Osmotic Regulation,Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Tree Peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)in Response to High-Temperature Stress

Tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)is a traditional Chinese flower,which prefers cool weather.However,high temperature in summer in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River restricts its growth and development.In this study,osmotic regulation,antioxidant enzyme activities,and photosynthetic characteristics of tree peony in response to high-temperature stress were investigated.The results showed that high-temperature stress had destroyed the cell membrane,manifested as the increased relative electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content.Moreover,high-temperature stress led to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species,thereby,activating antioxidant enzyme activities.Also,photosynthetic parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters directly reflected the damage to the photosystem II reflection center under high-temperature stress.In addition,high-temperature stress led to stomatal closure and chloroplast damage.This study revealed the physiological responses of tree peony to high-temperature stress,laying a foundation for the promotion of tree peony in high-temperature areas and the improvement of high-temperature resistance.

Tailoring the microstructural characteristics and enhancing creep properties of as-cast Mg-5Bi-5Sn alloy through Mn addition

The creep properties, microstructural characteristics and creep mechanisms of as-cast Mg-5Bi-5Sn(BT55) alloy without and with Mn(BTM550) addition were investigated via creep at 423, 448, and 473 K as well as stresses of 30, 50 and 75 MPa. The results indicate that adding Mn can result in the formation of primary and the dynamic precipitated α-Mn phases. In addition, the morphology of the precipitated Mg_(3)Bi_(2) phase and the orientation relationship between Mg_(2)Sn precipitates and α-Mg can be effectively modified. Tailoring the microstructural characteristics is responsible for the improved creep performance of BTM550 alloy. The dominant creep mechanisms in BT55 and BTM550 alloys are dislocation cross-slip and climb, respectively. Furthermore, twinning and pyramidal slip play an assisting part in both alloys during creep process.

Vibration characteristics of a multi-block high-temperature superconducting maglev system

The multi-block high-temperature superconducting （HTS） maglev system has more complicated dynamic characteristics than the single-block HTS maglev system. To study its vibration characteristics, we designed a maglev measurement system. The system responses at the excitation frequencies of 2, 3 and 15 Hz were examined. Results show that the responses under excitation frequencies of 2 and 3 Hz include a 6 Hz component, which means that the maglev system is a critical nonlinear system. Moreover, the 6 Hz component is much stronger than the 2 Hz or 3 Hz components in the response spectra. There is the interaction between excitation and response. Under an excitation frequency of 15 Hz, intensified low-frequency perturbations were observed.

Study on the effect of thermal deformation on the liquid seal of high-temperature molten salt pump in molten salt reactor

The high-temperature molten salt pump is the core equipment in a molten salt reactor that drives the flow of the molten salt coolant.Rotor stability is key to the continuous and reliable operation of the molten salt pump,and the liquid seal at the wear ring can affect the dynamic characteristics of the rotor system.When the molten salt pump is operated in the hightemperature molten salt medium,thermal deformation of the submerged parts inevitably occurs,changing clearance between the stator and rotor,affecting the leakage and dynamic characteristics of the seal.In this study,the seal leakage,seal dynamic characteristics,and rotor system dynamic characteristics are simulated and analyzed using finite element simulation software based on two cases of considering the effect of seal thermal deformation effect or not.The results show a significant difference in the leakage characteristics and dynamic characteristics of the seal obtained by considering the effect of seal thermal deformation and neglecting the effect of thermal deformation.The leakage flow rate decreases,and the first-order critical speed of the seal-bearing-rotor system decrease after considering the seal’s thermal deformation.

Experiment and constitutive modelling of creep deformation in the frozen silt-concrete interface

