Seismic Performance of High-Strength Short Concrete Column with High-Strength Stirrups Constraints

The seismic performance of four short concrete columns was investigated under low cycle and repeated loads, including the failure characteristics, hysteretic behavior, rigidity degeneracy and steel-bar stress. The influences of reinforcement strength, stirrup ratio and shear span ratio were also compared. Test results reveal that the restriction effect of stirrups can improve the peak stress, so the bearing capacity of specimen can be improved; for the high-strength short concrete column with high-strength stirrups, it was more reasonable to use ultimate displacement angle to reflect the ductility of the specimen, and the yield strength of high-strength stirrups should be devalued when calculating the stirrup characteristic value; the seismic performance of short column would be improved with the increase of volume–stirrup ratio and shear span ratio; the high-strength stirrups and high-strength longitudinal reinforcements did not yield when the load acting on the specimen reached the peak value, which brought adequate safety stock to these short columns. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Flow characteristics and hot workability of a typical low-alloy high-strength steel during multi-pass deformation

Heavy components of low-alloy high-strength(LAHS) steels are generally formed by multi-pass forging. It is necessary to explore the flow characteristics and hot workability of LAHS steels during the multi-pass forging process, which is beneficial to the formulation of actual processing parameters. In the study, the multi-pass hot compression experiments of a typical LAHS steel are carried out at a wide range of deformation temperatures and strain rates. It is found that the work hardening rate of the experimental material depends on deformation parameters and deformation passes, which is ascribed to the impacts of static and dynamic softening behaviors. A new model is established to describe the flow characteristics at various deformation passes. Compared to the classical Arrhenius model and modified Zerilli and Armstrong model, the newly proposed model shows higher prediction accuracy with a confidence level of 0.98565. Furthermore, the connection between power dissipation efficiency(PDE) and deformation parameters is revealed by analyzing the microstructures. The PDE cannot be utilized to reflect the efficiency of energy dissipation for microstructure evolution during the entire deformation process, but only to assess the efficiency of energy dissipation for microstructure evolution in a specific deformation parameter state.As a result, an integrated processing map is proposed to better study the hot workability of the LAHS steel, which considers the effects of instability factor(IF), PDE, and distribution and size of grains. The optimized processing parameters for the multi-pass deformation process are the deformation parameters of 1223–1318 K and 0.01–0.08 s^(-1). Complete dynamic recrystallization occurs within the optimized processing parameters with an average grain size of 18.36–42.3 μm. This study will guide the optimization of the forging process of heavy components.

Recent progress in visualization and digitization of coherent transformation structures and application in high-strength steel

High-strength steels are mainly composed of medium-or low-temperature microstructures,such as bainite or martensite,with coherent transformation characteristics.This type of microstructure has a high density of dislocations and fine crystallographic structural units,which ease the coordinated matching of high strength,toughness,and plasticity.Meanwhile,given its excellent welding perform-ance,high-strength steel has been widely used in major engineering constructions,such as pipelines,ships,and bridges.However,visual-ization and digitization of the effective units of these coherent transformation structures using traditional methods(optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy)is difficult due to their complex morphology.Moreover,the establishment of quantitative relationships with macroscopic mechanical properties and key process parameters presents additional difficulty.This article reviews the latest progress in microstructural visualization and digitization of high-strength steel,with a focus on the application of crystallographic methods in the development of high-strength steel plates and welding.We obtained the crystallographic data(Euler angle)of the transformed microstruc-tures through electron back-scattering diffraction and combined them with the calculation of inverse transformation from bainite or martensite to austenite to determine the reconstruction of high-temperature parent austenite and orientation relationship(OR)during con-tinuous cooling transformation.Furthermore,visualization of crystallographic packets,blocks,and variants based on actual OR and digit-ization of various grain boundaries can be effectively completed to establish quantitative relationships with alloy composition and key process parameters,thereby providing reverse design guidance for the development of high-strength steel.

