Effects of Biochar on Substrate Degradation and Ammonia Emission during Aerobic Composting of Chicken Manure

In this study, chicken manure and Caragana korshinskii Kom powder were used as the main raw materials with different amounts of biochar added to test four aerobic composting treatment groups A, B, C and D with laboratory composting fermenters and testing apparatus, and new insight into biochar’s nitrogen conservation mechanism was gotten, based on the experimental data and related exploration such as the physical and chemical properties of the final products, the changing interactions among nutrient elements and other elements, and the relationship between substrate degradation and the amount of biochar used as well as the best formula for reducing ammonia emission. The results showed that the proper proportion of the added biochar to the other elements was conducive to less ammonia emission and nitrogen loss during the aerobic composting. The composting effect of Treatment C （biochar at 20%） was the optimal in the test, where in the composting temperature rose the most rapid and the earliest to the maximum temperature 52.5℃, with the least nitrogen loss. An effective, safe and high-quality resource utilization of chicken manure was established through the aerobic composting with reasonable material mixture proportion.

Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation:Using matured compost as bulking conditioner

Static aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge with forced ventilation or air ventilation using matured compost as bulking conditioner was investigated. Physical and chemical parame ,eters, e.g., temperature, moisture content, VSS, CODcr, pH, and germination index （GI）, were analyzed to characterize the composting process. Fermentation starts quickly in both forced and air ventilation compost heaps and reaches high-temperature stage after 2 d, owing to the bulking function of matured compost. Compared to air ventilation, however, forced ventilation enables the high-temperature stage to last longer for approximately 7 d. The moisture content of both compost bodies decreases from 62% to about 50% as a result of evaporation, and it decreases slightly faster in forced ventilation compost heap after 13 d due to the higher temperature and better ventilation condition. Although no obvious differences of VSS and pH are observed between both compost heaps, the soluble CODcr and GI show differences during the second half period of fermentation. In forced ventilation compost, the soluble CODcr has a small rebound after 13 d, and GI decreases from 46% to 35% but then increases. These results show that in general, the matured compost is a good conditioner and force ventilation with a proper air supply strategy can be more efficient than air ventilation.

Phosphate rock reduces the bioavailability of heavy metals by influencing the bacterial communities during aerobic composting

Available information on the microbial mechanisms associated with heavy metal(HM)passivation during co-composting amended with phosphate rock(PR)remains limited.Thus,this study investigated the dynamic changes in bacterial communities and HM-fractions(Zn,Cu,Cd,Cr and Pb)during swine manure composting with maize straw,and ascertained the bacterial influence on HM-passivation.The results demonstrated that the addition of PR improved HM-passivation,especially for Zn and Cd,with their bioavailability factors(BFs)reduced by 247.41 and 176.25%,respectively.As for bacterial communities,the proportion of Firmicutes decreased,while the proportions of Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,DeinococcusThermus and Gemmatimonadetes increased in all treatments.PR significantly changed the primary bacterial phyla in the thermophilic phase.Bacteroidetes were the main bacterial component controlling the passivation of Zn,Cu and Cr,while Deinococcus-Thermus mainly regulated the mobility of Zn and Pb,and Proteobacteria only dominated the transformation among Cd-fractions.These results may provide a reference for the use of HM-passivation techniques during composting.

Formation of Struvite Crystals in a Simulated Food Waste Aerobic Composting Process

Bench-scale treatments with three mixtures of Mg and P salts, including K3PO4＋MgSO4, K2HPO4＋MgSO4, and KH2PO4＋MgSO4 as additives in a simulated food waste aerobic composting process, were conducted to test the magnesium ammonium phosphate（MAP） formation, and the compost products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（EDS） analyses. The comparison results between XRD, SEM, and EDS analyses of MAPs in the dried compost and synthesized MAPs confirm the formation of MAP crystals in the simulated food waste aerobic composting process. The analysis of the compost also indicates that the addition of all the three mixtures of Mg and P salts in the aerobic composting process can increase nitrogen conservation and decrease nitrogen loss because of the formation of MAPs. The mechanism of MAP formation was verified as the reaction of ammonium（NH4＋） with magnesium（Mg^2＋） and phosphate[HnPO4^（3-n） , n=0, 1, and 2）.