To ensure the long-term safety and stability of bridge pile foundations in permafrost regions,it is necessary to investigate the rheological effects on the pile tip and pile side bearing capacities.The creep characteristics of the pile-frozen soil interface are critical for determining the long-term stability of permafrost pile foundations.This study utilized a self-developed large stress-controlled shear apparatus to investigate the shear creep characteristics of the frozen silt-concrete interface,and examined the influence of freezing temperatures(−1,−2,and−5°C),contact surface roughness(0,0.60,0.75,and 1.15 mm),normal stress(50,100,and 150 kPa),and shear stress on the creep characteristics of the contact surface.By incorporating the contact surface’s creep behavior and development trends,we established a creep constitutive model for the frozen silt-concrete interface based on the Nishihara model,introducing nonlinear elements and a damage factor.The results revealed significant creep effects on the frozen silt-concrete interface under constant load,with creep displacement at approximately 2-15 times the instantaneous displacement and a failure creep displacement ranging from 6 to 8 mm.Under different experimental conditions,the creep characteristics of the frozen silt-concrete interface varied.A larger roughness,lower freezing temperatures,and higher normal stresses resulted in a longer sample attenuation creep time,a lower steady-state creep rate,higher long-term creep strength,and stronger creep stability.Building upon the Nishihara model,we considered the influence of shear stress and time on the viscoelastic viscosity coefficient and introduced a damage factor to the viscoplasticity.The improved model effectively described the entire creep process of the frozen silt-concrete interface.The results provide theoretical support for the interaction between pile and soil in permafrost regions.

Viscoelastic Characteristics and Creep Prediction for Laminated Veneer Lumber

The viscoelastic characteristics of Aspen laminated veneer lumber (LVD were investigated with results revealing the dynamic creep behaviour under asymmetrical cyclic loading, which is analogous to solid wood under a static load. Curves for the creep indicated that after 10s cycles, the multiple correlation coefficient R2 for the 4-element, is more than 0. 98 in any instance, overwhelmingly well fitted to the data obtained. The mean square error of the 3-element viscoelastic model was 1 - 5 times higher than of the 4-ele-ment model under various cyclic loadings within a relative large loading range. The viscoelastic curves for LVL samples are nonlinear. They were linearized at some stress levels below 60% of their limited intensities. As loading was sustained for a longer period, the viscous flow was found to have a tendency of attenuation. The work absorbed by a specimen before the occurrence of creep failure, could be estimated in terms of failure appearance. Consequently, we could calculate the

Characteristic Analysis and Forecast of Continuous High-temperature Weather in Xingtai Area of Hebei

Through the analysis of durative high-temperature weather process occurred in Xingtai area in June of 2010,and the statistics on relative humidity and 850 hPa of temperature on high temperature day in Xingtai area during 2001- 2010,it was concluded that 500 h Pa of stable warm high-pressure ridge situation and 850 hPa of strong warm air mass control were favorable circulation situations for the formation of high temperature;sinking and adiabatic warming of high-altitude air mass was an important cause of high temperature weather generation; ground humidity at 14： 00 was small,that is,the atmosphere was very dry,and it was sunny-cloudy（ high cirrus） weather,which was a necessary condition for the high temperature weather; westerly at some time was favorable condition for high temperature; 850 h Pa of temperature prediction at the station was the key.When the forecasted 850 h Pa of station temperature was 21 ℃ and above,it was reminded the forecasters in the high-temperature forecast process.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth Characteristics and Productivity of Creeping Forage Plants for Tree-Pasture Integrated System

Sustainable forage production is one of the most important factors in livestock production system. Smallholder livestock production system is a part of agricultural practice in Indonesia. Limited land owned by farmers was dominantly cultivated for food crops, and very small part of it used for cultivating forage plants. This leads to restriction of smallholder livestock development, because no more land available for forage production. Integrated forage production system by planting forage plants and food crops or trees in the same area becomes a considerable cropping system that widely practiced by the farmers in Indonesia. Some grasses and legumes have morphological advantages overcoming growth condition under shading. These growth characteristics are benefit in designing compatible system components for enhanced productivity in tree-pasture systems. Four potential shade-tolerant creeping forages that were combined with 2 levels of nitrogen application were tested using factorial completely randomized design 3 replicates. The first factor was species of creeping forages （stoloniferous）： BH = Brachiaria humidicola, PN = Paspalum notatum, AC - Axonopus compressus and, AP = Arachis pintoi. The second factor was nitrogen （urea） fertilizer： A = without N fertilizer and B = with N fertilizer （300 kg Urea/ha）. The observations included the growth rates of plant length, plant length, number of leaves, herbages yield （shoot）, root dry weight, senescence, total N-shoot, N-soil and N-uptake. The results showed that growth characteristics and productivity of creeping forage plants was significantly differed by the species. Most species showed an increase in growth trend, except P. notatum. A. compressus significantly showed as the best performance species compared to other, in terms of growth rates, plant length, number of leaves, herbage yield （shoot） and root dry weight, N-uptake and N-shoot. This was lbllowed by B. humidicola, P. notatum, and A. pintoi. Based on previous study, A. compressus found as one of the native species in most tree system. It indicated its superior growth compared to other species tested. However, it is needed further research to observe the compatibility of each species in tree-pasture systems.