Deep decalcification of factory-provided freezing acidolysis solution to achieveα-high-strength gypsum

The freezing acidolysis solution of the nitric acid-phosphate fertilizer process has a high calcium content,which makes it difficult to produce fine phosphate and high water-soluble phosphate fertilizer products.Here,based on the potential crystallization principle of calcium sulfate in NH_(4)NO_(3)-H_(3)PO_(4)-H_(2)O,the deep decalcification(i.e.calcium removal)technology to achieveα-high-strength gypsum originated from freezing acidolysis-solutions has been firstly proposed and investigated.Typically,calcium can be removed from the factory-provided freezing acidolysis-solution by neutralizing it with ammonia,followed by the addition of ammonium sulfate solution.As a result,the formation of calcium sulfate in the reaction system undergoes the nucleation and growth of CaSO_(4)·2H_(2)O(DH),as well as its dissolution and crystallization into short columnarα-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O(α-HH).Remarkably,with the molar ratio of SO_(4)^(2-)/Ca^(2+)at 1.8,the degree of neutralization(NH_(3)/HNO_(3) molar ratio)at 1.7,the reaction temperature of 94℃,and the reaction time of 300 min,the decalcification rate can reach 86.89%,of which the high-strengthα-CaSO_(4)·0.5H_(2)O(α-HH)will be obtained.Noteworthy,the deep decalcification product meets the standards for the production of fine phosphates and highly water-soluble phosphate fertilizers.Consequently,the 2 h flexural strength ofα-HH is 5.3 MPa and the dry compressive strength is 36.8 MPa,which is up to the standard of commercialα-HH.

Study on Fracture Delay of High-Strength Bolts in Road Bridge Maintenance

In the maintenance work of highway and bridge engineering structures,the fracture delay of high-strength bolts is a content that needs to be focused on and researched.Based on this,the paper analyzes the fracture delay of high-strength bolts in highway bridge maintenance,including an overview of the fundamental research on fracture delay and related specific studies.It is hoped that this study can provide scientific reference for the reasonable maintenance of high-strength bolts,so as to ensure the overall maintenance effect of highway bridge projects.

Performance of Cross-Shaped Concrete Columns Confined by Stirrups

The stress-strain curves of confined concrete were obtained based on tests of seven cross-shaped columns confined by stirrups under axial load. The experiment results showed that the strength and deformation of confined concrete can be enhanced effectively by stirrups for cross-shaped columns. Compared with the non-confined concrete, when the stirrup characteristic value is in the range of 0.046-0.230, the confined concrete compressive strengths has an increase of 8%-43%, and the strain corresponding to the peak stress of confined concrete has an increase of 25%-195%. According to the test results, the effects of stirrup characteristic and stirrup spacing on the compressive strength and strain of confined concrete were analysed. It is shown that the compressive strength of confined concrete has a linear relationship with the product of stirrup characteristic value and stirrup effective restraint coefficient, and the strain corresponding to the peak stress of confined concrete has a nonlinear relationship with the product of stirrup characteristic value and stirrup effective restraint coefficient. The stress-strain curve equation of confined concrete was proposed for cross-shaped columns, and the calculated curves are in good agreement with the experimental curves.

Effects of Stirrups on Steel Corrosion and Expansion in Concrete

Steel corrosion is the main occasion for durability degradation of concrete structures. For existing corrosion-expansion models of reinforcement, effects of stirrups were not considered, thus, they cannot entirely reflect the actual corrosion and expansion states. Based on uniform corrosion hypothesis and current models, a corrosion-expansion model for steel in concrete members is presented, which considered the effects of stirrups. Verification result of the model by test data indicates its full significance in structural inspection and life evaluation fields.

Effect of traveling-wave magnetic field on dendrite growth of high-strength steel slab: Industrial trials and numerical simulation

The dendrite growth behavior of high-strength steel during slab continuous casting with a traveling-wave magnetic field was studied in this paper. The morphology of the solidification structure and composition distribution were analyzed. Results showed that the columnar crystals could deflect and break when the traveling-wave magnetic field had low current intensity. With the increase in current intensity, the secondary dendrite arm spacing and solute permeability decreased, and the columnar crystal transformed into an equiaxed crystal. The electromagnetic force caused by the traveling-wave magnetic field changed the temperature gradient and velocity magnitude and promoted the breaking and fusing of dendrites. Dendrite compactness and composition uniformity were arranged in descending order as follows:columnar-toequiaxed transition (high current intensity), columnar crystal zone (low current intensity), columnar-to-equiaxed transition (low current intensity), and equiaxed crystal zone (high current intensity). Verified numerical simulation results combined with the boundary layer theory of solidification front and dendrite breaking–fusing model revealed the dendrite deflection mechanism and growth process. When thermal stress is not considered, and no narrow segment can be found in the dendrite, the velocity magnitude on the solidification front of liquid steel can reach up to 0.041 m/s before the dendrites break.

