The “Valley Economy” Model of Regional Development: A Case Study of Mountain Areas in Beijing, Northern China

A case study is presented of a regional development model for valley economies in the mountain areas of Beijing, China. The nature and framework of the valley economy model are described and the development of the model, which is specific to the mountain areas of Beijing, is analyzed. Five different valley economy models applied in the Beijing mountain areas are compared. The major purpose of the valley economy model is to develop the regional economy, including the selection of appropriate industries, the allocation of industrial space, the establishment of supply chains and the integration of various industries. Pilot experiments using the valley economy model have been conducted in seven counties(districts) in Beijing: Pinggu, Huairou, Changping, Mentougou, and Fangshan districts, and Yanqing and Miyun counties. Five models for developing the Beijing mountain areas have been explored, including: creative cultural industries, characteristic industry clusters, the promotion of large tourist areas, natural scenic tourism and folk cultural tourism. Each model has its own unique features and potential to help in the regional development of mountain areas.

Valley Density Evaluation and Typical Development Pattern in Mountainous Areas of Beijing

Based on geographical differences and space differentiation, valley economy is a new pattern and new perspective for the development of mountainous areas, integrating ecological protection, industrial nurture, and village integration. On the basis of natural and geographical differentiation of valley, we give an overview of the spatial distribution of valley in mountainous areas of Beijing and spatial difference in valley density, and sum up the typical development pattern of valley economy, using DEM data. The results show that the spatial distribution of valley presents an asymmetric shape of inverted V or branch; Miyun, Yanqing, and Changping have high valley density, while Pinggu, Fangshan and Mentougou have low valley density; there is a significant positive relationship between valley density and the spatial distribution of river and reservoir. The development pattern of valley economy is divided into five types: leisure and high-end upgrade-based pattern, ecological development and transition demonstration-based pattern, folk culture and creation-driven pattern, scenic spots-driven and valley-linked pattern and leisure agriculture and specialty-led pattern.

Poverty Alleviation Mode by Developing Sorghum Planting Industry in Dry-hot Valley Areas of Jinsha River in China:Taking Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County of Yunnan Province as an Example

There are many state-level poverty-stricken counties in the dry-hot valley areas of Jinsha River in China,with a wide range of poverty and extreme degree of poverty.The industry-supporting poverty alleviation ranks first in the"five batches"of China's targeted poverty alleviation strategy.The practice of planting in Luquan County since 2017 shows that the valleys and slopes on the dry-hot valley areas of Jinsha River with an altitude above 1800 m have wide land suitable for sorghum planting,and suitable for introduction and planting.In recent years,the county has adopted the mode of enterprise+government+cooperative+poor household,introduced the Langzhitang wine factory,developed sorghum planting with large-scale,industrialized and specialized features to achieve stable income growth for the poor,and significant results have been achieved.Based on many field surveys,household surveys,and interviews with county and village leaders,this paper analyzes the specific practices and main effects of the county's poverty alleviation model by developing sorghum planting industry,aiming to provide necessary reference for the targeted poverty alleviation and poverty alleviation in similar areas of Yunnan Province and other provinces.

Applicable Garden Ground Cover Plants in Arid Valleys of Ganzi Tibetan Area

The native and introduced ground cover plants were screened by field survey,cultivation test and configuration effect evaluation in arid valleys of Ganzi Tibetan area.A total of 205 species belonging to 140 genera,67 families were selected as applicable types.Among them,there were 53 species of evergreen shrubs,36 species of deciduous shrubs,17 species of woody vines,99 species of herbaceous plants;27 species of color-leafed plants,8 species of succulent plants.And 79 species were recommended as the best ground cover plants.Higher plants in Ganzi Tibetan area were increased to 5,362 species,1147 genera,244 families through screening.

Analysis of the Land Use Structure in Alpine Valley Area of Jinsha River:Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan County,Yunnan Province as an Example

Oriented by ecological,production and living functions of land,this paper analyzes the status of land use in Xueshan Township,Luquan County,Yunnan Province using the method of assignment.The land is classified into general production land,production and ecological land,general living land,living and production land,living and ecological land,general ecological land and ecological and production land.The result is compared with the classification system of the second national land survey.In theory,the classification system of ecological land,living land and production land is constructed.Taking Xueshan Township,Luquan County,a typical alpine valley area of Jinsha River as an example,based on the survey data on the changes of land use in Xueshan Township in Luquan County in 2016,this paper analyzes the distribution of ecological land,living land and production land in Xueshan Township.The results show that in Xueshan Township,ecological land(including general ecological land and ecological and production land)has the largest proportion(54.84%)in area,followed by production land(including general production land and production and ecological land)(44.41%),and living land(including general living land and living and production land)has the lowest proportion(only 0.75%).In overall,the distribution of production land and ecological land in Xueshan Township is not reasonable enough.For example,the proportion of dry land with a slope bigger than 15°and serious oil erosion in the township is currently 79.23%,among which,the dry land with a slope bigger than 25°and particularly serious soil erosion accounts for 52.88%.Therefore,it is necessary to gradually take measures to convert cultivated land into forests and further optimize the structure and spatial configuration of ecological land,living land and production land.

