Numerical and analytical simulation of the structural behaviour of fully grouted cable bolts under impulsive loading

Designing reliable yielding support system to mitigate the effect of the kinetic energy in burst-prone conditions in mining and tunneling excavations is one of the challenges for geotechnical engineers. A combination of the support elements can be used to increase rock strength and minimise the displacement of unstable rock mass. It is important to understand how the support system works to ensure the stability of underground excavations. Cable bolts have been commonly used as an effective underground support system and an element of reinforcement to improve rock stability. Cable bolts are usually considered to be subjected to static loads under relatively low stress environments, however, in burst-prone conditions, they might be subjected to dynamic loads. Cable bolts as well as other support elements are used in burst-prone conditions to absorb the kinetic energy of the removed rock to avoid sudden and violent failures. This paper develops numerical and a novel analytical simulation technique for cable bolts to assess their structural behaviour under static and dynamic loading conditions. The numerical and analytical models are then validated against experimental observations reported in the literature, which demonstrates the reliability of the proposed models.

Experimental Study on Methane Explosion Ignited by Sparks of Cable Bolt Breakage

An experimental device was designed for studying methane explosion ignited by sparks of cable bolt breakage. With the methane concentration being in explosion range, a series of experiments were conducted to study the law of spark generation during cable bolt breakage and the probability of methane explosion caused by the spark. The results show that the probability of generating sparks during cable bolt breakage is 50%. The spark generated by the breakage of steel cable bolt strand can't ignite a methane explosion. A detection was carried out using infrared-ray imaging apparatus (IRIA) to measure temperature of the spark generated by cable bolt breakage. It is indicated that the maximum temperature of the spark generated by cable bolt breakage is far less than the required ignition temperature for a methane explosion.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion of cable bolts in underground coal mines:The effect of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Reports on corrosion failure of cable bolts,used in mining and civil industries,have been increasing in the past two decades.The previous studies found that pitting corrosion on the surface of a cable bolt can initiate premature failure of the bolt.In this study,the role of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(A.ferrooxidans)bacterium in the occurrence of pitting corrosion in cable bolts was studied.Stressed coupons,made from the wires of cable bolts,were immersed in testing bottles containing groundwater collected from an underground coal mine and a mixture of A.ferrooxidans and geomaterials.It was observed that A.ferrooxidans caused pitting corrosion on the surface of cable bolts in the near-neutral environment.The presence of geomaterials slightly affected the p H of the environment;however,it did not have any significant influence on the corrosion activity of A.ferrooxidans.This study suggests that the common bacterium A.ferrooxidans found in many underground environments can be a threat to cable bolts'integrity by creating initiation points for other catastrophic failures such as stress corrosion cracking.

Depillaring of total thickness of a thick coal seam in single lift using cable bolts：A case study

Explaining fundamentals of application of cable bolting for a thick seam depillaring,this paper summarizes the results of field studies conducted during adoption of this approach in more than fifteen panels of Madhusudanpur 7 pit and incline mine.Nearly 7.0 m thick Kajora top coal seam of this mine is developed on pillars along the floor horizon to an average height of 3.0 m,leaving a coal band of around 4.0 m along the roof.Analysis of procured core samples showed that roof strata are easily caveable with a caveability index value of around 2000 only.Easily caveable overlying strata and shallow depth of cover alleviated most of the expected strata mechanics problems of the thick seam mining.However,extraction of total thickness at shallow cover caused differential-subsidence and cracks on the surface.These manifestations were immediately tackled to avoid creation of a breathing path for spontaneous heating in the extracted area.

Study on Fracture Delay of High-Strength Bolts in Road Bridge Maintenance

In the maintenance work of highway and bridge engineering structures,the fracture delay of high-strength bolts is a content that needs to be focused on and researched.Based on this,the paper analyzes the fracture delay of high-strength bolts in highway bridge maintenance,including an overview of the fundamental research on fracture delay and related specific studies.It is hoped that this study can provide scientific reference for the reasonable maintenance of high-strength bolts,so as to ensure the overall maintenance effect of highway bridge projects.

Applied on bolting-cable anchor support of full-seam roadway in weaker thick coal seam

The designing method and the supporting mechanism of both bolt and small cable anchor for full seam roadway in the weaker thick coal seam are systematically analyzed, and the construction technology and the supporting results are briefly summarized.

