Performance Assessment on Corrosion Resistance of Refractory Materials Based on High-temperature Machine Vision Technology

Refractory materials,as the crucial foundational materials in high-temperature industrial processes such as metallurgy and construction,are inevitably subjected to corrosion and penetration from high-temperature media during their service.Traditionally,observing the in-situ degradation process of refractory materials in complex high-temperature environments has presented challenges.Post-corrosion analysis are commonly employed to assess the slag resistance of refractory materials and understand the corrosion mechanisms.However,these methods often lack information on the process under the conditions of thermal-chemical-mechanical coupling,leading to potential biases in the analysis results.In this work,we developed a non-contact high-temperature machine vision technology by the integrating Digital Image Correlation(DIC)with a high-temperature visualization system to explore the corrosion behavior of Al2O3-SiO2 refractories against molten glass and Al2O3-MgO dry ramming refractories against molten slag at different temperatures.This technology enables realtime monitoring of the 2D or 3D overall strain and average strain curves of the refractory materials and provides continuous feedback on the progressive corrosion of the materials under the coupling conditions of thermal,chemical,and mechanical factors.Therefore,it is an innovative approach for evaluating the service behavior and performance of refractory materials,and is expected to promote the digitization and intelligence of the refractory industry,contributing to the optimization and upgrading of product performance.

Hybrid 2D/3D Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based High-Temperature Position-Sensitive Detector

Ultraviolet position-sensitive detectors(PSDs)are expected to undergo harsh environments,such as high temperatures,for a wide variety of applications in military,civilian,and aerospace.However,no report on relevant PSDs operating at high temperatures can be found up to now.Herein,we design a new 2D/3D graphitic carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))/gallium nitride(GaN)hybrid heterojunction to construct the ultraviolet high-temperature-resistant PSD.The g-C_(3)N_(4)/GaN PSD exhibits a high position sensitivity of 355 mV mm^(-1),a rise/fall response time of 1.7/2.3 ms,and a nonlinearity of 0.5%at room temperature.The ultralow formation energy of-0.917 eV atom^(-1)has been obtained via the thermodynamic phase stability calculations,which endows g-C_(3)N_(4)with robust stability against heat.By merits of the strong built-in electric field of the 2D/3D hybrid heterojunction and robust thermo-stability of g-C_(3)N_(4),the g-C_(3)N_(4)/GaN PSD delivers an excellent position sensitivity and angle detection nonlinearity of 315 mV mm^(-1)and 1.4%,respectively,with high repeatability at a high temperature up to 700 K,outperforming most of the other counterparts and even commercial silicon-based devices.This work unveils the high-temperature PSD,and pioneers a new path to constructing g-C_(3)N_(4)-based harsh-environment-tolerant optoelectronic devices.

New Developments in the Calorimetry of High-Temperature Materials

1. Introduction Thermodynamics forms the fundamental underpinning of reactivity, transformation, and stability, and controls processes such as synthesis, corrosion and degradation, environmental transport, catalysis, and biological reactivity. In the materials field, the wealth of new compounds, polymorphs, hybrid organic–inorganic hybrid materials and metal organic frameworks, high-entropy alloys, and multiphase and nanophase materials attained by a variety of non-equilibrium synthesis and processing methodologies has outrun the available thermodynamic data, hampering current understanding of synthetic pathways, materials compatibility, and longevity during use, degradation, corrosion, and dissolution, and limiting our understanding of environmental contamination and transport for new materials.

Combustion Characteristics of Solid Sustained-Release Energetic Materials

A solid sustained-release energetic material sample,an eruption device and a complete test system were prepared further to analyse the combustion characteristics of solid sustainedrelease energetic materials.The high-temperature heat flux generated by the combustion of the samples from the eruption device was used to penetrate the Q235 target plate.In addition,the meaning and calculation formula of energy density characterising the all-around performance of heat flux were proposed.The numerical simulation of the combustion effect of samples was carried out.According to the data comparison,the numerical simulation results agreed with the experimental results,and the maximum deviation between the two was less than 8.9%.In addition,the structure of the combustion wave and high-temperature jet was proposed and analysed.Based on theoretical analysis,experimental research and numerical simulation,the theoretical burning rate formula of the sample was established.The maximum error between the theoretically calculated mass burning rate and the experimental results was less than 9.8%.Therefore,using the gas-phase steady-state combustion model to study the combustion characteristics of solid sustained-release energetic materials was reasonable.The theoretical burning rate formula also had high accuracy.Therefore,the model could provide scientific and academic guidance for the theoretical research,system design and practical application of solid sustained-release energetic materials in related fields.