Territorial suitability assessment and function zoning in the Jiuzhaigou earthquake-stricken area

An earthquake in the Jiuzhaigou area caused numerous secondary disasters, such as rolling stones, land collapse, landslides and debris flow, which badly affected the safety of human settlements and influenced the spatial layout of the post-disaster reconstruction. Therefore, carrying out assessments of land and identifying a suitable zone for human habitats were very important. This research creates the territorial suitability assessment and function zoning conceptual model in the earthquake-stricken area, and the new methods of the territorial suitability evaluation system were used to divide the spatial functional zones of the earthquake stricken area, which provide a theoretical guidance and decisionmaking basis for the reconstruction of the disaster area. The results showed that:(1) The Jiuzhaigou earthquake-stricken area comprises of an ecological area that has a high level of importance to the ecosystem. In the earthquake-stricken area, 65% of national land is at an altitude of 3000-4000 m, and therefore not suitable for a high level of intensive reconstruction, but reconstructed in an eco-friendly manner.(2) The zone suitable for reconstruction comprises mainly of the river valley and the flat terrain of western parts. The land with low suitability is mainly located on steep terrain, such as highmountains and low gullies. The geographic and geomorphic conditions limit the spread of a suitable reconstruction zone.(3) The earthquake-stricken area mainly comprises of a tourism industry gathering area, population gathering area, agriculture and animal husbandry development area, and ecological preservation area with areas of 76 km^2, 44 km^2, 1591 km^2 and 7512 km^2, respectively. Scientifically zoning the reconstruction areas using scientific evaluation may provide guidance for the location of reconstruction sites.

Application of sequence stratigraphy to Triassic terrestrial strata in Tahe area of Tarim Basin

Based on a synthetic geological study of drilling,well logging and seismic data,core observations and geochemical analysis,it is recognized that Triassic sedimentary facies in the Tahe area of Tarim Basin include braided river deposits filling erosional valleys,and sublacustrine fan,canyon and delta facies.Braided river deposits filling erosional valleys are dominated by coarse-grained lithic quartz sandstone with oblique bedding,and represent the most important sedimentation type of sandstone in the study area.Sublacustrine fan and canyon facies are mainly distributed in the Middle Oil Member.Most delta sediments are deposited in highstand system tract(HST),Because of frequent changes in base level,delta sediments are commonly eroded and rarely preserved.Sedimentary cycles are clearly reflected by lithology,sedimentary structures and well logging data,and are closely related to the changes in lacustrine level.In accordance with the basic principle of sequence subdivision,seven type-I boundaries can be recognized in Triassic strata and six type-I sequences are subdivided correspondingly.In general,lowstand system tract(LST) is well developed within stratigraphic sequences and forms the main body of reservoir sandstone in this area;highstand system tract(HST) and transgressive system tract(TST) are often eroded by upper sequences or missed,Although various factors have different influences on terrestrial sequence stratigraphy,the classical sequence stratigraphy theory proposed by VAIL can be applied to terrestrial strata.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Deep Poverty-stricken Villages in the Dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Poverty Alleviation in the Green Prickleyash Planting Industry in Laopingzi Village,Luquan County

Industrial poverty alleviation is the core of poverty alleviation in rural areas of China,and it is the fundamental way for the rural poor to achieve stable income and poverty alleviation. Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan County,Kunming County,Yunnan Province,located in the dry-hot valley area of Jinsha River,has become a typical deep poverty-stricken village due to its special natural conditions.In recent years,in the battle to win the fight against poverty,the people of Laopingzi Village have achieved a virtuous cycle of the ecological environment and an access to get rid of poverty and get rich through vigorously developing green prickleyash planting industry. By the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty in Laopingzi Village Committee dropped from 45. 62% in 2014 to 1. 11%,and the green prickleyash planting industry had achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation. This article summarizes the specific practices of developing the green prickleyash planting industry in the village,analyzes the main results and successful experiences of the mode and discusses the inspiration of the implementation of green prickleyash cultivation on industrial poverty alleviation,so as to provide an effective practical example for the development and poverty alleviation of poverty-stricken areas.

Assessment of Artificial Recharge Test in Jeftlik – Faria Area, West Bank

An artificial recharge test site was selected in the Jeftlik area of the foot prints of the Faria basin, in the Upper Jordan Rift Valley. The artificial pond infiltration type of 26 meters diameter and 2.85 meters depth was used. It is a hyperbolic form of 500 cubic meters volume. The integration parameters of hydrogeological settings, hydrochemical characteristics of allocated water bodies, geophysical investigations and the potentiality of the aquifer system in the area were used for the test area selection. The test site area lies within the shallow Pleistocene aquifer of 30-50 meters saturated thickness. One groundwater well of 19 m distance and two groundwater wells of 1 km far distance were used for the system monitoring. The filled water in the test system comes from the wadi water floods brought by 1.5 km of open canal. The sub-catchment is of 3 km2. The recharge rate within the Pleistocene aquifer was determined. This experiment is tested for the water quality type fillings of the first flushing water floods, the water flood in the middle of the winter season and the pumped water from other wells far away from the experiment.