Aerobic composting of paper mill sludge and the reuse of compost in agriculture

Paper mill sludge （PMS） is a kind of bio-solid waste. The technology of aerobic composting of PMS was investigated. The ratio of the material components was as follows, sludge：chicken dung：spill=6kg：2kg：4kg, which could attain 55% moisture content （MC） and 25 the ration of carbon to nitrogen （C/N）. The aeration rule of fan was controlled by single chip microcomputer （SCM）. During composting, the system temperature more than 55℃ lasted for 3 days, pH changed in the range of 6.5-8.5 and MC changed between 53% to 60%. PMS became mature on the 20th day. The germination index （GI） of compost attained 95% or so and coliform was 23/100 ml volatile solid （VS） and organic carbon （OC） were stable at the content of 60% and 30%, respectively. The result showed that this technology could make the sludge stable and innocuous. A pot experiment with latosolic red soil mixed with paper mill sludge compost （PMSC） was carried on. The result showed that PMSC could increase the crop biomass, the soil nutrients and the physical characteristics of the soil, such as OC, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）. The total amount of heavy metals in the soil was measured to be lower than the Environmental standard for soil in China （GB15618-1995）. So PMSC was a good and safe soil amendment.

Effects of Different Microbial Agents on Aerobic Composting of Cow Manure

For the control of environment pollution caused by livestock and poultry manure, four microbial strains conducive to aerobic composting were selected and mixed into four compound microbial agents, and effects of different compound microbial agents on aerobic composting of cow manure were studied from aspects of changes in temperature, pH, water content and C/N during the composting process. The results show that microbial agent M2 has the best effect for aerobic composting of cow manure, so microbial agent M2 has broad popularization and application prospect in livestock and poultry farms in low-temperature areas of Northeast China.

Study on Aerobic Composting of Mixed Municipal Sludge, Kitchen Waste and Water Hyacinth

In this study, a in vessel aerobic composting method is adopted to investigate the variation rules of various evaluation parameters （temperature, moisture content, pH, organic matter, water soluble ammonia nitrogen, water soluble nitrate nitrogen and germination index） in cocomposting of municipal sludge, kitchen waste and water hyacinth at different proportions. The results show that, in composting, the parameters of moisture content, pH, water soluble ammonia nitrogen and water soluble nitrate nitrogen demonstrate marked dynamic change rules during composting process; the temperature of three groups of compost materials rapidly rise to above 55 ~C within 96h, and last for 3 - 7d, meeting the harmless requirements, and their organic matter degradation rate excess 30%, the GI index is higher than 83%, in line with the requirements on maturity, which proves that the co-composting of municipal sludge, kitchen waste and water hyacinth can realize harmlessness and resource reutilization after composting.

Effects of adding chicken manure to cattle manure on aerobic compost process parameters at low temperature

The research was aimed at studying the effect of adding certain proportion chicken manure to cattle manure on compost below 0℃ with aerobic compost method, which was suitable for northern cold climate. The results indicated that the mixed compost completed 3 days earlier than the single compost, the temperature of the mixed compost rose to 50.7℃ at the 1st day,and achieved its highest temperature 74.4℃ at the 3rd day. The temperature of the single compost rose to 40.0℃ at the 1st day,rose to 55.6℃ at the 3rd day,and achieved its highest temperature 70.1℃ at the 5th day. Adding chicken manure had no impact on the variety trend of the process parameters such as moisture content, pH and C/N ratio, hut increased the variety range of these parameters.