Creep rupture life prediction of high-temperature titanium alloy using cross-material transfer learning

High-temperature titanium alloys are the key materials for the components in aerospace and their service life depends largely on creep deformation-induced failure.However,the prediction of creep rupture life remains a challenge due to the lack of available data with well-characterized target property.Here,we proposed two cross-materials transfer learning(TL)strategies to improve the prediction of creep rupture life of high-temperature titanium alloys.Both strategies effectively utilized the knowledge or information encoded in the large dataset(753 samples)of Fe-base,Ni-base,and Co-base superalloys to enhance the surrogate model for small dataset(88 samples)of high-temperature titanium alloys.The first strategy transferred the parameters of the convolutional neural network while the second strategy fused the two datasets.The performances of the TL models were demonstrated on different test datasets with varying sizes outside the training dataset.Our TL models improved the predictions greatly compared to the mod-els obtained by straightly applying five commonly employed algorithms on high-temperature titanium alloys.This work may stimulate the use of TL-based models to accurately predict the service properties of structural materials where the available data is small and sparse.

Experimental study and simulation on the creep characteristics of machineharvested seed cotton

In view of the unclear understanding of the basic scientific problems such as the rheological mechanism of seed cotton,especially the lack of research on the creep characteristics of seed cotton,the machine-harvested seed cotton in the Xinjiang region was taken as the research object to find out the compression creep characteristics.The universal material testing machine was used to carry out a one-factor creep test,taking moisture content,feed quality,compression times,and trash content as test factors and instantaneous elastic modulus,hysteretic elastic modulus,viscosity coefficient,and delay time as test indicators.The ANOVA and correlation were analyzed by SPSS,and the creep process of the seed cotton was simulated by ADAMS.Results show that moisture content significantly affects the instantaneous elastic modulus,hysteretic elastic modulus,and viscosity coefficient(p<0.01).In addition,each value of which decreases with the increase in moisture content.Feed quality significantly affects the hysteretic elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient(p<0.05).Moreover,the hysteretic elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient increase with the increase in feed quality.The compression times significantly influence the instantaneous elastic modulus,hysteretic elastic modulus,and viscosity coefficient(p<0.01),each value of which increases with the increase of compression times.Furthermore,the trash content significantly influenced the hysteretic elastic modulus and viscosity coefficient(p<0.05).The absolute error between the simulated and experimental values ek is within−0.011-0.030 mm,and the relative errorφk is less than 7%.The experimental results can provide theoretical and data support for the study of rheological characteristics of machine-harvested seed cotton,the design of seed cotton packing devices,and the molding quality of cotton bale(mold).

Experimental analysis of HR-120 alloy used for high-temperature fans

High-temperature circulating fans blow 800 ℃ HN protective atmosphere to the surface of the strip as a jet heating power source or suspending source,playing a core role in metal strip continuous annealing furnaces. In this study,several high-temperature alloys were experimentally compared based on their high-temperature mechanical properties,high-temperature creep resistance,and high-temperature oxidation resistance. The results indicate that though the price of HR-120 alloy is only half of Inconel 601,it is suitable for the manufacture of fans that can withstand a high temperature of 800 ℃ given its good creep resistance,high-temperature oxidation resistance,and price advantage.

On-Line Life Monitoring Technique for Tube Bundles of Boiler High-Temperature Heating Surface

High-temperature heating surface such as superheater and reheater of large-sized utility boiler all experiences a relatively severe working conditions. The failure of boiler tubes will directly impact the safe and economic operation of boiler. An on-line life monitoring model of high-temperature heating surface was set up according to the well-known L-M formula of the creep damages. The tube wall metal temperature and working stress was measured by on-line monitoring, and with this model, the real-time calculation of the life expenditure of the heating surface tube bundles were realized. Based on the technique the on-line life monitoring and management system of high-temperature heating surface was developed for a 300 MW utility boiler. An effective device was thus suggested for the implementation of the safe operation and the condition-based maintenance of utility boilers.

