Effects of Manufactured-sand on Dry Shrinkage and Crccp of High-strength Concrete

The influences of natural sand, manufactured-sand （MS） and stone-dust （SD） in the manufactured-sand on workability, compressive strength, elastic modulus, drying shrinkage and creep properties of high-strength concrete （HSC） were tested and compared. The results show that the reasonable content （7%-10.5%） of SD in MS will not deteriorate the workability of MS-HSC. It could even improve the workability. Moreover, the compressive strength increases gradually with the increasing SD content,and the MS- HSC with low SD content （smaller than 7%） has the elastic modulus which approaches that of the natural sand HSC, but the elastic modulus reduces when the SD content is high. The influence of the SD content on drying shrinkage performance of MS-HSC is closely related to the hydration age. The shrinkage rate of MS-HSC in the former 7 d age is higher than that of the natural sand HSC, but the difference of the shrinkage rate in the late age is not marked. Meanwhile the shrinkage rate reduces as the fly ash is added; the specific creep and creep coefficient of MS-HSC with 7% SD are close to those of the natural sand HSC.

陆上风电混塔结构HSC/UHPC方案受力性能对比分析

传统的高强混凝土(HSC)和超高性能混凝土(UHPC)均可作为大型陆上风电混塔的主要结构材料,为进一步了解两种结构材料对混塔性能的影响,提出了HSC结构和UHPC结构混塔方案,并对比分析了两种结构混塔的受力特性和固有频率。结果表明:HSC结构和UHPC结构混塔在ULS(承载力极限状态)下的受弯承载力相差不大,但在SLS(正常使用极限状态)下的主压应力和FLS(疲劳极限状态)下的疲劳累计损失相差较大;HSC结构混塔的固有频率较高,超出了主机限值规定,需要采取额外的控制措施,而UHPC结构混塔的固有频率满足限值要求。

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of High-Strength Concrete Beams Including Steel Fibers and Large-Particle Recycled Coarse Aggregates

In order to study the performances of high-strength concrete beams including steel fibers and large-particle recycled aggregates,four different beams have been designed,tested experimentally and simulated numerically.As varying parameters,the replacement rates of recycled coarse aggregates and CFRP(carbon fiber reinforced polymer)sheets have been considered.The failure mode of these beams,related load deflection curves,stirrup strain and shear capacity have been determined through monotonic loading tests.The simulations have been conducted using the ABAQUS finite element software.The results show that the shear failure mode of recycled concrete beams is similar to that of ordinary concrete beams.The shear carrying capacity of high-strength concrete beams including steel fibers and large-particle recycled coarse aggregates grows with an increase in the replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregates.Reinforcement with CFRP sheets can significantly improve the beam’s shear carrying capacity and overall resistance to deformation.

FAILURE MODE AND CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF PLAIN HIGH-STRENGTH HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE UNDER BIAXIAL COMPRESSION AFTER EXPOSURE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

An orthotropic constitutive relationship with temperature parameters for plain highstrength high-performance concrete （HSHPC） under biaxial compression is developed. It is based on the experiments performed for characterizing the strength and deformation behavior at two strength levels of HSHPC at 7 different stress ratios including a=σs ： σ3=0.00：-1,-0.20：-1,-0.30 ： -1,-0.40：-1,-0.50：-1,-0.75：-1,-1.00：-1, after the exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600℃, and using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. The biaxial tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubic specimens, and friction-reducing pads were used consisting of three layers of plastic membrane with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Based on the experimental results, failure modes of HSHPC specimens were described. The principal static compressive strengths, strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured; and the influence of the temperature and stress ratios on them was also analyzed. The experimental results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease dramatically with the increase of temperature. The ratio of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strength depends on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different temperature levels. Comparison of the stress-strain results obtained from the theoretical model and the experimental data indicates good agreement.

Nonlinear fi nite element analysis of high-strength concrete columns and experimental verification

This paper describes a nonlinear finite element （FE） analysis of high strength concrete （HSC） columns, and verifies the results through laboratory experiments. First, a cyclically lateral loading test on nine cantilever column specimens of HSC is described and a numerical simulation is presented to verify the adopted FE models. Next, based on the FE model for specimen No.6, numerical simulations for 70 cases, in which different concrete strengths, stirrup ratios and axial load ratios are considered, are presented to explore the effect of these parameters on the behavior of the HSC columns, and to check the rationality of requirements for these columns specified in the China Code for Seismic Design of Buildings （GB 50011- 2001）. In addition, three cases with different stirrup strengths are analyzed to investigate their effect on the behavior of HSC columns. Finally, based on the numerical results some conclusions are presented.