Study on Using Biological Sludge from Vinh Loc Industrial Park to Produce Composting Product

In order to examine the optimal design and operating parameters in composting of waste activated sludge,a series of experiments were conducted to discuss the optimal operating parameters for aerobic composting of waste activated sludge obtained from Vinh Loc Industrial Park that is located in Ho Chi Minh City.The study was done by optimizing the ratios of sludge/inactive fillers and sludge/microbial products to improve the composting efficiency.After 50 days of composting,the composts of all experiment batches met the microorganism-organic fertilizer standards of 10 TCN 526:2002.The study indicated that the highest efficiency decomposition was obtained at the ratio of a sludge/inactive fillers of 1/0.1 and sludge/microbial products of 1/0.05:TOC(Total Organic Carbon)reduced by 20.2%,loss of Nitrogen was trivial(0.53%),the highest temperature reached at 55.5 oC and lasting for 5 days which ensures elimination of pathogens.However,the addition of nitrogen compounds during the composting is necessary to ensure the compost product can meet the nitrogen standard of microorganism-organic fertilizer.

Nitrogen-retaining property of compost in an aerobic thermophilic composting reactor for the sanitary disposal of human feces

Aerobic composting is a method for the sanitary disposal of human feces as is used in bio-toilet systems.As the products of composting can be utilized as a fertilizer,it would be beneficial if the composting conditions could be more precisely controlled for the retention of fecal nitrogen as long as possible in the compost.In this study,batch experiments were conducted using a closed aerobic thermophilic composting reactor with sawdust as the bulk matrix to simulate the condition of a bio-toilet for the sanitary disposal of human feces.Attention was paid to the characteristics of nitrogen transformation.Under the controlled conditions of temperature at 60°C,moisture content at 60%,and a continuous air supply,more than 70%fecal organic removal was obtained,while merely 17%fecal nitrogen loss was observed over a two-week composting period.The nitrogen loss was found to occur mainly in the first 24 h with the rapid depletion of inorganic nitrogen but with an almost unchanged organic nitrogen content.The fecal NH4-N which was the main component of the inorganic nitrogen(>90%)decreased rapidly in the first day,decreased at a slower rate over the following days,and finally disappeared entirely.The depletion of NH4-N was accompanied by the accumulation of NH3 gas in the ammonia absorber connected to the reactor.A mass balance between the exhausted NH3 gas and the fecal NH4-N content in the first 24 hours indicated that the conversion of ammonium into gaseous ammonia was the main reason for nitrogen loss.Thermophilic composting could be considered as a way to keep a high organic nitrogen content in the compost for better utilization as a fertilizer.

Use of additive and pretreatment to control odors in municipal kitchen waste during aerobic composting

The effects of adding a bulking agent and chemically pretreating municipal kitchen waste before aerobic composting were studied using a laboratory-scale system. The system used20-L reactors and each test lasted 28 days. The objective was to decrease NH3 and H2S emissions during composting. The bulking agent, dry cornstalks, was mixed with the kitchen waste to give a mixture containing 15%（wet weight） bulking agent. A combined treatment was also conducted, in which kitchen waste mixed with the bulking agent was pretreated with ferric chloride（FeC l3）. Less leachate was produced by the composted kitchen waste mixed with bulking agent than by the kitchen waste alone, when the materials had reached the required maturity. The presence of cornstalks also caused less H2 S to be emitted, but had little impact on the amount of NH3 emitted. The FeC l3 was found to act as an effective chemical flocculant,and its presence significantly decreased the amounts of NH3 and H2S emitted. Kitchen waste mixed with cornstalks and treated with FeC l3 emitted 42% less NH3 and 76% less H2 S during composting than did pure kitchen waste.

Characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static method

The main purpose of this work is to investigate the characteristics of night soil and leaf co-composting using aerobic static composting method. Three influencing factors, including proportion of night soil and leaf, aeration rate and aeration pattern, were investigated through the evolution of the principal physicochemical properties, i.e., temperature, oxygen consumption rate, organic matters, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and Germination index （GI）. It was found that the 3：1 （w：w） mixture of night soil and leaf was capable of achieving the highest composting temperature, longest retention time of high temperature （55℃）, and fastest organic matter degradation. The 0.14 m3. min-1. m-3 aeration rate was most beneficial to composting, and the mixture of night soil and leaf maintained the highest temperature for the longest duration and achieved the highest CO2 content and GI. The continuous aeration pattern during composting was superior to an intermittent aeration pattern, since the latter delayed the composting process.