甘肃舟曲江顶崖古滑坡复活变形特征与稳定性分析

为研究江顶崖古滑坡复活变形特征与稳定性,通过历史资料调研、现场踏勘与监测、卫星遥感和室内土工试验等方法,分析了主滑坡体、滑坡后壁及侧壁的变形特征与稳定性。结果表明:滑体前缘高陡边坡因降雨及河流冲刷导致坡脚失稳;中后部土体受地下水、连续强降雨影响,抗剪强度降低,下滑力增大,逐步向前推移;最终由于前缘土体的滑动,导致抗滑力减小,随之引发整体滑动,为缓慢滑动的牵引式滑坡。滑体后壁、两侧侧壁高陡,变形迹象明显,在强降雨或地震工况下易失稳滑动。江顶崖滑坡具有长期蠕滑变形、多次复活滑动等特点,是甘肃省近年来规模、范围最大的滑坡之一,在地震或暴雨作用下,滑坡有再次复活的可能,建议加强对滑坡区的变形监测,同时,对区域内不稳定斜坡进行加固治理,防止出现重大灾害。

粉砂质泥岩蠕变特性与非线性黏弹塑性本构模型

针对边坡、隧道工程中粉砂质泥岩长期稳定性问题,采用DZSZ-150型多场耦合岩石三轴压力试验机,利用粉砂质泥岩相似材料试样,开展不同围压下粉砂质泥岩蠕变试验。根据蠕变试验结果建立可描述粉砂质泥岩蠕变全过程的非线性黏弹塑性本构模型,以7 MPa围压下蠕变试验结果为例,对所提出的蠕变本构模型进行合理性和可行性验证。结果表明:试样的稳态蠕变速率与偏应力大小有关,随着偏应力的增加,试样稳态蠕变速率与偏应力之间符合指数函数关系;在加速蠕变阶段的蠕变速率相对低偏应力水平下减速蠕变和稳态蠕变速率明显要增大很多,且非常短时间内就发生了蠕变破坏;提出一种描述粉砂质泥岩全蠕变过程的非线性黏弹塑性本构模型,该模型能描述粉砂质泥岩蠕变-破坏全过程的蠕变变形规律,反映了粉砂质泥岩在不同偏应力水平作用下的蠕变特性,克服了经典模型中无法准确描述加速蠕变过程的难题。

考虑蠕变特性的橡胶微凸体与金属表面接触特性分析

金属-橡胶接触广泛存在于密封结构中,密封接触表面上微凸体间的相互作用会直接影响整个密封界面的接触特性,进而影响其密封性能。基于粗糙密封界面的单个微凸体,考虑橡胶的蠕变特性,采用理论分析和仿真研究相结合的方式研究橡胶微凸体与金属表面的接触特性。通过橡胶蠕变特性的实验结果,构建橡胶蠕变计算模型;构建半球微凸体与金属平板间的有限元模型,进行考虑蠕变特性的仿真,分析其接触特性,并与Hertz接触理论的计算值进行对比。结果表明:在蠕变阶段,接触半径、法向变形量和最大等效蠕变应变均随蠕变时间的增加而增大,最大接触压力随蠕变时间增大而减小,这均可能导致密封性能的下降;随压力载荷的增大,接触半径、法向变形量、最大接触压力和最大等效蠕变应变均增大,但增大的趋势逐渐减小;橡胶微凸体与金属表面间的等效模量随蠕变时间的增加而减小,随压力载荷增大而增大。

5.5Al-AFA耐热钢高温蠕变行为研究

面向超超临界发电机组用钢,设计、制备了5.5Al-AFA耐热钢材料,基于不同加载应力条件的蠕变实验与微观组织分析,研究了该耐热钢的蠕变特征与蠕变损伤机理。结果表明,该耐热钢具有典型金属材料的蠕变特征,加载应力对蠕变断裂时间影响显著,在温度为750℃、加载应力为120和250 MPa下的蠕变断裂寿命分别为1711和1.5 h,材料表观应力指数达5.18,蠕变机制为位错攀移,蠕变激活能为418.44 kJ·mol^(-1)。蠕变过程中析出的脆性σ-FeCr相导致应力集中与材料断裂,失效形式为微孔密集型韧性断裂。

