熟期3个时期叶片的光合特性参数:净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)、电子传递速率(ETR),生理特性参数:可溶性蛋白(SP)含量、可溶性糖(SS)含量、叶绿素(Chl)含量、叶绿素a/b(Chl a/b),土壤原位物理性状参数:土壤含水量(SMC)、土壤电导率(SC)、土壤温度(ST),并测定魔芋地下球茎产量的变化。结果表明:同一时期不同地膜覆盖处理均提高了魔芋叶片的光合参数(P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)和ETR),换头期和膨大期防草席处理的P_(n)、Gs和T_(r)均显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),而其他处理间不规律上下变幅,其间有显著差异;除了成熟期,同一时期不同地膜覆盖处理魔芋叶片的SP和Chl均显著高于对照,各处理间无显著差异;同一时期不同处理魔芋叶片的SS和Chl a/b变化趋势稍有不同,成熟期各处理的SS均显著高于对照,3个时期对照的SS均最低,而成熟期地膜处理的Chl a/b较对照均无显著差异;同一时期不同地膜覆盖的SMC和SC均高于对照,加厚黑色地膜处理保水效果最好,膨大期微孔黑色地膜处理和成熟期防草席处理的SC均显著最高,其他处理间的SMC和SC无显著差异。同一地膜覆盖处理不同时期的P_(n)、G_(s)、T_(r)、ETR、SP、和Chl均表现为换头期>膨大期>成熟期,而各处理的SS和Chl a/b表现为成熟期>膨大期>换头期。经所有指标和产量相关性分析的结果来看,除了ST与产量呈负相关外,其他指标与产量均呈正相关。不同地膜覆盖较对照均提高了珠芽黄魔芋产量,银色地膜、黑色地膜、防草席和加厚黑色地膜处理增产效果明显,而白色地膜和微孔黑色地膜处理增产不明显。因此,在实际生产中,采用银色地膜、黑色地膜、防草席和加厚黑色地膜都是魔芋增产增效的可行选择。

海南省天然橡胶种植园更新策略分析

胶园更新是推广橡胶树新品种、新技术,提升生产能力,保障产业可持续发展的重要路径。海南省是我国天然橡胶重要生产基地,由于更新进度缓慢,老龄残次胶园比例高达25.23%,制约了天然橡胶生产能力提升。研究分析海南胶园树龄结构和品种结构,并通过微观调查数据进行验证,设置不同更新目标情境下海南胶园更新方案。比较分析发现,可行的情境是2026—2035年每年更新胶园21万亩,以确保2035年老龄胶园面积占比控制在15%以内。从政策支持、种苗供应、模式推广、科技创新等方面提出海南胶园更新发展的建议,以期为保障我国天然橡胶供给安全有效提供参考。

有机肥氮部分替代化肥氮对间作珠芽魔芋生长及养分积累利用的影响

为探索胶园间作珠芽魔芋的合理施氮方法,对有机肥氮部分替代化肥氮对珠芽魔芋生理特性、产量、品质及养分积累利用的影响进行了研究。研究设6个处理,分别为不施氮对照(T1)、当地习惯化肥氮用量(N 450kg/hm^(2))(T2)、80%习惯化肥氮用量+20%有机肥氮用量(T3)、80%习惯化肥氮用量(T4)、60%习惯化肥氮用量+20%有机肥氮用量(T5)、30%习惯化肥氮用量+50%有机肥氮用量(T6)。成熟期测定珠芽魔芋叶片形态指标、叶面球茎数量及倒伏株数、地下球茎产量、可溶性糖、淀粉、葡甘聚糖含量、氮磷钾含量及氮肥利用率。结果表明:与纯施化肥氮相比,有机肥代替部分化肥珠芽魔芋株高、茎粗、叶面球茎数量、繁殖系数增加,抗倒伏能力增强,提高了地下球茎氮肥利用率、产量、单株鲜重、膨大系数及氮、磷、钾吸收量。胶园间作珠芽魔芋的合理施氮模式为80%化肥氮+20%有机肥氮或者30%化肥氮+50%有机肥氮。