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste,such as livestock manure,sludge,antibiotic fermentation residues,and food waste,thus attracting great attention.Aerobic composting,which is an effective,harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling,has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction.However,the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial.Thus,this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years.ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media,including soil and the atmosphere,which could widen environmental risks.However,the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste.Improved composting processes,such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting,could effectively remove ARGs,and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors.Currently,during the composting process,ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways,(Ⅰ)“Microenvironment-ARGs”;(Ⅱ)“Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”;(Ⅲ)“Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”,respectively.Response pathway Ⅱ had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs.In response pathway Ⅲ,mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs.Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future.It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.

Influence of dissolved organic matter on methylmercury transformation during aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge under different C/N ratios

Current knowledge about the transformation of total mercury and methylmercury(Me Hg) in aerobic composting process is limited. In this study, the composition and transformation of mercury and dissovled organic matter(DOM) in aerobic composting process of municipal sewage sludge were were comprehensively characterized, and the differences among the three C/N ratio(20, 26 and 30) were investigated. The main form of mercury in C/N 20 and 26 was organo-chelated Hg(F3, 46%-60%);while the main form of mercury in C/N 30 was mercuric sulfide(F5, 64%-70%). The main component of DOM in C/N 20 and 26 were tyrosine-like substance(C1, 53%-76%) while the main fractions in C/N 30 were tyrosine-like substance(C1, 28%-37%) and fulvic-like substance(C2, 17%-39%). The mercury and DOM varied significantly during the 9 days composting process. Compared to C/N 20 and 26, C/N 30 produced the less Me Hg after aerobic composting process, with values of 658%(C/N 20), 1400%(C/N 26) and 139%(C/N 30) of the initial, respectively. Meanwhile, C/N 30 produced the best compost showed greater degree of DOM molecular condensation and humification. Hg fraction had been altered by DOM, as indicated by a significant correlation between mercury species and DOM components. Notably, C/N 30 should be used as an appropriate C/N ratio to control the methylation processes of mercury and degration of DOM.

“菌剂+分子膜”发酵工艺改善秸秆与畜粪共堆肥效率

为更好地对农业废弃物进行合理利用,提高堆肥产品营养效率,采用新型“菌剂+分子膜”发酵工艺对改善秸秆与畜粪共堆肥过程中的理化性质、腐熟度、腐殖化和磷组分动态进行研究。结果表明,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、含水率(MC)、C/N和黄腐酸(FA)均呈下降趋势,总氮(TN)、腐殖酸(HA)、总磷(TP)和有效磷(AP)含量明显增加(p<0.05),这说明共堆肥产品的腐熟度和营养水平都得到了改善。此外,腐殖化指数分析和液相磷31核磁共振波普(^(31)P-NMR)测定分别表明了共堆肥腐殖化程度的提高和磷组分的变化。根据NY/T 525—2021,除水分外,最终堆肥产品的性能符合法规要求。研究结果可为“菌剂+分子膜”发酵工艺在提高堆肥效率方面提供全面的认识,为实现农业废弃物资源化提供科学可行的策略。