高温冻结粉土-不同粗糙度混凝土接触面蠕变特性试验研究

为研究高温冻土-混凝土接触面的蠕变特性,利用自行研制的大型蠕变剪切仪,开展了-1℃条件下冻结粉土与粗糙度分别为0,0.538,0.775,1.225 mm混凝土接触面的分级加载蠕变试验。分析了分级加载条件下接触面蠕变曲线规律及接触面破坏特征,并将分级加载曲线转换为分别加载曲线,研究蠕变速率随时间变化规律,建立剪应力-稳定蠕变速率函数,从而得到接触面长期强度值,进一步建立接触面长期强度与粗糙度的函数关系,以探讨粗糙度抵抗蠕变的作用机理。结果表明:高温冻结粉土-混凝土接触面分级加载强度及剪切破坏时间与粗糙度呈线性正相关,随着粗糙度的增大,剪切破坏界面向土体内部偏移,破坏类型由接触面滑移破坏向土体内部破坏发展;通过陈氏法将分级加载曲线转换为分别加载曲线,得到的分别加载蠕变曲线具有衰减和非衰减蠕变特征;建立稳定蠕变速率与剪应力的函数关系符合arrhenius方程,从而得到接触面长期强度仅约为分级加载强度的20%,说明高温冻结粉土-混凝土接触面具有显著的流变效应;接触面长期强度随粗糙度的增大呈线性增长,接触面粗糙度由0 mm增大到1.225 mm时,长期强度可增大220%,可通过增大接触表面粗糙度的方法提高高温冻土-混凝土接触面的长期强度。

基于塑性元件微元化的重塑黄土黏弹塑性本构模型

基于塑性元件微元化和无穷级数的思想,通过加、卸载条件的三轴蠕变试验建模并通过动力三轴试验验证,建立了重塑黄土的黏弹塑性本构模型,并获得了相应的参数指标。研究表明,该模型可以很好地描述重塑黄土的蠕变、静力和动力特性,且能更加合理地解释卸载条件下回弹曲线的变化特征。塑性元件微元化的处理方法弥补了以往黏弹塑性本构模型中塑性变形不易描述的缺点,相比其他的黏弹塑性本构模型,该模型应用更加简单且适用范围更广。

滇中红层泥岩剪切蠕变特性及其本构模型

为保障滇中红层泥岩所在区域隧洞工程的施工及长期运营安全,本文以“滇中引水工程”狮子山隧洞段的红层泥岩为研究对象,首先,采用分级加载剪切蠕变试验方法,研究其蠕变特性;其次,基于非线性流变力学理论,分别构建了触发式非定常加速元件、非线性弹性元件及复合型黏性元件;第三,通过各元件的合理组合,建立了滇中红层泥岩的非线性、非定常蠕变模型;最后,对所建模型进行参数估计,与试验结果进行对比,验证理论模型的适用性。研究结果表明:在较低应力状态下,岩样主要表现为衰减蠕变,其中蠕变变形在总变形中的占比可达85%;而在较高应力状态下,岩样发生从衰减蠕变、等速蠕变直至加速蠕变破坏的全过程蠕变,其中蠕变变形在总变形中的占比达87%。剪应力对岩样蠕变变形具有显著影响,剪应力越高,衰减蠕变达到稳定状态所需的时间越长,蠕变变形在总变形中的占比越高。在全过程蠕变中,岩样的蠕变变形以稳态蠕变为主,其蠕变时间占总蠕变时间的80%,蠕变量占总蠕变量的51%。该蠕变模型既能完整地描述岩样从衰减到等速直至加速蠕变的全过程,同时又能克服传统模型参数取值随应力而不断变化的问题,通过一组参数就可以描述岩样在各应力状态下的蠕变变形特性。理论模型得到的结果与试验结果吻合较好,说明所建模型对于滇中红层泥岩具有较好的适用性。

车轮多边形磨耗对地铁列车蠕滑特性的影响分析

为研究车轮多边形磨耗对轮轨接触蠕滑特性的影响,依据多体动力学理论和滚动接触理论,建立基于地铁列车参数的多体动力学模型,并计算多工况下车轮踏面磨耗指数,分析车轮多边形阶数和幅值变化对轮轨力、蠕滑率和蠕滑力等特性的影响,结果表明:蠕滑率以及蠕滑力会随车轮多边形阶数和幅值的上升而增大;车轮踏面磨耗随地铁列车运行里程的增加而逐步增大。使用轮轨垂向力指标,根据车速小于160 km/h,轮轨力应不大于200 kN的标准,确定地铁列车80 km/h运行速度下3~23阶多边形幅值安全限值,结果表明多边形幅值安全限值随阶数增加呈下降趋势。