Digital Identification of Ecosystem Structure in the FIrtIna Valley of the Kakar Mountains in the Rize City of Turkey

Identifying the structure of protected mountain ecosystems is an important task for understanding conservation sustainability. The study area, the Firtina Valley, located in the Rize City on the Eastern Blacksea Coast, is one of the biological hotspots and a National Park of Turkey. In order to identify the structure of mountain ecosystems, we generated a GIS database for the main environmental parameters of the study area, including elevation,slope and aspect layers for topographic structure, 10year mean values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), data for vegetation structure, annual mean temperature and precipitation layers for climatic structure, main soil groups for soil structure and stream flow accumulation, stream flow length and stream order layers for hydrological structure.To identify the complex relations among environmental factors in the study area a data reduction method is applied with Principal Component Analysis(PCA). PCA is performed using data of 16 layers from Geographical Information Systems(GIS). PCA analysis reduced 16 dimensions into 5 dimensions containing 75% of the variation in all data. It is also revealed that the topographic structure, mainly altitude, dominates the ecosystems of the Firtina Valley, but it should be considered that the interactions of environmental factors in an ecosystem dynamics are very complex. The ecosystem structure is determined by the environmental factors direct or indirect effects on energy regulation of an ecosystem. Therefore the relationship between topographic elements and other abiotic-biotic elements in the Firtina Valley are important for environmental assessment and sustainability of a protected area, and these effects are explained in this study.

Distribution of the Species Genus <i>Scutellaria</i>L. (Lamiaceae) Flora of the Ferghana Valley

The article examines the representatives of the genus of Scutellaria L. distributed in the Ferghana Valley. On the basis of samples collected during field research and stored in the National Herbarium (TASH) Fund of the Institute of Botany Academy Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, the growth of 23 species in the region was noted. Representatives of the genus Scutellaria L. are important due to the abundance of endemic species and their widespread use in modern pharmaceuticals. At the same time, opinions and comments on the study of natural resources of some species common in the valley are presented.

Spatial structure of valley economic development in the mountainous areas in Beijing

Valley economy is a new mode in mountainous area development that is defined by various characters of valley development, and is a distinguishing economical geographic pattern for mountainous area development. The special spatial coupling relations in the distribution of different mountainous elements in valleys are new subjects for the mountain development studies, and such studies are meaningful both for researches and practices. Based on the long term researches on mountainous area development and following a brief exploration into the connotations and the spatial organizing process of valley economy, the authors analyzed the present situations of the development of valley economy in Beijing＇s mountainous areas, studied the characteristics and the impacts of the spatial structural changes of the valley economy in Beijing＇s mountainous areas, and finally proposed a rational arrangement of the spatial structure of the valley economy in Beijing＇s mountainous areas. It is considered in this study that valley economy plays an important role in the development and functional transformation in Beijing＇s mountainous areas in the new epoch. Firstly, valley economy is not outlined by the administrative boundaries, and it connects most of the villages in the mountainous areas roughly along the major transportation lines. Therefore, valley economy can exert positive influence on the development in the mountainous areas, at least in the aspects such as the rearrangement of industrial structure in the mountainous areas and the coordinated development of rural and urban areas. In addition, it is found that the valley economy in Beijing＇s mountainous areas is evolved in a spatial organizing stage of secondary concentration, which is characterized by resource-saving, ecological protection and industrial optimization. Therefore, the development of valley economy will be helpful to the coordination between ecological protection and economic development in the mountainous areas, and will promote the integrated development of the mountainous areas. The developing mode of the valley economy in Beijing＇s mountainous areas will provide the basis for the decision-making in the transformation of the functional roles of Beijing＇s mountainous areas, and on the other hand, will present experiences for the studies in the mountainous areas outside of Beijing.

On the criteria to create a susceptibility map to debris flow at a regional scale using Flow-R

Studies on susceptibility to debris flows at regional scale （ioo-looo km2） are important for the protection and management of mountain areas. To reach this objective, routing models, mainly based on land topography, can be used to predict susceptible areas rapidly while necessitating few input data. In this research, Flow-R model is implemented to create the susceptibility map for the debris flow of the Vizze Valley （BZ, North-Eastern Italy; 134 km^2）. The analysis considers the model application at local scale for three sub-catchments and then it explores the model upsealing at the regional scale by verifying two methods to generate the source areas of debris-flow initiation. Using data of an extreme event occurred in the Vizze Valley （4 August 2012） and historical information, the modeling verification highlights that the propagation parameters are relatively simple to set in order to obtain correct runout distances. A double DTM filtering - using a threshold for the upslope contributing area （0.1 km^2） and a threshold for the terrain-slope angle （15°） provides a satisfactory prediction of source areas and susceptibility map within the geological conditions of the Vizze Valley.