稻秸秆对羊粪好氧堆肥理化特性与氮素转化的影响

为评价稻秸秆对羊粪好氧堆肥理化特性和氮素转化的影响,本研究以不同湿质量比的羊粪与稻秸秆为原料,进行好氧堆肥,羊粪与稻秸秆湿质量比分别为9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4和5∶5,研究稻秸秆与羊粪不同湿质量比组合对羊粪堆肥进程、堆肥理化性质、气体排放以及氮损失的影响,对比不同堆肥产品特性,采用主成分分析法综合评价堆肥腐熟度。研究结果表明:添加稻秸秆能够加速羊粪堆肥进程以及有机质分解,使堆肥体3 d内进入高温期,并且高温期维持了13~21 d;羊粪与稻秸秆湿质量比8∶2(C/N比为19.75)的堆肥体最高温度可达73.88℃,高温阶段(≥50℃)持续时间最长(27 d),30 d时种子发芽指数达到80%以上(81.8%);堆肥过程中O_(2)含量与温度呈负相关(R=−0.615,P<0.001);羊粪与稻秸秆湿质量比9∶1、8∶2、7∶3、6∶4和5∶5组合的总氮损失分别为20.54、17.91、17.07、15.28 g和13.26 g,表明堆肥初始C/N比越低,总氮损失率越高;羊粪堆肥时添加稻秸秆可以缩短进入高温发酵期的时间,加快堆肥进程;羊粪添加稻秸秆堆肥时初始C/N比越高,NH_(3)和N_(2)O的累计排放量越小,NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)-N和总凯氏氮(TKN)的损失率越小;主成分分析综合评价结果表明羊粪与稻秸秆按湿质量比8∶2混合堆肥最优,堆肥的腐熟速度最快。

牛粪好氧堆肥发酵微生物菌剂组合筛选研究

为了筛选出牛粪好氧堆肥发酵效果好的微生物菌剂组合,试验将胶质芽孢杆菌、细黄链霉菌、固氮菌和黑曲霉菌按不同组合配伍开展牛粪好氧堆肥试验。结果表明,添加0.2%的胶质芽孢杆菌+细黄链霉菌+固氮菌+黑曲霉菌1∶1∶1∶1组合对牛粪好氧堆肥发酵效果最好,堆体升温快,温度高,高温持续期长,堆肥后含水量低,有机质和C/N降低幅度大,全氮、全钾和全磷含量增加,pH和种子发芽指数高,可以在牛粪好氧堆肥发酵中推广应用。

不同原料配比对芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵效果的影响

为促进芦笋秸秆资源化利用,通过加入不同比例的鸭粪和稻壳于芦笋秸秆中,进行资源化堆肥效果的试验研究。以发酵温度、pH、发芽指数、有机质、氮、磷、钾等为评价指标,研究鸭粪和稻壳添加对堆肥发酵过程的影响。结果表明:单一芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵过程,无高温阶段,未能达到发酵堆肥要求。添加不同比例的鸭粪和稻壳均能促进芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵,高温维持时间12~13 d,高温阶段平均温度为56.3~60.4℃,发酵周期21~29 d,发酵30 d结束时,发芽指数达到了92%~118%,pH>8.0,有机质含量50.70%~57.02%,氮磷钾总养分含量4.64%~5.20%。综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,70%芦笋秸秆+10%鸭粪+20%稻壳粉的配比发酵效果优于其他配比,更适合芦笋秸秆发酵。

新型多格室粪便堆肥反应器设计与试验

针对常规粪便堆肥反应器进料自动化程度不高、堆肥效率低和产物质量差的问题,设计并构建出一种“连续进料—反应—出料”运行模式的新型多格室粪便堆肥反应器。对反应器的通风单元、加热单元进行优化设计,并以厕所粪便为处理对象,进行反应器运行性能试验。试验结果表明,经反应器堆肥处理后,粪便臭味减弱、颜色由棕黄色变为棕褐色,堆料高温期(≥50℃)维持在6 d以上,反应器不同运行阶段堆肥产品的种子发芽指数分别为104%、81%和128%,表明堆肥成品已实现完全腐熟和无害化。堆肥产品总养分、有机质和种子发芽指数均达到相关要求。

畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程中重金属钝化剂研究进展

含有重金属添加剂肥料的大量使用,导致畜禽粪便中重金属含量增加,造成土壤重金属污染。研究表明,好氧堆肥可以降低畜禽粪便中重金属的生物有效性,使其向可氧化态和残渣态转变,减少畜禽粪便对土壤的重金属污染。通过添加不同种类的物理、化学、生物钝化剂来增强堆肥钝化重金属能力,有利于提升堆肥品质及安全性。阐述了好氧堆肥过程中重金属的形态和重金属钝化剂的研究进展,对好氧堆肥重金属钝化剂研究进行了展望。