Numerical investigation on the startup performance of high-temperature heat pipes for heat pipe cooled reactor application

A suitable model for high-temperature heat pipe startup is a prerequisite to realizing the numerical simula-tion for the heat pipe cooled reactor startup from the cold state.It is required that this model not only describes the transient behavior during the startup period,but also reduces the computing resources of the heat pipe cooled reactor simulation in the simplest way.In this study,a simplified model that integrates the two-zone and network models is proposed.In this model,vapor flow in the vapor space,evaporation,and condensation in the vapor–liquid interface are decoupled with heat conduction to achieve a fast calculation of the transient characteristics of the heat pipe.An experimental system for a high-temperature heat pipe was developed to validate the proposed model.A potassium heat pipe was utilized as the experimental material.Startup experiments were performed with differ-ent heating powers.Compared with the experimental results,the accuracy of the proposed model was verified.Moreover,the proposed model can predict the vapor flow,pressure drop,and temperature drop in the vapor space.As indicated by the analysis results,the essential requirements for successful startup are also determined.The heat pipe cannot achieve a successful startup until the heating power satisfies these requirements.All the discussions indicate the capability of the proposed model for the simulation of a high-temperature heat pipe startup from the frozen state;hence,can act as a basic tool for the heat pipe cooled reactor simulation.

Development and Investigation of a Miniature Copper-Acetone Loop Heat Pipe with a Flat Evaporator

The paper presents the results of development and investigation of a copper miniature loop heat pipe (LHP) with acetone as a working fluid. The device was equipped with a flat evaporator measuring 80 × 42 × 7 mm and vapor and liquid lines with an outside diameter of 3 mm, whose lengths were 145 mm and 175 mm, respectively. The LHP was tested at heat loads from 5 W to 60 W, different orientations in the gravity field and heat-sink temperatures from -40°C to +50°C. It is shown that the LHP retains its efficiency at all testing conditions. It is also mentioned that at a heat-sink temperature of +50°C the device operates in the mode of constant conductivity in the whole range of heat loads, and in this case a minimum thermal resistance of the “heat source-heat sink” system equal to 0.16°C/W is achieved, which is independent of the LHP orientation in the gravity field.

Visual Study on Flow and Operational Characteristics of Flat Plate Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes

This paper presents an experimental study including visualization on a flat plate closed loop pulsating heat pipes.It consists of a total of 40 channels with square cross section(2 mm×2 mm,165 mm long) machined directly on an aluminum plate(180 mm×120 mm×3 mm) covered by a transparent plate.The working fluid employed is ethanol.As a result,various flow patterns and their transitions are observed and found to be related to the fluid fill ratio,input heat load and the device orientation.Also the operational characteristics and working mechanism are discussed.

Parametric Influence on Thermal Performance of Flat Plate Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes

This paper presents an experimental study on a flat plate closed loop pulsating heat pipes. It consisted of total 40 channels with square cross section （2 × 2 mm^2, 165 mm long） machined directly on an aluminum plate（180×120×3 nm^2）, which was covered by a transparent plate. The working fluid employed was ethanol. As the results, the influence parameters of thermal performance were investigated, such as filling ratio, heat load and operational orientations etc. Filling ratio was found to be a critical parameter, and its effect was rather complicated. According to its values the PHP plate could have four distinct working zones with different operational characteristics and heat transfer performance. The effect of heat load on thermal performance was found to be positive, and in general, iucrcasing the heat load would improve heat transfer performance. In order to analyze the effect of gravity on thermal performance, three different heat modes and total seven tilt angles were tested and compared. Successful operation at all orientations with respect to gravity was also achieved.

Thermal analysis of an innovative flat heat pipe radiator

An innovative flat heat pipe radiator was put forward, and it has the features of high efficiency of heat dissipation, compact construction, low thermal resistance, light weight, low cost, and anti-dust-deposition. The thermal analysis of the flat heat pipe radiator for cooling high-power light emitting diode （LED） array was conducted. The thermal characteristics of the flat heat pipe radiator under the different heat loads and incline angles were investigated experimentally in natural convection. An electro-thermal conversion method was used to measure the junction temperature of the LED chips. It is found that the integral temperature distribution of the flat heat pipe radiator is reasonable and uniform. The total thermal resistance of the flat heat pipe radiator varies in the range of 0.38-0.45 K/W. The junction temperatures of LED chips with the flat heat pipe radiator and with the aluminum board at the same forward current of 0.35 A are 52.5 and 75.2 ℃, respectively.