施肥对热带砖红壤胶林土壤水分特征曲线的影响及模型优选

[目的]探明热带橡胶林施肥措施对土壤持水能力及孔隙特征的影响,并优选描述砖红壤胶林土壤水分特征曲线的模拟模型。[方法]采用沙箱排水法结合压力膜仪法测定砖红壤橡胶林5种施肥处理(有机肥混施化肥(H)、施化肥(C)、种植绿肥(G)、施专用肥(S)及不施肥(CK))的全吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,应用Brooks-Corey(BC)、van Genuchten(VG)、Gardner和Log-Normal Distribution(LND)4种经验模型拟合,分析了不同模型的适用性及拟合精度。[结果]0—5 cm土层,在低吸力段(pF≤3.01)C处理降幅最大(0.44 cm^(3)/cm^(3));在高吸力阶段(3.01<pF≤4.18)的降幅整体偏小,H处理的降幅最大(0.05 cm^(3)/cm^(3))。5—10 cm土层,在低吸力段C处理的下降幅度最大(0.52 cm^(3)/cm^(3)),高吸力段C处理的降幅最大(0.03 cm^(3)/cm^(3))。在0—5 cm土层中,CK处理的土壤有效含水率最大(0.19 cm^(3)/cm^(3))。在5—10 cm土层中,C处理的土壤有效含水率最大(0.11 cm^(3)/cm^(3))。0—5 cm土层,CK处理的土壤空隙占比(5.2%)和大孔隙占比(0.8%)最小,中等孔隙占比(48.7%)最高。5—10 cm土层中,C处理的土壤空隙和大孔隙的占比均最小。BC,VG,Gardner和LND 4种模型均可用来拟合砖红壤胶林不同施肥处理的土壤水分特征曲线(R 2≥0.84),不同模型的拟合精度由大到小依次为:BC,VG,LND和Gardner模型。[结论]0—5 cm土层不同施肥处理中CK处理是最优施肥管理方式,5—10 cm土层所有施肥处理中C处理是最优施肥管理方式。同时,BC模型是拟合研究区内不同施肥处理土壤水分特征曲线是最优模型。

不同产量水平橡胶林土壤微生物群落组成及多样性研究

本研究选取不同产量水平(高产、中产、低产和死皮)的橡胶林,基于高通量测序技术分析土壤微生物群落组成、多样性及其与土壤理化性质的关系,以期为橡胶林土壤改良提供科学依据。结果表明:从4种产量水平橡胶林的土壤样本中共鉴定出17门、53纲、99目、164科、305属、385种细菌种类,获得2116个OTUs。共有的细菌优势门类为酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。共获得1622个真菌OTUs,分属17门、49纲、113目、242科、424属、644种,其中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)为优势真菌门类。随着橡胶树产量水平的降低,土壤细菌群落丰富度呈下降趋势,但多样性指数无明显变化;真菌Ace指数、Chao1指数呈增加趋势,Shannon指数显著增加,Simpson指数显著降低,表明随着产量水平的下降,橡胶林土壤真菌群落的丰富度和多样性均上升。主坐标(PCoA)分析表明,细菌或真菌群落结构在不同产量水平橡胶林间均存在显著差异。此外,优势菌门的相对丰度也存在不同程度的差异,土壤微生物群落特征与土壤pH和C/N等理化因子密切相关。RDA分析表明,土壤pH、速效钾和全氮是影响细菌优势门类的主要土壤理化因子,真菌优势菌门则主要受土壤pH、速效钾和碳氮比的影响。