Deformation-softening behaviors of high-strength and high-toughness steels used for rock bolts

In deep ground engineering,the use of high-strength and high-toughness steels for rock bolt can significantly improve its energy absorption capacity.However,the mechanisms and effects of rock loading conditions on this kind of high energy-absorbing steel for rock bolt remain immature.In this study,taking Muzhailing highway tunnel as the background,physically based crystal plasticity simulations were performed to understand the effect of rock loading rate and pretension on the deformation behaviors of twinning induced plasticity(TWIP)steel used for rock bolt.The material physical connecting to the underlying microscopic mechanisms of dislocation glide and deformation twinning were incorporated in numerical modeling.The rock loading conditions were mimicked by the real-time field monitoring data of the NPR bolt/cable equipment installed on the tunnel surrounding rock surface.The results indicate that the bolt rod exhibits pronounced deformation-softening behavior with decrease of the loading rate.There is also a sound deformation-relaxation phenomenon induced by the dramatic decrease of loading rate after pre-tensioning.The high pretension(>600 MPa or 224 k N)can help bolt rod steel resist deformation-softening behavior,especially at low loading rate(<10~(-1)MPa/s or 10~(-2)kN/s).The loading rate was found to be a significant factor affecting deformation-softening behavior while the pretension was found to be the major parameter accounting for the deformation-relaxation scenario.The results provide the theoretical basis and technical support for practical applications.

High prestress truss cable support principle and its application in large cross section coal roadway

With the enlarge of cross section of roadway, the radius of plastic area and broken area increase, and the tensile stress and shear stress distributing in roof coal-rock layers relevantly increase, which induce support effect not obvious for ordinary bolt（cable）. While bounding point and support structure of the truss cable is in vertex angle of roadway, and supplies coal-rock layers in bounding area with the horizontal and vertical pressure, so it settles the support problems in large cross section coal roadway. From the point of view of mechanics, gave emphasis on the invalid mechanics of ordinary bolt （cable） in large cross section coal roadway and supported mechanics of prestress truss cable. The author successfully used this technique in Wuyang Mine, and had the huge economic efficiency and the social benefit.

Theory,technology and application of grouted bolting in soft rock roadways of deep coal mines

The grouted bolt,combining rock bolting with grouting techniques,provides an effective solution for controlling the surrounding rock in deep soft rock and fractured roadways.It has been extensively applied in numerous deep mining areas characterized by soft rock roadways,where it has demonstrated remarkable control results.This article systematically explores the evolution of grouted bolting,covering its theoretical foundations,design methods,materials,construction processes,monitoring measures,and methods for assessing its effectiveness.The overview encompassed several key elements,delving into anchoring theory and grouting reinforcement theory.The new principle of high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative active control is introduced.A fresh method for dynamic information design is also highlighted.The discussion touches on both conventional grouting rock bolts and cable bolts,as well as innovative grouted rock bolts and cables characterized by their high pretension,strength,and sealing hole pressure.An examination of the merits and demerits of standard inorganic and organic grouting materials versus the new inorganic–organic composite materials,including their specific application conditions,was conducted.Additionally,the article presents various methods and instruments to assess the support effect of grouting rock bolts,cable bolts,and grouting reinforcement.Furthermore,it provides a foundation for understanding the factors influencing decisions on grouted bolting timing,the sequence of grouting,the pressure applied,the volume of grout used,and the strategic arrangement of grouted rock bolts and cable bolts.The application of the high pretensioned high-pressure splitting grouted bolting collaborative control technology in a typical kilometer-deep soft rock mine in China—the soft coal seam and soft rock roadway in the Kouzidong coal mine,Huainan coal mining area,was introduced.Finally,the existing problems in grouted bolting control technology for deep soft rock roadways are analyzed,and the future development trend of grouted bolting control technology is anticipated.

Numerical Model Research on Rotational Performance of Beam-Column High-Strength Bolt Extension End-Plate Connection Node

The high-strength bolted end plate connection is widely used in the construction industry with its green environmental protection and excellent seismic performance. The joints of the joints are semi-rigid, the force performance is extremely complicated, and the experimental research cost is relatively high, and the cycle is very long. Therefore, the establishment of an efficient numerical model is of great significance for evaluating the force performance of high-strength bolt end plates. In this paper, the influence of different material models on the rotation performance of the joint is studied by numerical simulation, and the bending moment-rotation curve is obtained. The numerical simulation and the experimental results are in good agreement, so as to provide a reference for the design and application of this kind of joint.