Uplift behavior and load transfer mechanism of prestressed high-strength concrete piles

Prestressed high-strength-concrete (PHC) tube-shaped pile is one of the recently used foundations for soft soil. The research on uplift resistance of PHC pile is helpful to the design of pile foundations. A field-scale test program was conducted to study the uplift behavior and load transfer mechanism of PHC piles in soft soil. The pullout load tests were divided into two groups with different diameters, and there were three piles in each group. A detailed discussion of the axial load transfer and pile skin resistance distribution was also included. It is found from the tests that the uplift capacity increases with increasing the diameter of pile. When the diameter of piles increases from 500 to 600 mm, the uplift load is increased by 51.2%. According to the load-displacement (Q-S) curves, all the piles do not reach the ultimate state at the maximum load. The experimental results show that the piles still have uplift bearing capacity.

Strength Regularity and Failure Criterion of High-Strength High-Performance Concrete under Multiaxial Compression

Multiaxial compression tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm high-strength high-performance concrete （HSI-IPC） cubes and normal strength concrete （NSC） cubes. The failure modes of specimens were presented, the static compressive strengths in principal directions were measured, the influence of the stress ratios was analyzed. The experimental results show that the ultimate strengths for HSHPC and NSC under multiaxial compression are greater than the uniaxial compressive strengths at all stress ratios, and the multiaxial strength is dependent on the brittleness and stiffness of concrete, the stress state and the stress ratios. In addition, the Kupfer-Gersfle and Ottosen＇s failure criteria for plain HSHPC and NSC under multiaxial compressive loading were modified.

CT Image-based Analysis on the Defect of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced High-Strength Concrete at High Temperatures

With the application of X-ray computed tomography（CT） technology of C80 high-strength concrete with polypropylene fiber at elevated temperatures, the microscopic damage evolution process observation and image building could be obtained, based on the statistics theory and numerical analysis of the combination of concrete internal defects extension and evolution regularity of microscopic structure. The expermental results show that the defect rate has changed at different temperatures and can determine the concrete degradation threshold temperatures. Also, data analysis can help to establish the evolution equation between the defect rate and the effect of temperature damage, and identify that the addition of polypropylene fibers in the high strength concrete at high temperature can improve cracking resistance.

Experimental investigation on strength and deformation of plain high-strength concrete under multiaxial stress state

To investigate the strength and deformation behavior of plain high-strength concrete （HSC） under muhiaxial stress states, a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine was employed, and muhiaxial tests were performed on 100 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm cubes concrete specimens. Friction-reducing pads were three-layer plastic membranes with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. The tensile loading plane of concrete samples was processed by attrition machine, and then the samples were glued up with the loading plate with structural glue. Failure modes of specimens were described. The principal static compressive strengths, strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured, and the influence of stress ratios on them was analyzed as well. Experimental results show that the ratio of the compressive strength σ3f over the uniaxial compressive strengthfo depends on brittleness-stiffness of concrete besides stress state and stress ratios. The formula of Kupfer-Gerstle＇ s and Ottosen＇ s failure criterion for plain HSC under biaxial compression and muhiaxial stress state is proposed respectively.

Pseudo-dynamic test and numerical simulation of high-strength concrete frame structure reinforced with high-strength rebars

This paper describes an investigation of a high-strength concrete frame reinforced with high-strength rebars that was tested in the structure engineering laboratory at Shenyang Jianzhu University. The frame specimen was pseudo- dynamically loaded to indicate three earthquake ground motions of different hazard levels, after which the test specimen was subjected to a pseudo-static loading. This paper focuses on the design, construction and experiment of the test frame and validation of the simulation models. Research shows that a high-strength concrete frame reinforced with high-strength rebars is more efficient and economical than a traditional reinforced concrete frame structure. In addition to the economies achieved by effective use of materials, research shows that the frame can provide enough strength to exceed conventional reinforced concrete frames and provide acceptable ductility. The test study provides evidence to validate the performance of a high- strength concrete frame designed according to current seismic code provisions. Based on previous test research, a nonlinear FEM analysis is completcd by using OpenSees software, The dynamic responses of the frame structure are numerically analyzed, The results of the numerical simulation show that the model can calculate the seismic responses of the frame by OpenSees. At the same time, the test provides additional opportunities to validate the performance of the simulation models.

