Influence of Rare Earths on Improve Impact Property of Structural Alloy Steel with Extra Low Sulfur and Oxygen

The influence of rare earth lanthanum and cerium on impact property of structural alloy steel with extra low sulfur and oxygen was studied by impact test and microanalysis. The results showed that rare earths increased impact power of the steel when their contents were about 0.005%. Proper addition of rare earths could purify grain boundaries and decrease amount of inclusions, and reduced the possibility of crack growth along grain boundaries and through inclusions. Therefore, such steel could absorb more crack growth energy while it was impacted. However, if the content of rare earths is excessive, the grain boundary would be weakened and brittle-hard phosphates and Fe-RE intermetallic would be formed, which worsened impact toughness of steel.

Simplified Thermodynamic Model for Pro-Eutectoid Ferrite Formation in Multicomponent Structural Steel

By introducing aparameter of difference in ferrite formation temperature between binary Fe-C and multicomponent system,and referring to the thermodynamic model for Fe-C binary system,a simplified thermodynamic model for pro-eutectoid ferrite formation in Fe-ΣXiC multicomponent structural steels(Xi=Mn,Si,Mo,Cr,Ni or Ti,etc)was suggested.The comparison of the calculated Ae3 temperatures with the measured data of steels 42 shows that the relative standard deviation and root-mean-square(RMS)error between them are only 0.71% and 8.92 K,respectively.However,the deviations between the same measured data and the values calculated from the superelement model are as high as 1.86% and 23.83 K,respectively.It can be concluded that the simplified thermodynamic model for pro-eutectoid ferrite formation in multicomponent structural steels is acceptable and the calculated Ae3 temperatures are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Electronic Structures and Alloying Behaviors of Ferrite Phases in High Co-Ni Secondary Hardened Martensitic Steels

The electronic structure of ferrite (tempered martensite phase) in high Co-Ni secondary hardened martensitic steel has been investigated. The local density of states (LOOS) of alloying elements in the steel displays the relationship between solid solubility and the shape of the LDOS. The bond order integral (BOI) between atoms in the steel shows that the directional bonding of the p orbital of Si or C leads to the brittleness of the steel. At last, ΣBOI between atoms demonstrate that C, Co, Mn, Cr, Mo, Si strengthen the alloyed steel through solid-solution effects.

Microstructures and properties of welded joint of TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel

The fracture characteristics of the joint were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope. Microstructures of the joint were examined by means of optical microscope, SEM and an image analyzer. The results show that the tensile strength of the inhomogeneous joint of TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel is lower than that of the homogeneous joint and a plastic field appears in the heat affected zone on the side of TiNi shape memory alloy. Because TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel melted, a brittle as-cast structure was formed in the weld. The tensile strength and the shape memory effect of the inhomogeneous joint are strongly influenced by the changes of composition and structure of the joint. Measures should be taken to reduce the base metal melting and prevent the weld metal from the invasion by O for improving the properties of the TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel inhomogeneous joint.

Corrosion behavior of high-strength spring steel for high-speed railway

The corrosion resistance and evolution of corrosion products in medium-carbon high-strength spring steels were investigated in a neutral salt spray(5 wt% Na Cl solution). A formation model of γ-Fe OOH and a transformation model describing the conversion of γ-Fe OOH to α-Fe OOH were constructed. The results indicated that, at the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was gradually improved with the addition of Cr; however, with the addition of alloying element V, the corrosion resistance decreased. These results were attributed mainly to the initial corrosion stage being closely related to the matrix microstructure parameters such as grain-boundary character and dislocation density. After the rust layer was formed at a later corrosion stage, the corrosion resistance was reinforced with the addition of Cr and V because Cr strongly influenced the composition, structure, and morphology of the corrosion products. The results presented herein show that Cr was conducive to the transformation of γ-Fe OOH into α-Fe OOH. Moreover, V and Cr exhibited obvious synergy and were enriched in the inner layer of the corrosion products.

Effects of aluminum and titanium on the microstructure of ODS steels fabricated by hot pressing

Three oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)steels with compositions of Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-0.3Y_2O_3(wt%,so as the follows)(14Y),Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-1Al-0.3Y_2O_3(14YAl),and Fe-14Cr-2W-0.2V-0.07Ta-0.3Ti-0.3 Y_2O_3(14YTi)were fabricated by hot pressing.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)was used to characterize the microstructures and nanoparticles of these ODS steels.According to the TEM results,14Y,14YAl,and 14YTi ODS steels present similar bimodal structures containing both large and small grains.The addition of Al or Ti has no obvious effect on the microstructure of the steels.The spatial and size distribution of the nanoparticles was also analyzed.The results indicate that the average size of nanoparticles in the 14YTi ODS steel is smaller than that in the 14YAl ODS steel.Nanoparticles such as Y_2O_3,Y_3Al_5O_(12) and YAlO_3,and Y_2Ti_2O_7 were identified in the 14Y,14YAl,and 14YTiODS steels,respectively.

DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF HIGH-STRENGTH STEEL WELDING

Composition and service properties of high - strength low-alloyed steels with 590-980 MPa yield strength,which find an application in Russia, Belorus,Ukraine and other countries of the former USSR in manufacture of welded structures of a powerful mining and transport machinery, are given. Electrodes and wires for main processes of arc welding of these steels have been devel- oped on the basis of a rational use of different systems of alloying (08KhN2GM,08KhNG2M, and also economical systems of type 10G25, ect. ). Main approaches to the technological provess- es of manufacture of structures of high - strength steels are formulated.They are mainly directed to the weakening of de offect of the factors which contribute to a delayed fracture of joints (diffusive hydrogen,unfavourable rates of cooling,level of residual stresses). When there are no stress concentrators (and at a low level of residual stresses) the welded joints of these steels have a good resistance to fatigue and brittle fractures.As a rule, they are prevented with the help of the known approaches.It is shown that in addition to them and due to a proper selection of conditions of welding the life of welded joints of the high - strength steels can be 1. 2 - 1. 4 times in- creased.

High Carbon Alloy Steels with Multiple Types of Ultra-fine Carbides and Their Characteristics

Under normal forging and annealing conditions, there are different ultra fine carbides (M3C, M23C6, M7Cj, M6C and MC) in high carbon alloy steels when alloy composition design is carried out properly. On the basis of carbides transformation orderliness, the alloy composition design of the high carbon alloy steels is conducted by phase-equilibrium thermodynamic calculation for Fe-Cr-W-Mo-V-C system. The nucleation and growth of new carbides, dissolution of previous partial carbides in these steels during annealing process, all these lead to ultra-fine distribution of carbides. Due to different crystal structures of carbides and different thermodynamics as well dynamics parameters of the carbides dissolution and precipitation, the range of quenching temperature of these steels is widened, and the good temper-resistance is obtained. The characteristics of heat treatment process and microstructure variance, and the carbides transformation for different temperature are explained by the phase-equilibrium component satisfactorily. Their bend and yield strength, flexibility and toughness all are advanced markedly comparing with that of kindred steels. Results of the applications have proved that the microstructure of ultra-fine carbides in these steels played importance roles in the enhancement of edginess and fatigue crack resistance of the die and knives.

非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构设计及其磁-振动特性分析

非晶合金和取向硅钢是制作配电变压器铁心常用的两种软磁材料,各有优劣。采用非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构可以综合两者的优势。该文以非晶合金和取向硅钢铁心并排的组合结构为基础,选取组合铁心的取向硅钢占比和尺寸参数为自由变量,提出一种基于自由参数扫描法的组合铁心结构设计方法。首先,根据非晶合金-取向硅钢组合铁心结构特点,建立组合铁心的等效双非线性磁路模型;其次,采用磁路法迭代求解组合铁心的磁通密度分布,并制定组合铁心的结构设计流程;最后,根据结构设计结果制作了组合铁心的实验模型,采用实验和有限元仿真结合的方法分析了其磁-振动特性,验证了所提设计方法的准确性,并与传统纯非晶合金和纯取向硅钢铁心进行对比分析,阐述了组合铁心的优势。

钢结构表面热喷涂锌-铝合金涂层的耐久性研究

为研究钢结构表面热喷涂锌-铝合金涂层耐久性,以EH36钢板为基材,Al的质量分数分别为7.5%和15%的ZnAl(15)和ZnAl(7.5)两种合金丝为涂层材料,制备ZnAl(15)和ZnAl(7.5)两种锌-铝合金防护涂层试样,并进行盐雾腐蚀试验、电化学腐蚀试验、扫描电镜、高温腐蚀试验和烟气腐蚀试验,分析两种试样的耐久性。结果表明:ZnAl(15)的稳态腐蚀率约为0.43 mm/a;ZnAl(7.5)的稳态腐蚀率约为1.68 mm/a;ZnAl(15)的稳态腐蚀极化电位值更高、变化区间更大,电位最大值接近1.8 V,ZnAl(7.5)的电位最大值约为0.5 V;温度为730℃时,ZnAl(15)和ZnAl(7.5)的腐蚀增质量相差最大为0.07 mg;ZnAl(15)防护涂层的烟气耐久性优于ZnAl(7.5)防护涂层。