Performance evaluation of laponite as a mud-making material for drilling fluids

In this study, laponite was tested as a mud-making material for drilling fluids. Laponite is a synthetic smectite clay with a structure and composition closely resembling the natural clay mineral hectorite. Commercially available laponite was characterized by X-ray di ractometry, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectrometry. Its dispersibility, salt resistance and high-temperature resistance were evaluated. The results showed that laponite possessed superior cation exchange capacity(140.4 mmol/100 g) with interlayer cations of Na^+ and Li^+. Laponite could easily be dispersed in water to yield increased viscosity with no influence from hydration time or temperature. On the other hand, laponite dispersions displayed an excellent heat resistance, with invariant apparent viscosity at high temperatures. For instance, the apparent viscosity of the2 wt% laponite dispersion underwent changes between 22 and 24 mPa s after hot rolling at 180–240 °C for 16 h. Compared to existing mud-making materials, laponite exhibited better mud-making properties. Furthermore, laponite revealed good compatibility with other additives, and the water-based drilling fluids prepared with laponite as mud-making material showed an excellent stability at elevated temperatures and superior performance–cost ratios. Overall, these findings indicated that laponite had an excellent dispersibility at high temperatures and hence would have promising applications as high-temperature mud-making material for preparing water-based drilling fluids designed for ultra-high-temperature environments.

Flexural behavior of composite beams after the ultimate limit state externally strengthened with CFRP sheets bonded with high-temperature resistant matrix

In this paper the alkali-activated slag cementitious materials(AASCM)which strength at 600 ℃ is larger than that of AASCM at room temperature,were prepared to paste CFRP sheets to strengthen four simply supported unbonded prestressed composite beams encased circular steel tube truss after ultimate limit state.Test on flexural behavior of these four beams was performed.Moreover,normal section load-bearing capacity of these beams and the curve load-deflection at mid-span were obtained.Experimental results show that it is feasible to strengthen concrete members with CFRP sheets bonded with AASCM.Based on the experimental results and theoretical study,computational method of stiffness is proposed for calculating bending rigidity and normal section load-bearing capacity of concrete simply supported beams strengthened with CFRP sheets bonded with AASCM.Formula of bending rigidity calculation was founded which results are in good agreement with testing data.

Strength Acquisition Mechanism of High Temperature Resistant Materials Prepared by Waste Architectural Ceramics

In order to realize the large-scale and high-value utilization of waste architectural ceramics,high-temperature resistant materials based on waste architectural ceramics were prepared with sodium silicate as the binder,clay/bauxite and metakaolin/bauxite as coating materials,and the cold strength obtaining mechanism was explored.The phase composition,the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the high temperature resistant materials based on waste architectural ceramics were tested and analyzed.The results showed that when the heat treatment temperature was between 110-1000℃,the strength of the samples mainly came from the physical adhesion of sodium silicate and fine powder.When the temperature rose to 1100℃,the strength of the sample was improved since the internal low-melting-point components melted and promoted sintering.The addition of clay and bauxite can effectively enhance the flexural strength of the samples when the heat treatment temperature is 1000℃.When the heat treatment temperature rises from 900 to 1000℃,the flexural strength of the samples will be enhanced owing to the formation of silica alumina spinel and mullite from metakaolin.

适用于SLA型3D打印机的隐身功能油墨性能研究

目的制备可适用于SLA型3D打印机的隐身功能油墨,并研究油墨性能、3D打印样品的力学性能和隐身性能(吸波性能)。方法以光敏树脂作为树脂连接料,加入不同含量的MWNTs/PPy/Fe_(3)O_(4)复合材料,得到适用于SLA型3D打印机的隐身功能油墨,并进行流变性能、分散性能等测试。3D打印制备测试样品,进行力学性能、电磁性能和隐身性能分析。结果不同电磁吸收剂含量对隐身功能油墨的黏度、分散性有较大影响,对表面张力影响较小。吸收剂质量分数为0.4%的3D打印样品力学性能和隐身性能都较好,最大反射损耗为-23.36dB。结论本研究制备的隐身功能油墨满足SLA型3D打印机使用要求,打印的材料隐身性能良好。