Influence of anchorage length and pretension on the working resistance of rock bolt based on its tensile characteristics

In coal mining roadway support design,the working resistance of the rock bolt is the key factor affecting its maximum support load.Effective improvement of the working resistance is of great significance to roadway support.Based on the rock bolt’s tensile characteristics and the mining roadway surrounding rock deformation,a mechanical model for calculating the working resistance of the rock bolt was established and solved.Taking the mining roadway of the 17102(3)working face at the Panji No.3 Coal Mine of China as a research site,with a quadrilateral section roadway,the influence of pretension and anchorage length on the working resistance of high-strength and ordinary rock bolts in the middle and corner of the roadway is studied.The results show that when the bolt is in the elastic stage,increasing the pretension and anchorage length can effectively improve the working resistance.When the bolt is in the yield and strain-strengthening stages,increasing the pretension and anchorage length cannot effectively improve the working resistance.The influence of pretension and anchorage length on the ordinary and high-strength bolts is similar.The ordinary bolt’s working resistance is approximately 25 kN less than that of the high-strength bolt.When pretension and anchorage length are considered separately,the best pretensions of the high-strength bolt in the middle of the roadway side and the roadway corner are 41.55 and 104.26 kN,respectively,and the best anchorage lengths are 1.54 and 2.12 m,respectively.The best anchorage length of the ordinary bolt is the same as that of the high-strength bolt,and the best pretension for the ordinary bolt in the middle of the roadway side and at the roadway corner is 33.51 and 85.12 kN,respectively.The research results can provide a theoretical basis for supporting the design of quadrilateral mining roadways.

Hydrogeochemical modelling of corrosive environment contributing to premature failure of anchor bolts in underground coal mines

Anchor bolts are commonly used throughout underground mining and tunnelling operations to improve roof stability.However,premature failures of anchor bolts are significant safety risks in underground excavations around the world due to susceptible bolt materials,a moist and corrosive environment and tensile stress.In this paper,laboratory experiments and hydrogeochemical models were combined to investigate anchor bolt corrosion and failure associated with aqueous environments in underground coal mines.Experimental data and collated mine water chemistry data were used to simulate bolt corrosion reactions with groundwater and rock materials with the PHREEQC code.A series of models quantified reactions involving iron and carbon under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in comparison with ion,pH and pE trends in experimental data.The models showed that corrosion processes are inhibited by some natural environmental factors,because dissolved oxygen would cause more iron from the bolts to oxidize into solution.These interdisciplinary insights into corrosion failure of underground anchor bolts confirm that environmental factors are important contributors to stress corrosion cracking.

马鞍山长江公铁大桥Z3号桥塔施工关键技术

巢马城际铁路马鞍山长江公铁大桥主航道桥为(112+392+2×1120+392+112)m三塔钢桁梁斜拉桥,Z3号桥塔为超高多肢钢-混组合塔,高308 m。上塔柱钢结构高87.5 m,分13个吊装节段,最重505 t;中、下塔柱混凝土结构高217.5 m,分38个节段液压爬模施工;钢-混结合段高3 m,内部采用PBL键+剪力钉+高强度钢锚杆+高强度混凝土结构形式。在中塔柱设置钢管临时横撑控制塔柱线形及应力;下横梁采用落地支架法分层施工,与对应塔柱同步浇筑;钢-混结合段混凝土采用C60细石补偿收缩混凝土+高强度灌浆料,保证了混凝土施工质量;采用工厂“2+1”立体匹配制造、“提升站+运输栈桥”钢塔节段转运等技术,并研制15000 t•m超大型塔吊,实现了钢塔柱大节段的制造、整体滩地运输和吊装;钢塔节段间采用栓焊组合连接形式,通过设置工艺隔板、双面坡口等措施控制了钢塔焊接变形;利用定位桁架临时锁定钢塔合龙段实现了钢塔的精确合龙,定位桁架受力及变形均满足要求。