Seismic behavior of multiple reinforcement,high-strength concrete columns:experimental and theoretical analysis

This study investigates the seismic performance of multiple reinforcement,high-strength concrete(MRHSC)columns that are characterized by multiple transverse and longitudinal reinforcements in core areas.Eight MRHSC columns were designed and subjected to a low cycle,reversed loading test.The response,including the failure modes,hysteretic behavior,lateral bearing capacity,and displacement ductility,was analyzed.The effects of the axial compression ratio,stirrup form,and stirrup spacing of the central reinforcement configuration on the seismic performance of the columns were studied.Furthermore,an analytical model was developed to predict the backbone force-displacement curves of the MRHSC columns.The test results showed that these columns experienced two failure modes:shear failure and flexure-shear failure.As the axial compression ratio increased,the bearing capacity increased significantly,whereas the deformation capacity and ductility decreased.A decrease in the spacing of central transverse reinforcements improved the ductility and delayed the degradation of load-bearing capacity.The proposed analytical model can accurately predict the lateral force and deformations of MRHSC columns.

Elasto-plastic Analysis of High-strength Concrete Shear Wall with Boundary Columns Using Fiber Model

In this study,an experimental study and numerical calculations using fiber model were conducted for four high-strength concrete shear walls with boundary columns under low cyclic load.The boundary column and shear wall were divided into fiber elements,and PERFORM-3D finite element analysis software was used to carry out push-over analysis on the test specimens.The results show that the finite element analysis results were in good agreement with the experimental results.The proposed analysis method could perform elasto-plastic analysis on the high-strength concrete shear wall with boundary columns without distinguishing the categories of frame column and shear wall.The seismic performance of high-strength concrete shear wall with boundary columns was analyzed using the following parameters:axis compression ratio,height to width ratio,ratio of vertical reinforcement,and ratio of longitudinal reinforcement in the boundary column.The results show that the increase in the axial compression ratio causes the bearing capacity of the shear wall to increase at first and then to decrease and causes the ductility to decrease.The increase in the height to width ratio causes the bearing capacity of the shear wall to decrease and its ductility to increase.The ratio of vertical reinforcement was found to have little effect on the bearing capacity and ductility.The increase in the ratio of longitudinal reinforcement in boundary column resulted in a significant increase in the bearing capacity and caused the ductility to decrease at first and then to slowly increase.

Detection of Thermophysical Properties for High Strength Concrete after Exposure to High Temperature

Using the detection principle of infrared thermal imaging technique and the detection principle of DRH thermal conductivity tester laboratory,we investigated the infrared thermal image inspection,coefficient of thermal conductivity,apparent density,and compressive strength test on C80 high-strength concrete（HSC） in the presence and absence of polypropylene fibers under completely heated conditions.Only slight damages were detected below 400 ℃,whereas more and more severe deterioration events were expected when the temperature was above 500 ℃.The results show that the elevated temperature through infrared images generally exhibits an upward trend with increasing temperature,while the coefficient of thermal conductivity and apparent density decrease gradually.Additionally,the addition of polypropylene fibers with appropriate length,diameter,and quantity contributes to the improvement of the high-temperature resistance of HSC.

A Numerical Stress-strain Response Model of All Grades of Concretes under Uniaxial Compression

An important problem facing stress-strain response modeling of concrete is the complexity of the compressive strength grades. 21 groups of speeimens with different cubic compressive strength （56.3- 164.9 MPa ） hate beets numerically analyzed. Using only the compressive strength, a stress-strain response model of different concrete grade was established. The numerical simulation model not only qualitatively reproduces the relationship of uniaxial compressive strength, peak value stress and cubic compressive strength, but realizes the consistence of the ascending branch of stress-strain cunts with different strength grades by introducing the correction coefficient k. The results indicate k increases gradually from 0 to approximate 1 with the increase of the compressive strength, corresponding to the transition from the paracurve to straight line branch in stress-strain curves. When k is 0, the madel is identical to the Hognestad equation. A good agreement with the experiment data was obtained.