高温雷达吸波涂层研究进展

在现代信息化战争中,探测和制导技术迅猛发展。在众多探测信号中,雷达探测占比高达60%,因此武器装备雷达隐身能力尤其重要。随着新一代装备性能的提升,热端部件的服役温度不断升高,对高温雷达吸波涂层提出了更加严苛的要求。在高温服役环境下,部分雷达吸波材料存在氧化、居里温度低而失去吸波性能的问题。高温雷达吸波材料主要依靠介电损耗和电导损耗机制实现对电磁波的损耗吸收。基于此,综述了以碳化物、硼化物、氧化物、金属材料、MAX相材料为吸波剂的高温雷达吸波涂层研究情况,分析了各材料的优势及存在的问题,其中氧化物吸波剂高温稳定性好,易于制备,成本低,其吸波性能可通过掺杂改性调控,是面向未来更加严苛服役环境下更具应用潜力的吸波材料。此外,还从梯度结构和超材料设计2个角度分析了涂层结构设计在拓宽涂层吸波频带,降低涂层厚度方面的作用。结合当前研究进展提出了新材料研发、新结构设计和与材料结构相适应的制备工艺研究是未来高温雷达吸波涂层的发展方向。

电磁超表面在隐身技术中的应用研究进展

电磁超表面能够利用散射调控和电磁波吸收2种主要机理进行隐身是隐身技术中一种极具潜力的新型技术途径。对电磁超表面在隐身技术中的应用与研究进展进行综述,首先介绍了超表面散射调控机理进行隐身设计的基本原理与实现方法,介绍了相位梯度超表面、编码超表面和超表面隐身套的发展历程和研究成果;其次介绍了基于吸波机理的超表面隐身技术研究进展,包括完美吸波结构、多频带吸波结构、宽频带吸波结构、宽角域吸波结构;再次介绍了超表面雷达隐身与其他功能的复合设计研究,包括超表面隐身强度复合设计、超表面吸波透波散射一体化、雷达红外兼容隐身等内容;最后总结了一些超表面在隐身技术应用中存在的问题和未来的研究方向。

Application of ultrasonic fatigue technology in very-high-cycle fatigue testing of aviation gas turbine engine blade materials:A review

The need for very-high-cycle fatigue(VHCF)testing up to 1010cycles of aviation gas turbine engine blade materials under combined mechanical loads and complex environments has encouraged the development of VHCF testing instrumentation and technology.This article begins with a comprehensive review of the existing available techniques that enable VHCF testing.Recent advances in ultrasonic fatigue testing(UFT)techniques are highlighted,containing their new capabilities and methods for single load,multiaxial load,variable amplitude fatigue,and combined cycle fatigue.New techniques for conducting UFT in high-temperature,humid environments,and corrosive environments are summarized.These developments in mechanical loading and environmental building techniques provide the possibility of laboratory construction for real service conditions of blade materials.New techniques that can be used for in situ monitoring of VHCF damage are summarized.Key issues in the UFT field are presented,and countermeasures are collated.Finally,the existing problems and future trends in the field are briefly described.

用于红外和雷达波隐身的水泥基复合材料

红外和雷达波隐身主要是通过降低目标的红外辐射信号和雷达回波信号来提高目标的隐蔽性。将相变材料与炭黑封装为相变单元,并将其与膨胀珍珠岩-磁粉/水泥复合材料结合,研制出一种兼具红外和雷达波隐身的双功能水泥基复合材料,对其吸波性能和热性能进行试验与仿真研究。结果表明:炭黑对相变材料相变温度的影响较小,潜热仅降低了约1.9%;500次冷热循环后,相变材料的潜热留存率为78.3%,循环稳定性较好。相变单元和膨胀珍珠岩均可以提高水泥基复合材料的吸波能力,且反射损耗在-5~-15 dB可调。相变单元通过吸收大量热量来降低目标外表面温度,削弱红外辐射。相变材料的加入会增加水泥基复合材料的热导率,但相变材料高储热密度和珍珠岩低热导率的共同作用使得水泥基复合材料的隔热效应更加显著,从而降低目标的红外辐射信号。仿真结果表明:磁损耗仅出现在水泥基体中,相变单元通过电阻损耗来影响水泥基复合材料的吸波性能。热量传递在相变单元处受阻,传导热通量在相变单元边缘处的传输过程出现弯曲。当相变材料相变完成后,热量趋于均匀分布。因此,水泥基复合材料可通过损耗电磁波来降低雷达回波信号,通过相变材料吸收目标的热量来降低红外辐射,从而实现不同复杂环境下建筑材料的红外和雷达波等多波段隐身。