复合扩管式锚索恒阻器的研发与试验研究

深部高应力、软弱围岩、强烈采动影响等条件下的巷道围岩频繁出现大变形,此类围岩大变形支护可控性普遍较差,常规锚索因其较低的延伸率无法适应巷道大变形而大量破断或锚固失效,导致巷道出现冒顶隐患。针对此类问题,研发了一种与常规锚索配合使用的复合扩管式恒阻器,其结构主要由止进端盖、扩径管、一体式托盘和锥式锁具组成,通过锥式锁具克服扩径管“扩胀—摩削”所产生的近似恒定的复合阻力,实现围岩大变形过程中的锚索支护阻力恒定,通过理论分析、数值模拟和静力拉伸试验等综合研究方法,系统分析和试验了复合扩管式恒阻器的力学特性和工作稳定性,掌握了该恒阻器扩径增量、锁具锥角对扩径管变形及恒阻器复合阻力的影响规律。试验结果表明:恒阻器复合阻力主要分为阻力快升段和近恒定阻力段2个过程,且近恒定阻力段作为主要阶段达到试验全程的85%~90%;锁具锥角、扩径增量直接影响了扩径管变形及恒阻器力学特性,锁具锥角小于20°时,扩径管变形均匀且恒阻器复合阻力发挥稳定,而扩径增量则决定了恒阻器复合阻力的大小,可通过调整扩径增量获取需要的锚索恒阻力;Ф17.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°、扩径增量为5 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为265.92 kN,Ф21.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°,扩径增量为8 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为424.15 kN,且工作状态稳定可靠,可较好的符合大变形巷道的恒阻支护要求。此外,该恒阻器还具有工作稳定性强、恒阻行程及阻力可调、结构简单、安装便捷等特点,是大变形巷道围岩控制技术的有效补充。

基于小波变换的锚杆锚索测力仪设计

针对井下存在的电磁干扰,会对测力仪采集到的运放端的电压信号存在较大的干扰,进而对传感器测得的压力值准确性产生影响的问题;设计了基于小波变换的锚杆锚索测力仪。以国产HC32L176单片机作为主控芯片,对运放端的电压信号进行AD采集;选用合适的小波基函数、分解层数、阈值规则及阈值函数,对含噪信号进行分解,滤除不同层的高频成分,再对信号重构,得到去噪后的信号。Matlab仿真与实际测试结果表明:小波变换可以对采集的电压信号实现很好去噪,提高了锚杆锚索测力仪的可靠性与稳定性。

长锚杆/锚索改善深埋大跨度隧道初支结构受力试验研究

针对深埋大跨度软岩隧道拱脚及拱顶处初支开裂、钢架变形过大问题,提出了局部增设长锚杆或锚索的支护技术,以实现对该类隧道初支结构受力的调节改善。基于课题组自主研发的隧道结构性能测试平台,对比分析了同等围岩荷载作用下系统锚杆支护与多类长锚杆/锚索支护方案的初期支护结构受力变形特征,研究了不同环向间距与布设范围的长锚杆/锚索支护效果。研究结果表明:(1)常规支护时,大跨度隧道初期支护整体呈压扁趋势,拱顶内侧与拱脚外侧承受结构最大弯矩而最先开裂,仰拱内侧拉裂后模型加速变形进而引起结构整体失稳破坏;(2)4种增设长锚杆或锚索支护方案下,初支拱顶处结构安全系数分别为常规支护体系的4.59,2.12,1.96,1.80倍,拱脚处结构安全系数分别为常规支护的5.23,2.80,2.34,2.37倍;(3)在拱部120°范围以2 m环向间距布设长锚杆对初支结构内力改善效果最佳,支护点轴向强拉力产生的局部负弯矩组合效应抵消了拱顶处较大正弯矩;(4)不同位置长锚杆/锚索支护力整体呈从拱顶处至拱肩侧先减小后增大的规律。