钢结构用锌-铝合金涂层的耐蚀性研究

涂层作为物理屏障,可阻断钢结构与水、氧气、盐等的接触,起到防腐作用,可大幅延长建筑钢的使用寿命,减少维护和修复费用,保障结构安全可靠。因此,为研究建筑钢结构用锌-铝合金涂层的耐蚀性,用铝粉与锌粉为主要材料,混合辅料,制备涂层浆液,用浸涂工艺在建筑钢结构上涂覆锌-铝合金浆料。以氯化钠溶液为腐蚀介质,测试铝粉质量分数分别为15%、25%、35%、45%时,该涂层的腐蚀微观、宏观形貌及质量损失;测试不同浓度氯化钠溶液与温度下涂层的耐蚀性。结果表明:铝粉质量分数为45%时制备的锌-铝合金涂层,微观形貌更致密,宏观腐蚀形貌未出现明显黄锈,且该铝粉用量下涂层腐蚀后质量损失最小。氯化钠溶液质量分数为10%且温度较高时,锌-铝合金涂层的耐蚀性最好。

恒电量法研究温度对石油储罐底板材料在土壤模拟液中腐蚀的影响

[目的]大型石油储罐运营过程复杂多样的环境条件,以及石油、沉积水、土壤等腐蚀介质造成石油储罐的腐蚀行为极其复杂,而储罐腐蚀行为的研究和腐蚀过程的监测对于储运中心运行和安全管理极其重要。恒电量法具有快速、无损、灵敏度高、重现性好等优点,基于恒电量法可以实现复杂体系中腐蚀过程的实时监测,但目前在储罐腐蚀研究中鲜有报道。[方法]采用恒电量法研究温度对储罐底板材料(16MnR钢)在土壤模拟液中腐蚀的影响,并结合传统的挂片法、动电位极化法、线性极化法、电化学阻抗法及扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征,对恒电量法应用于石油储罐底板腐蚀研究的有效性进行评价。[结果]温度对16MnR钢在土壤模拟液中的腐蚀有极大的影响,腐蚀随温度升高而加快,恒电量法与传统电化学方法的测试结果具有较好的一致性。[结论]恒电量技术是一种可靠性较高的腐蚀检测方法,在石油储罐底板腐蚀的实时监测中有着很好的应用前景。

钢横梁SMA蜂窝结构加劲肋面外疲劳性能研究

针对某公路钢桁架桥工字型横梁腹板加劲肋下方出现纵向开裂问题,基于形状记忆合金(SMA)、蜂窝结构和波折腹板特性给出6种加劲肋方案:(1)横梁为原桥直腹板工字钢形状,有腹板间隙;(2)栓接钢板加固;(3)加劲肋为蜂窝结构,横梁为工字钢直板形状;(4)加劲肋为蜂窝结构,腹板为正弦波纹形状;(5)加劲肋为蜂窝结构,腹板为折线形状;(6)加劲肋下部抵住下翼缘板,不焊接。通过三维有限元数值模拟对不同加劲肋结构形式、有无SMA的蜂窝结构加劲肋腹板面外变形、疲劳应力幅和扭转角进行了比较研究。结果表明:腹板间隙处出现较大应力集中与变形扭转;栓接钢板加固、蜂窝结构加劲肋直腹板的抗面外变形疲劳效应效果显著,应力幅与位移都减少80%以上,蜂窝结构加劲肋直腹板相比于栓接钢板加固在提升抗扭转效应基础上钢材用量节约74.07%;蜂窝结构加劲肋折线腹板形式和加劲肋抵住下翼缘板方案不能有效加强抗扭刚度;使用SMA材料更有利于减少面外变形疲劳效应,最大应力幅减少可达77.86%,最大横向位移减少达到33.33%。综上所述,蜂窝结构加劲肋以更少的成本来增强横梁腹板抗面外变形与抗扭刚度。

剪力墙结构装配式可拆卸钢筋桁架楼承板施工技术

为了提高建筑装配率并提高结构抗震性能,创新采用剪力墙结构装配式可拆卸钢筋桁架楼承板,对剪力墙结构不同标高楼承板设计构造、楼承板2 m跨度内免支撑体系、洞口预留、拼缝防错台漏浆设计及其配套使用的电气导管预留等一系列细部做法在传统桁架楼承板基础上进行改进优化,进一步提升楼承板实用性、可靠性和可推广性,整合了现浇结构和装配式结构的双重优势,达到了实体质量一次成优的目的,节约施工成本、提高施工效率。