Effect of Organic Waste on Crystal Structure and Mechanical Properties of Concrete

The influence of organic waste as an additive to concrete formulation has been studied by replacing up to 10% of cement ratio with locally sourced organic additive. The reference cement used was Portland cement;three different organic wastes were used in the mixture: periwinkle shell, extracted silica from corn hob ash and coconut shell ash. Uniform distribution of the additive was ensured by thorough mixing prior to water addition. Casting and curing of the concrete were done in line with established standard. The compressive strength test was carried out using the Instron universal testing machine and the oxides of elemental composition of the cement and the additives were determined using EDXRF Spectrometer (EDX 3600B) while the crystallography studies were carried out using EMMA) X-ray diffractometer . The result obtained indicated that there was a significant difference between the value of density, packing efficiency and compressive strength of each reinforced concrete with that of the reference cement which was attributable to the presence of additives. The cement formulation with silica as admixture was found to have the highest compressive strength of 217.94 MPa, while the reference cement had the lowest compressive strength of 81.45 MPa. This study has established that locally sourced organic additives (emerging additives), influence the mechanical properties of concretes.

Formulating for Innovative Self-Compacting Concrete with Low Energy Super-Sulfated Cement Used for Sustainability Development

This study proposed a new way to formulate a low energy super-sulfated cement (SSC) which can be used to produce self-compacting concrete (SCC) with high compressive strength and durability in terms of chloride penetration resistance. This innovative SSC, different from the traditional SSC, was purely produced with a ternary mixture of three industrial by-products of ground granulated blast furnace slag, low calcium Class F fly ash and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) fly ash and was denoted as SFC-SSC (super-sulfated cement made by mixture of slag, Class F fly ash and CFBC fly ash). Experimental results showed that the combination of a fixed amount of 15 wt.% of CFBC fly ash with various ratios of Class F fly ash to slag could be used to produce the hardened SCCs with high 28-day compressive strengths (41.8 - 65.6 MPa). Addition of Class F fly ash led to the resulting SCCs with lowered price and preferable engineering properties, and thus it was considered as state-of-the-art method to drive such type of concrete towards sustainable construction materials.

大尺寸RPC管-HSC组合柱轴压性能试验研究

在活性粉末混凝土(RPC)预制管内部浇筑高强混凝土,形成RPC管-高强混凝土(HSC)组合柱,扩展了RPC管-混凝土组合柱(CFRT)这一新型组合结构的范围。开展了RPC管离心法成型的配合比与工艺研究,成功试制了RPC管。对4组大尺寸CFRT和1组箍筋约束高强混凝土柱试件进行轴压试验,试验参数为内部混凝土和纵筋配置率。结果表明:内部填充HSC的CFRT柱在整个受力过程中,预制管身基本完整,抗压性能显著优于用于对比的箍筋约束高强混凝土柱;CFRT柱的抗压强度随内部混凝土强度的提高而提高,但约束效应逐步降低,对CFRT柱的内部混凝土的强度应该有所限制;在内部混凝土中配置纵向钢筋,对CFRT的延性影响不大;基于Mander(1988)约束模型,提出了内部填充高强混凝土的CFRT柱轴向承载力计算方法,模型的预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。

HSC水泥快硬增强剂的试验研究

使用ＨＳＣ增强剂，可使混凝土各个龄期的强度显著增加，而其成本却比普通混凝土降低１５％左右。同时，使用ＨＳＣ可明显改善混疑土的物理性能，使混凝土耐久性得到保障。现已开发出第三代产品ＨＳＣ－Ⅲ，用它配制的混凝土标号可达Ｃ１００。

Slender reinforced concrete shear walls with high-strength concrete boundary elements

Reinforced concrete structural walls are commonly used for resisting lateral forces in buildings. Owing to the advancements in the field of concrete materials over the past few decades, concrete mixes of high compressive strength, commonly referred to as high-strength concrete (HSC), have been developed. In this study, the effects of strategic placement of HSC on the performance of slender walls were examined. The finite-element model of a conventional normal-strength concrete (NSC) prototype wall was validated using test data available in extant studies. HSC was incorporated in the boundary elements of the wall to compare its performance with that of the conventional wall at different axial loads. Potential reductions in the reinforcement area and size of the boundary elements were investigated. The HSC wall exhibited improved strength and stiffness, and thereby, allowed reduction in the longitudinal reinforcement area and size of the boundary elements for the same strength of the conventional wall. Cold joints resulting from dissimilar concrete pours in the web and boundary elements of the HSC wall were modeled and their impact on behavior of the wall was examined.

HSC—2在水工建筑中的应用

水工建筑中使用 HSC— 2水泥快硬增强剂 ,可明显改变砼的和易性 ,使水工砼各个龄期的强度显著增强 ,施工期间可提高砼模板的周转速度。同时提高砼的抗渗能力和耐久性 ,并且成本比普通砼降低 15 %左右 ,具有很高的技术推广价值。