Hot deformation behavior of novel high-strength Mg-0.6Mn-0.5Al-0.5Zn-0.4Ca alloy

The hot compression behavior of as-extruded Mg-0.6Mn-0.5Al-0.5Zn-0.4Ca alloy was studied on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation machine.Experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 523 to 673 K and strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 1 s^(-1).Results showed that an increase in the strain rate or a decrease in deformation temperature led to an increase in true stress.The constitutive equation and processing maps of the alloy were obtained and analyzed.The influence of deformation temperatures and strain rates on microstructural evolution and texture was studied with the assistance of electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD).The as-extruded alloy exhibited a bimodal structure that consisted of deformed coarse grains and fine equiaxed recrystallized structures(approximately 1.57μm).The EBSD results of deformed alloy samples revealed that the recrystallization degree and average grain size increased as the deformation temperature increased.By contrast,dislocation density and texture intensity decreased.Compressive texture weakened with the increase in the deformation temperature at the strain rate of 0.01 s-1.Most grains with{0001}planes tilted away from the compression direction(CD)gradually.In addition,when the strain rate decreased,the recrystallization degree and average grain size increased.Meanwhile,the dislocation density decreased.Texture appeared to be insensitive to the strain rate.These findings provide valuable insights into the hot compression behavior,microstructural evolution,and texture changes in the Mg-0.6Mn-0.5Al-0.5Zn-0.4Ca alloy,contributing to the understanding of its processing-microstructure-property relationships.

Development of high-strength magnesium alloys with excellent ignition-proof performance based on the oxidation and ignition mechanisms: A review

High reactivity and ease of ignition are the major obstacles for the application of Mg alloys in aerospace.Thus,the ignition mechanisms of Mg alloys should be investigated systematically,which can guide the ignition-proof alloy design.This article concludes the factors influencing the ignition resistance of Mg alloys from oxide film and substrate microstructure,and also the mechanisms of alloying elements improving the ignition resistance.The low strength is another reason restricting the development of Mg alloys.Therefore,at the last section,Mg alloys with the combination of high strength and good ignition-proof performance are summarized,including Mg-Al-Ca based alloys,SEN(Mg-Al-Zn-Ca-Y)alloys as well as Mg-Y and Mg-Gd based alloys.Besides,the shortages and the future focus of theses alloys are also reviewed.The aim of this article is to promote the understanding of oxidation and ignition mechanisms of Mg alloys and to provide reference for the development of Mg alloys with high strength and excellent ignition-proof performance at the same time.

The Effects of Using a Specially Designed Stirrup on Kinetic Energy Absorption by the Knee Joint of 12 Show Jumping/Eventing Riders

The use of Winderen Knee Protection Solution stirrups compared to standard iron stirrups, reveals the following benefits: 1) A reduction of stress or strain time in the order of 14 seconds per minute of activity whilst walking and 5 - 7 seconds less whilst trotting or cantering for muscles around the knee. 2) A reduction of stress or strain time in the order of 25 seconds per minute of activity whilst walking and 9 - 10 seconds less whilst trotting or cantering for ligaments around the knee. 3) A significant improvement in the E-score (less time exposed to stress and shock) and ST-score (lower force around the knee) whilst walking. 4) A considerable improvement in rider comfort and feeling of leg stability (self-assessment) compared with the owners current stirrups, whilst riding.

Microstructure Distribution Characteristics of High-Strength Aluminum Alloy Thin-Walled Tubes during Multi-Passes Hot Power Backward Spinning Process

The microstructure of the thin-walled tubes with high-strength aluminum alloy determines their final forming quality and performance. This type of tube can be manufactured by multi-pass hot power backward spinning process as it can eliminate casting defects, refine microstructure and improve the plasticity of the tube. To analyze the microstructure distribution characteristics of the tube during the spinning process, a 3D coupled thermo-mechanical FE model coupled with the microstructure evolution model of the process was established under the ABAQUS environment. The microstructure evolution characteristics and laws of the tube for the whole spinning process were analyzed. The results show that the dynamic recrystallization is mainly produced in the spinning deformation zone and root area of the tube. In the first pass, the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon is not obvious in the tube. With the pass increasing, the trend of dynamic recrystallization volume percentage gradually increases and extends from the outer surface of the tube to the inner surface. The fine-grained area shows the states of concentration, dispersion, and re-concentration as the pass number increases. .