冶炼低合金结构钢夹杂物演变规律研究

分析研究了冶炼Q420低合金结构钢时精炼过程中精炼渣、铝钙成分、氧成分变化与钢中夹杂物数量、类型的对应规律。结果表明:精炼渣中w(FeO)和w(MnO)越低,钢液中硫化物类夹杂物越少,精炼渣中w(Al_(2)O_(3))越高,钢液中Al_(2)O_(3)类夹杂物数量越少,精炼渣中w(MnO)和w(MgO)越低,钢液中MnO和MgO类夹杂物数量越多;各工序钢中w(Alt)越高,w(Ca)越低,钢中Al_(2)O_(3)类夹杂物数量越多,硫化物类和Al_(2)O_(3)类夹杂物数量越少;钢中全氧质量分数越高,夹杂物总数量越多。

Drawing-upsetting-extrusion-clinching of high-strength steel and aluminum alloy

To realize good point connection between high-strength steel and aluminum alloy,a process of drawing-upsetting-extrusion-clinching was proposed.First,the sheets were drawn;then,the bottom of the protrusion part was extruded,forming the necessary initial interlock;and finally,the protrusion part was reverse press clinched,forming a certain height of the clinched head.Taking DP980 high-strength steel and A15083 aluminum alloy as the connection objects and using the method of numerical simulation combined with experimental test,the mold was made,and the experiment was carried out on the basis of numerical simulation.The experimental results proved the feasibility of the process and the effectiveness of the numerical model.The simulation and experimental results show that the necessary interlock in the drawing-upsetting-extrusion stage is the premise of effective connection.The relative protrusion height should be around 55.6%after reverse-press-clinching.The best comprehensive mechanical properties measured by strength test were shear resistance of 2644 N,fatigue life of 24,535 times and peel resistance of 1522 N.Through failure analysis,the relationship between the interlock Tu and the neck thickness Tn of the joint with the best comprehensive mechanical properties was established as Tu=0.35Tn.The design method of die and process parameters when the sheet thickness changes was researched by numerical simulation.The results show that the clearance between the punch and the die and the bottom thickness are directly proportional to the sheet thickness,and the drawing depth is directly proportional to the punch radius.

50 mm低合金高强度结构钢Q460NC的生产实践

通过合理的成分设计和严格的加热、TMCP轧制工艺控制,充分利用细晶强化、析出强化等手段,保障了TMCP交货状态的50 mm厚Q460NC钢板的成功研发。钢板晶粒细小、性能稳定,屈服强度达到450 MPa~510 MPa,抗拉强度达到590 MPa~645 MPa,延伸率达到25%以上,板形及表面质量良好。

滚轴式散索鞍受力特性与优化研究

采用有限元分析方法,对悬索桥滚轴式散索鞍的受力特性进行了深入研究。结果表明,滚轴接触应力在纵桥向呈锯齿状分布,横桥向则在中央位置出现最大接触应力,这与散索鞍的横肋和纵肋分布密切相关。经过结构优化,滚轴接触反力和横向接触应力的变化范围均显著缩小。此外,最大剪切应力和最大von Mises应力出现在滚轴接触表面下约3 mm处,符合赫兹接触理论。基于这些发现,建议采用调质处理的合金钢作为滚轴材料,并根据不同类型的最大应力值进行材料屈服强度和表面硬度的设计,为悬索桥滚轴式散索鞍的设计和优化提供了重要理论依据。

THE VALENCE ELECTRON STRUCTURES OF MARTENSITE IN LOW ALLOY ULTRAHIGH-STRENGTH STEELS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS

Ⅰ. THE VALENCE ELECTRON STRUCTURES OF MARTENSITE IN LOW ALLOY ULTRAHIGH-STRENGTH STEELS AND THE SEGREGATION OF C-ME IN MARTENSITEThe valence electron structures ofmartensite in 30CrMnSiNi2A and Gc-4 steels can be established based on Refs. [1—3]. To be brief, only σ, nA and ncD are listed in Table 1, which are the values of electron structures of martensite in 30CrMnSi2A and Gc-4 steels.

THE VALENCE ELECTRON STRUCTURE OF AUSTENITE IN LOW ALLOY ULTRAHIGH-STRENGTH STEELS AND ITS INFLUENCES ON KINETICS OF PHASE TRANSFORMATION

Based on S. H. Yu's empirical electron theory of solids and molecules, the valence electron structure of austenite in low alloy ultrahigh-strength steels, 30CrMnSiNi_2A and 40 CrMnSiMoVA is established. The behavior of various main-added elements in the kinetics of phase transformation is discussed on the basis of C-Me segregation caused by the valence electron structure, The influence of alloying elements on the structure and morphology of transformed products is discussed from the viewpoint of interaction between the driving force of phase transformation and segregating force. Then on the basis of the valence electron structure of the alloy, the composition design of ultrahlgh-strength steels is discussed.