A Comprehensive Review of Thermal Performance Improvement of High-Temperature Heat Pipes

Energy efficiency issues are being focused on the growing concern of global warming and environmental pollution.The high-temperature heat pipe(HTHP) is an effective and environmental-friendly heat transfer device employed in many industries,including solar power generation,high-temperature flue gas waste heat recovery,industrial furnaces,nuclear industries,and aviation.As a critical factor in HTHPs,thermal performance is mainly introduced in the entire paper.To date,most reviews have been published concerning one or several application scenarios.However,to the best of authors' knowledge,it is hard to find a review discussing how to improve the thermal performance of HTHPs comprehensively.First,the impact on the performance of three main components of HTHPs over the past 30 years is introduced:the working fluid,the HTHP structure,and the wick structure.Herein,it is a considerable review of the optimal operating conditions for each direction,and we expect this paper contribute to improving the thermal performance of HTHPs.Then,current numerical simulations and theoretical research on the heat transfer limit of HTHPs are recommended.The significant hypotheses used in numerical simulations and the present theoretical studies are compiled here.Finally,some potential future directions and tentative suggestions for HTHP research are put forward.

Investigation of Geometric Factors of Convex Platforms in the Flat Evaporator of Loop Heat Pipes

This paper investigated the influence of geometric factors of vapor groove structures on the performance of flat evaporator of a loop heat pipe system. COMSOL multiphysics software was employed to simulate the heat transfer in the evaporator with convex platforms of different shapes,sizes and area ratios(φ)between convex platforms and the heated surface. The maximum temperature and temperature distribution of each model were obtained. The results showed that the decrease of the size of platforms and the increase of φ can lower temperatures and improve temperature distribution homogeneity of the heated surface. Compared with circle and oval platforms,square platforms achieved lower temperature. The results also indicated that φ had the most significant impact on the performance of the evaporator.

Visualisation and Heat Transfer Performance of Mini-Channel Flat Heat Pipe with a Binary Mixture

To unravel the intricacies of two-phase gas-liquid flow characteristics and heat transfer behavior,an array mini-channel gravity plate heat pipe(AMGPHP)is proposed in this work,which allows for observing the internal changes in the state of the working fluids.The flow patterns such as pool flow,columnar flow,and slug flow,are experimentally explored and analyzed in detail.It is found that the optimal volume fill ratio is 20%by utilizing start-up time and thermal resistance as performance evaluation metrics.With this fill ratio,a medium optimization strategy by blending ethanol within R141b is proposed and evaluated.In comparison to pure working fluids,the heat transfer performance of AMGFHP in the binary fluid has been significantly augmented due to temperature and concentration shifts resulting from disparate boiling points.Under the 10%volume fraction ethanol blending condition,the equivalent thermal conductivity of the heat pipe is dramatically elevated,with a value of 3110 W/(m·℃),along with the reduction of the minimum start-up power to 4 W.In general,applying such a medium to heat pipes has considerable potential in practical applications.

飞秒激光选区微织构AlN超浸润平板热管

目的为了提升AlN基板的散热性能,研究嵌入式一体化AlN平板热管的激光加工方法。方法通过飞秒激光微织构技术结合热处理工艺制备出AlN亲疏水组合表面,并组装嵌入式一体化平板热管,测试其传热性能。通过三维表面轮廓仪、SEM、EDS和XPS分别分析表面的三维轮廓、形貌、元素含量和化学成分,研究表面亲、疏水的形成机理。结果楔形亲疏组合AlN平板热管的启动时间、启动温度均最低,相较于全超亲水样品,启动时间降低了14.9%,启动温度降低了6.0%。楔形亲疏组合热管的热阻最低,热流密度最高。相较于全亲水热管,热阻降低了33%,热流密度提升了2%。结论AlN陶瓷表面经过激光织构会产生AlOx(多价铝氧化物),具有较高的表面能,呈超亲水状态。热处理能使表面充分氧化,降低表面能,呈超疏水状态。嵌入一体化AlN平板热管的设计和无化学激光选区微织构方法,为电子陶瓷基板的散热提供了一种新思路。