亚欧传播链上中国古代马球的器材与打法考论

马球运动是一项由人、马、球杆、球等要素组合起来的复杂竞技运动,自公元7世纪开始在亚欧大陆广大区域流行。考证分析中国历史文献和考古出土文物,并对比古代波斯、朝鲜、日本等国的文献、文物资料,在亚欧传播链上考察中国古代马球器材和打法的历史演变。认为:马球比赛中对阻挡“球路”的规则限制是自唐代以来马球竞赛和谐进行的核心条款,其最大限度地避免了双方马匹迎头相撞的伤亡事件,在中国古代出土壁画中也呈现出马头朝向同一方向的竞赛场景;马球能够在亚洲多地流行得益于公元5世纪马镫技术的发明,马镫使“人马合一”,能够完成马球运动所需要的各种高难度技术动作;唐代已降至明代,马球的球杆迭次发生标志性变化,折射出亚洲各地马球运动发展的“同”与“异”,充分说明古代马球运动的跨文化交互影响。

双面叠合装配式管廊侧墙面外抗震性能试验

为研究采用螺旋箍筋套筒底节点连接的预制双面叠合式管廊侧墙在面外荷载作用下的受力变形性能,对2个采用该节点连接的足尺侧墙试件进行了不同轴压比下低周往复加载试验,并与对应2个现浇试件作对比,初步揭示了螺旋箍筋套筒底节点和竖向轴压比对管廊侧墙面外抗震受力变形性能的影响。试验结果表明:两种试件滞回曲线均较为饱满,具有良好的抗震耗能能力,满足装配式结构抗震变形设计要求;叠合装配试件上部区域剪切变形均高于现浇试件,且裂缝遍布整个墙体高度范围,具有良好的面外变形能力。

基于数据库的玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度计算方法

玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度试验主要研究弯折半径与直径之比对弯拉强度的影响,直线段抗拉强度对弯拉强度的影响研究较少。本文基于ACI 440.3R-12中B.5试验方法,开展3组(9个弯拉试件)不同直线段抗拉强度的玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度试验研究。3组试件直线段抗拉强度分别为530(A组)、850(B组)和1100 MPa(C组),弯折半径与箍筋直径之比均为3。试验结果表明:所有试件均发生玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯折段被拉断的破坏模式;A、B、C组试件弯拉强度分别为325、445和530 MPa。本文系统收集了国内外已有93个弯拉试件,并结合本文9个弯拉试件建立了玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度试验数据库。基于数据库统计分析,提出了保证率不小于95%的玻璃纤维增强复合材料箍筋弯拉强度计算方法。

锈蚀钢筋混凝土黏结滑移本构模型及数值模拟应用

为研究纵筋与箍筋共同锈蚀对钢筋混凝土黏结性能的影响,采用电渗—恒电流—干湿循环的加速锈蚀方法对25个钢筋混凝土(RC)试件进行锈蚀,进而对其进行拉拔试验,研究了纵筋锈蚀、箍筋锈蚀、保护层厚度和箍筋间距等参数对黏结性能的影响规律。分析了锈蚀对混凝土与钢筋界面间黏结力的影响,将黏结性能退化归因于材料性能退化和约束效应退化,基于试验数据,建立并验证了一个考虑设计参数、纵筋及箍筋共同锈蚀的修正黏结滑移本构模型。结合所提本构模型及微元算法建立了锈蚀纵筋应力-滑移模型,基于OpenSees平台,将所建模型应用于零长度截面单元中,通过串联纤维梁柱单元与零长度截面单元建立了考虑黏结滑移变形的锈蚀RC构件数值模型,根据锈蚀RC柱拟静力试验数据对该模型的准确性进行验证,并采用仅考虑锈蚀损伤的纤维模型进行辅助验证。结果表明:混凝土与钢筋界面间黏结力随锈蚀程度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,增加保护层厚度可略微增加黏结强度,而箍筋加密对黏结强度提升明显;与纤维模型相比,所建锈蚀RC纤维模型承载力、累计耗能和极限位移误差分别降低12.8%、23.5%和14.2%,表明所建模型可合理计算钢筋滑移的贡献且准确预测锈蚀RC柱地震整体响应。

Mechanical properties of calcium carbonate whisker-reinforced high-strength cement mortar