高延伸率锚索动态力学特性及工程应用

传统锚索延伸率低、抗冲击能力差,在强冲击载荷作用下易出现脆性破断失效,导致巷道出现冒顶、冲击地压事故等问题。基于此,自主开发了具有高强度、高延伸率及高抗冲击等特性的锚索,采用实验室试验、理论分析及现场试验等综合手段,分析了高延伸率锚索的静、动载力学性能,研究了高延伸率锚索化学成分、金相组织和夹杂物与普通锚索的差异,提出了高延伸率锚索支护吸能原理,并将高延伸率锚索在现场进行了应用。研究结果表明:静载作用下,高延伸率锚索抗拉强度为1790 MPa,最大力总延伸率8.1%,是普通锚索的1.61~2.25倍;动载作用下,高延伸率锚索钢丝不易散开,破断载荷与普通锚索基本相同,断后伸长率分别是锚索A、B、C的1.82倍、1.68倍和1.52倍,单位长度吸能量分别是锚索A、B、C的2.54倍、1.99倍和1.70倍,高延伸率锚索塑性变形能力更强,吸能能力更高。高延伸率锚索通过在冶炼和轧制工艺过程中控制有害化学元素和有益化学元素含量、细化金相组织及减少夹杂物尺寸和数量等方式提高了钢丝的塑性变形能力,进而提高锚索整体的抗冲击性能。高延伸率锚索在现场应用过程中经受了多次大能量冲击后,巷道支护效果良好,高延伸率锚索未出现破断,有效控制了巷道冲击破坏。

温州瓯江北口大桥施工期索夹抗滑移控制

温州瓯江北口大桥为主跨2×800 m的三塔四跨双层钢桁梁悬索桥,主跨钢桁梁采用1000 t缆载吊机大节段吊装,施工期索夹受力大、索夹螺杆紧固力损失大,索夹滑移风险高。为给施工期索夹滑移风险评估和抗滑移控制措施提供依据,在《公路悬索桥设计规范》(JTG/T D65-05—2015)索夹抗滑移系数计算公式的基础上,考虑索夹上临时荷载、主缆轴力增加引起的主缆直径变小和主缆丝股重新排列、螺杆时变效应造成的索夹螺杆紧固力损失,提出适用于大跨悬索桥施工期的索夹抗滑移系数计算方法,分析主要参数对施工期索夹抗滑移系数的影响,并评估该桥施工期索夹抗滑移风险,提出索夹抗滑移控制措施。结果表明:钢桁梁吊装过程中,索夹倾角变化大,应采用当前施工阶段索夹倾角计算施工期索夹抗滑移系数,主缆轴力增加引起主缆直径变小是造成索夹滑移的主要原因之一;该桥除主跨跨中钢桁梁节段对应索夹抗滑移系数满足规范要求外,其余索夹抗滑移系数均不满足规范要求。根据索夹滑移风险评估结果,采取紧固索夹螺杆的抗滑移控制措施,并明确了该桥索夹螺杆紧固次数和时机。该桥采取索夹抗滑移控制措施后,施工过程中索夹均未出现滑移现象。

Failure mechanism and safety control technology of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses:a case study

The construction of coal mines often encounters deep composite soft rock roadways,which is characterized by significant deformation and poor stability.To deeply study the failure mechanism and large deformation challenges of a composite strata roadway in deep and soft rock masses,a numerical model of 3DEC tetrahedral blocks was established based on the method of rock quality designation(RQD).The results showed that original support cannot prevent asymmetric failure and large deformation due to the adverse geological environment and unsuitable support design.According to the failure characteristics,a coupling support of“NPR bolt/cable+mesh+shotcrete+steel pipe”was proposed to control the stability of the surrounding rock.The excellent mechanical properties of large deformation(approximately 400 mm)and high constant resistance force(bolt with 180 k N;cable with 350 k N)were evaluated by the tensile tests.The numerical results showed that the maximum deformation was minimized to 243 mm,and the bearing capacity of the surrounding rock of the roadway was enhanced.The field test results showed that the maximum deformation of the surrounding rock was 210 mm,and the forces of the NPR bolt and cable were stable at approximately 180 k N and 350 k N,respectively.This demonstrated the effectiveness of the coupling support with the NPR bolt and cable,which could be a guiding significance for the safety control of large deformation and failure in deep composite soft rock roadways.

复合顶板回采巷道稳定控制技术研究

复合顶板岩层各层之间容易产生不同的变形,导致黏结力变小,在实际生产中易出现离层破坏。通过使用锚杆(索)进行支护,可以改变围岩力学状态,有效控制围岩变形。以山西省四侯矿为研究背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场监测等方法研究了复合顶板回采巷道稳定控制技术。对比锚杆应力变化曲线可知,所选用的支护方式可以有效控制围岩变形;对回风顺槽动压条件下锚固支护现状进行评价,便于优化支护方案,并为下区段工作面进、回风顺槽支护方案设计提供理论依据。