基于平板热管技术的电子器件热管理研究进展

随着电子器件不断趋于小型化和高度集成化发展,电子器件功率过高引发的散热问题亟待解决。平板热管由于具有均温性好、散热效率高等优势已为许多大功率电子元器件的散热问题提供了有效的热管理解决方案。但面对如今越来越多元化的散热需求,开发适应新型电子设备散热需求的高效平板热管仍是当前研究的热点。基于此,在对平板热管工作原理及结构特点进行阐述的基础上,对平板热管的传热性能、影响传热性能的因素(毛细芯结构、腔体厚度、工质、充液率、倾角和热源)、强化平板热管传热性能的措施(不同润湿性表面和支撑柱结构等)及其在小型化电子设备、IGBT晶体管、LED和电池组等电子器件散热应用等方面进行了系统性综述,指出研究不同毛细芯结构与腔体厚度下平板热管内部流动传热特性、散热性能强化的机制和综合优化方法,以及如何在不同电子器件热管理需求下设计出空间适应性强而散热性能高效的平板热管等仍是当前平板热管有待进一步突破的关键技术,将为平板热管在电子器件散热领域的进一步深入研究与优化提供一定参考。

倾角对平板型LHP 运行性能的影响

通过改变内部毛细芯结构达到改善环路热管性能、减小环路热管体积的目的,取消储液腔,将传统的长矩形蒸汽槽道更改为特斯拉阀形状,并且将蒸发器进出口设置在蒸发器两侧。研究该热管在不同倾角下的启动性能、运行特性。结果显示:相对于0°倾角运行,倾角的存在能够减少环路热管的启动时间,降低蒸发器温度,存在倾角的条件下启动特性差别不大。随着功率的增加,不同倾角的环路热管热阻减小,仅在倾角(10°以下)较低时有较大的热阻。随着倾角的增加,环路热管热阻随功率的变化无较大改变。

基于平板热管的高温质子交换膜燃料电池堆启动特性

高温质子交换膜燃料电池(HT-PEMFC)运行温度约160℃,较传统低温电池具有更佳的电化学反应动力学、更简单的水热管理和更高的CO耐受性等优势。但运行温度提高,如何实现HT-PEMFC的快速预热启动成为制约其应用推广的重要挑战之一。当前工作中,针对一个额定功率为500W的HT-PEMFC电堆,尝试利用一种平板热管(FHP)对该电堆进行预热启动。设计搭建了实验装置,从预热时间、温度分布、传热量分布等方面对这一方法进行评估。实验结果表明,提高加热功率可以显著缩短预热时间,500W时预热耗时3000s,1500W时则仅需980s;但同时也造成温度均匀性出现恶化,500W时竖直方向最大温差约28℃,1500W时该温差则达到了80℃。此外,水平方向的温差也随加热功率的提高而增加,且越靠近热源的区域越明显,最高达15.7℃,这无疑会加速质子交换膜的机械失效。实际中,应在不过多影响电池运行寿命的前提下,提高加热功率以缩短启动时间。

平板热管式锂离子电池热管理系统仿真分析研究

锂离子电池是航空混合电推进系统的关键子系统,本文针对基于平板热管的航空锂离子电池热管理方案进行设计与性能评估。针对一款锂离子电池模组进行建模与验证,初步设计平板热管方案并进行仿真分析;在原方案基础上,对平板热管散热翅片进行结构优化设计并开展了实验验证,结果表明:优化后的方案可提高系统对流换热量。以优化后的平板热管为基础,结合航空器高空巡航工况的环境温度,平板热管换热性能将得到进一步提升:电池平均温度可降低10.6℃,降幅达18.83%。与水冷方案相比,平板热管优化方案散热能力与之相当,系统减重30%、能耗降低约63%。