In order to improve the brittleness of high-strength cement mortar,calcium carbonate（CaCO3） whiskers are incorporated to strengthen and toughen the high-strength cement mortar.The compressive strength,flexural strength,split tensile strength and work of fracture are measured.Microstructures and micromechanical behaviors are investigated using scanning electron microscopy.The strengthening and toughening mechanisms and the efficiency of whisker-reinforced high-strength cement mortar are discussed.The results show that the addition of CaCO3 whiskers brings positive effects on the high-strength cement mortar.The strengthening and toughening mechanisms are whisker-cement coalition debonding,whisker peeling,whisker impact breakage and whisker bridging.Crack deflection is one efficient mechanism,but it is hard to be achieved in high-strength cement mortar.And the interfacial bonding strength between whiskers and the cement mortar matrix should be appropriately weak to introduce more crack deflection mechanisms to strengthen and toughen the cement mortar efficiently.

薄壁拉筋矩形钢管混凝土墩柱抗震性能研究

相比圆钢管混凝土墩柱,矩形钢管混凝土墩柱的惯性矩大、稳定性强,但其对填充混凝土的约束较差。为探究端部拉筋和加载方向对矩形钢管混凝土墩柱抗震性能的影响,开展2根方形和2根矩形钢管混凝土墩柱的拟静力试验,分析比较端部拉筋以及加载方向对桥墩的刚度、承载力、耗能、刚度退化以及残余变形的影响规律。并采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立拉筋钢管混凝土桥墩精细三维实体-壳单元模型,有限元模型中混凝土单元引入裂缝,钢材引入韧性损伤以考虑更准确的拉筋钢管混凝土桥墩的抗震性能退化规律。研究结果表明:与传统钢管混凝土桥墩相比,端部拉筋约束钢管混凝土墩柱的屈服荷载、水平峰值荷载、累计耗能和弹性刚度分别提高49.3%、42.8%、24.1%和15.1%,抗震性能优于传统钢管混凝土桥墩。与弱轴加载相比,强轴加载时桥墩的屈服荷载、峰值荷载累积耗能和弹性刚度分别提高了45.1%、44.9%、51.7%和7.1%,表明强轴加载时更易发挥抗震性能。采用有限元软件建立的钢管混凝土桥墩精细三维实体-壳单元模型与试验结果吻合良好,反映了循环荷载下拉筋钢管混凝土桥墩的塑性大变形阶段承载力退化现象和滞回曲线“捏拢”效应。有限元模型计算的裂缝高度位置与试验结果基本一致。研究结果可为进一步优化钢管混凝土墩柱的设计提供参考。

锈蚀箍筋矩形柱轴压承载力试验及理论研究

为探究箍筋锈蚀对钢筋混凝土矩形柱轴压性能的影响,以截面形状、箍筋布置、体积配箍率、锈蚀程度为变化参数,设计了27个钢筋混凝土矩形柱试件,并采用全浸泡电化学加速锈蚀法对其中的18个试件进行加速锈蚀。通过轴压试验研究了试件的破坏形态及各参数对其力-位移曲线的影响。结果表明:随着箍筋锈蚀率的增加,试件的初始刚度、极限承载力及延性均有所降低。试件的配箍率越低,其极限承载力降幅越显著。而后,基于锈蚀箍筋约束混凝土峰值应力、纵筋压屈模态下剩余承载力及保护层锈胀剩余承载力模型,建立了锈蚀箍筋约束混凝土矩形柱的极限承载力计算模型。通过预测值与试验值的对比,验证了模型的准确性与适用性。该模型可为锈蚀钢筋混凝土结构的剩余承载力的计算及安全评估提供指导。

Effect of geometrical parameters on forming quality of high-strength TA18 titanium alloy tube in numerical control bending

The forming quality of high-strength TA18 titanium alloy tube during numerical control bending in changing bending angle β, relative bending radius R/D and tube sizes such as diameter D and wall thickness t was clarified by finite element simulation. The results show that the distribution of wall thickness change ratio Δt and cross section deformation ratio ΔD are very similar under different β; the Δt and ΔD decrease with the increase of R/D, and to obtain the qualified bent tube, the R/D must be greater than 2.0; the wall thinning ratio Δto slightly increases with larger D and t, while the wall thickening ratio Δti and ΔD increase with the larger D and smaller t; the Δto and ΔD firstly decrease and then increase, while the Δti increases, for the same D/t with the increase of D and t.