海南岛植胶区割胶劳动力年龄结构及空间分布特征

割胶作为当前获取天然橡胶这一重要工业原料的唯一手段,其劳动力供应的稳定性对天然橡胶产业的可持续发展至关重要。目前,割胶劳动力短缺和老龄化现象已引起高度关注,但相关研究缺乏详细空间信息的转换估算,不利于宏观调控。文章基于2020年海南岛天然橡胶林分布图、Dynamic World土地利用分类产品和WorldPop人口分布数据集,分析了海南岛植胶区潜在割胶劳动力的空间分布和年龄结构特征,并进行转换估算和缺乏程度分级,利用空间统计分析揭示割胶劳动力亏缺的空间格局。结果表明:1)海南植胶区潜在割胶劳动力总数为156.74万人,空间分布呈现“北高南低”的态势,且45~59岁年龄占比达34%,老龄化趋势明显。2)劳动力缺乏程度在空间上存在显著差异,其中一级缺乏区域主要集中在中西部与中东部市县的交界区域,呈带状分布;而二、三级缺乏广泛分布于中西部、中部及部分中东部市县交界区,中部尤为严重,呈连片状分布。3)儋州市、白沙县和琼中县一级缺乏面积位居前三,累计面积达到5.05×10~4 hm2;白沙县、琼中县、澄迈县和乐东县在二、三级缺乏面积上同样突出,总面积达到2.33×10~4 hm2。

云南省西双版纳勐腊县橡胶林下植物多样性分析

为探究云南省勐腊县橡胶林下植物物种组成及多样性等基本情况,对勐腊县内94个橡胶林下植物样方(20 m×20 m)和20个土壤样方进行调查,分析环境、空间因素对林下植物物种分布和植物多样性影响情况。结果显示:勐腊县橡胶林下植物共计87科、197属、300种,优势物种为银柴(Aporusa dioica)、阔叶箬竹(Indocalamus latifolius)、葛藤(Pueraria lobata)等;20个土壤样地中,全氮、全磷、全钾等成分均存在中程度变异,其最高含量分别为1.0927%、0.1726%、2.6499%。对植物物种及优势物种分布影响因素分析(RDA)表明:地形对优势物种分布显著影响;土壤全磷和坡度对植物物种分布达到极显著影响(P<0.01)。在植物多样性分析中,坡度对植物多样性影响显著高于其他影响因子(P<0.05),辛普森指数(Simpson,D)和香农指数(Shannon-Wiener,H)在坡度大于35°时最高,并且在回归分析中拟合度较高;海拔大于600 m时,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数较高,物种丰富度(S)在600~700 m整体高于其他海拔梯度;橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis)在8~14树龄时,植物物种丰富度最高。勐腊县橡胶林下植物物种较丰富,但受人工干扰影响导致植物多样性较差,如果通过合理的管控会使橡胶林下植物多样性变高,有助于生态恢复。

基于宏基因组技术的橡胶树根际细菌多样性及驱动因素

【目的】分析橡胶树根际微生物群落多样性和组成差异及环境驱动因素,为优化橡胶林种植管理模式提供科学依据。【方法】利用宏基因组测序技术,从不同生态位视角分析橡胶树根际细菌群落结构和多样性及环境因素。【结果】在物种组成方面,共检测到细菌150个门,240个纲,414个目,809个科,3284个属和26710个种,橡胶树根际细菌主要富集的优势菌门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria,39.05%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,29.91%)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria,16.18%),用主坐标分析法可视化呈现群落分布情况,发现根际与土壤样本聚集,根表细菌与土壤和根际细菌的分布具有显著差异,置换多元方差分析(PERMANOVA)也验证了该点;在多样性方面,橡胶树根际不同部位细菌群落多样性表现为土壤>根际>根表,α多样性Shannon指数在土壤和根表中差异较显著(P<0.01),其中根际和根表差异极显著(P<0.001),但土壤与根际之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),根表细菌α多样性与另外两个生态位隔室具有显著差异;在驱动因素方面,通过线性回归分析可知,细菌α多样性与pH、速效钾(AK)呈显著负相关(pH:R^(2)=0.53,P<0.001;AK:R^(2)=0.20,P=0.005),与温度(Temperature)、降水(Precipitation)、硝态氮(NN)呈正相关,所有环境因子中pH是影响细菌α多样性最重要的环境因子。RDA分析发现,pH和季节对细菌群落β多样性的影响最大,是影响细菌β多样性的最主要环境因子,季节、pH、全钾、全磷、土壤有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效钾与橡胶林土壤细菌群落具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。【结论】橡胶树根际细菌群落多样性和组成存在显著的生态位差异,pH和季节是影响微生物群落多样性最重要的环境因子。