质子交换膜燃料电池的平板热管传热性能

为探究平板热管在电堆中的传热性能,针对电堆中的传热条件设计平板热管的传热性能测试实验。结果表明:平板热管瞬态响应灵敏,响应时间在100—260 s之间;加热功率增加时平板热管的温差增加,等效热阻下降,5—15 W时处于启动阶段,40—50 W时等效热阻低于0.1℃/W,温差<5℃;冷却风速增加,平板热管的温差和等效热阻都有所上升;工作倾角对平板热管的性能影响显著,逆重力的工作条件将使平板热管的性能恶化,在50 W的加热功率、-90°工作倾角下平板热管的等效热阻约为90°时的3倍。

U型平板微热管LED散热器散热性能分析

针对目前LED表面发热量较大,局部温度过高,而导致其使用寿命减少的问题,该研究以平板微热管为核心传热元件,与锯齿形翅片结合,设计了一种U型平板微热管散热器。采用试验和仿真模拟相结合的方法,对不同风速、翅片结构、翅高及翅间距等关键影响因素进行分析。结果表明:通过对比分析U型平板微热管在两种室外工况下各测点试验值和模拟值,散热稳定后温度的最大误差分别为4.2%和6.7%,验证了模型的可靠性。风速分别为0.5和3.0 m/s时,锯齿型翅片都具有良好的散热性能。当风速为3.0 m/s时,锯齿型翅片、W型翅片、直翅片散热器稳定后热源温度分别为34.3、35.5和39.1℃。为找到最佳工况和结构,进行了正交分析,当室外风速为3.5 m/s,锯齿型翅片翅高为12 mm,翅间距为8 mm时,U型热管具有较佳的散热性能。研究结果可为LED散热系统的设计提供数据参考和设计思路,拓宽LED光源的应用范围。

平板型环路热管研究现状及发展趋势

平板型环路热管是一种具有平板蒸发器的环路结构热管器件,其利用气液相变原理进行高效热传递。由于平板型环路热管更符合先进电子技术的发展趋势,并具有优异的远距离热传输性能,在航天飞行器、电子设备冷却、余热回收利用等领域具备广阔的应用前景。因此,文章综述了近年来研究者在平板型环路热管的吸液芯、工质、工作特性、理论模型以及异型结构等方面所做出的努力,总结了平板型环路热管上述方向的发展现状,提出平板型环路热管的未来发展趋势,助力先进两相散热技术发展。

立体平板热管强化温差发电性能的实验研究

为提升温差发电装置的发电效率,提出了一种立体平板热管强化性能方法,通过实验对比评估了2种充液率对该立体平板热管均热性能的影响,探究了不同温差下温差发电系统的最大输出功率和发电效率。结果表明:充液率为27.4%时立体平板热管启动过程为分段启动,且温度分层现象明显;充液率为31.7%时立体平板热管可在40℃左右时迅速启动,启动后温度分布均匀性和一致性较好,有利于温差发电系统持续稳定高效发电;基于立体平板热管强化的温差发电系统的最大输出功率和发电效率均随着冷热端温差的增大而增大,且温差发电效率最高可达3.99%。

平板微热管阵列换热器的研究现状与展望

平板微热管阵列换热器作为一种高效的传热设备,在当前节能减排的背景下具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要针对平板微热管阵列换热器的优化研究应用现状进行总结分析,得出其传热性能主要影响因素有:平板微热管阵列的微槽尺寸、工质选择、充液率、倾斜角度及换热器的翅片结构尺寸、热流量、运行温度、流动特性等,这些都会对其产生性能影响。在上述性能影响因素当中,对于平板微热管阵列换热器翅片结构尺寸参数的优化研究相对来说仍然较少,需要进一步的重视和探究。

高寒地区平板热管式太阳能集热系统热性能研究

基于呼和浩特地区高寒气候条件,搭建两组完全一致的平板热管式太阳能集热系统,通过实验对比分析太阳辐射强度、传热工质流量、集热板表面积尘等因素对集热器瞬时集热效率以及系统热性能的影响。结果表明,在同等外界条件下,集热器的集热效率随着工质流量的增加而增大,集热效率与太阳辐射强度变化趋势相近,随积尘密度的增加,集热板表面积尘导致系统的得热量减少,集热性能下降。