The Application of Microcapsule in the Infrared Stealth Camouflage

Infrared radiation is one of the main exposure symptoms of military targets. Infrared radiation differences between targets and backgrounds should be eliminated to the greatest extent to fight against all kinds of infrared reconnaissance. In addition to the employment of the camouflage paint with low emissivity, reducing the surface temperature of targets is an urgent and difficult challenge. PCM (phase-change material) can be used to effectively solve this problem. The application of microcapsule in the infrared stealth materials greatly promotes the development of infrared stealth technology.

High-temperature dielectric switch and second harmonic generation integrated in a stimulus responsive material

Stimulus re s ponsive materials can provide a variety of desirable properties in one equipment unit,such as optoelectronic devices,data communications,actuators,memories,sensors and capacitors.However,it remains a large challenge to design such stimulus responsive materials,especially functional materials having both dielectric switch and second harmonic generation(SHG).Here,a new stimuli-responsive switchable material [(CH_(3))_(3)N(CH_(2))_(2)Cl]_(2)]Mn(SCN)_(4)(H_(2)O)_(2)] was discovered as a potential secondharmonic generation(SHG) dielectric switch.It is worth noting that it has SHG characteristics before and after undergoing reversible high-temperature phase transitions.In this work,we successfully refined the tetramethylammonium cation to obtain a quasi-spherical cation,which is tetramethylchloroethylamine(TMCEM) cation.By substituting H with a halogen,the increased steric hindrance of the molecular makes energy barrier increased,resulting in the reversible high-temperature phase transition.At the same time,the interactions of quasi-spherical cations and [Mn(SCN)_(4)(H_(2)O)_(2)]^(2-) anions affect a noncentrosymmetric structure to induce the SHG effect.These findings provide a new approach to design novel functional switch materials.

Stealth Considerations for Aerodynamic Configurations Design of Missiles

The aerodynamic design of a strategic weapon is of interest, especially when the radar signatures are included in the conceptual design phase. The basics of stealth configurations and stealth mechanisms for missiles are reviewed. The Radar Cross Sections （RCS） of some generic missiles are predicted and compared to analyze the trade-offs involved between low RCS and aerodynamic performance. The consideration of RCS prediction in the conceptual design phase gives a quick insight into the stealth performance prior to detailed design.

智能隐身材料在空空导弹结构设计中的应用展望

空空导弹是战斗机夺取制空作战优势的重要武器,总体设计技术的发展和作战使用需求的推动,使空空导弹飞行距离越来越远,将面临突防问题。隐身是增强突防能力的关键,隐身材料是空空导弹实现隐身的重要载体和关键技术,也是其结构设计的重要组成部分。本文分析了目前在可见光、红外和雷达等技术领域的隐身材料和智能隐身技术的研究现状,提出了下一阶段智能隐身技术的发展重点。

可见光与红外隐身光子晶体材料研究进展

光子晶体是一种人造结构的新型功能材料。能够调控光子晶体的光子带隙控制入射电磁波反射率;通过调控晶体粒径,可以产生用于伪装隐身的结构色。本文简述了光子晶体的基本概念和特性,综述了光子晶体材料在可见光和红外隐身领域的研究进展,以期为光子晶体材料在多波段兼容隐身领域的研究提供一定的解决思路。

抗干扰性智能索拉菲尼隐形印迹材料的制备及其释药性能研究

将分子印迹技术和隐形纳米技术相结合,用亲水性聚乙二醇对索拉菲尼印迹聚合物进行隐形化修饰,制备了具有抗干扰性能的智能索拉菲尼隐形印迹材料。研究发现该材料对含NaCl、KCl盐溶液具有较好的抗干扰性,当Na^(+)、K^(+)分别与索拉菲尼共存时,目标材料对索拉菲尼的吸附容量仅下降8.6%及19.2%。不仅如此,目标材料还对索拉菲尼现出良好的特异选择性,相对瑞戈非尼和甜菜碱而言,其分离因子各为2.33、4.63。释药性能结果表明,目标材料不仅在模拟肿瘤环境(pH为5.5)的累积释药率41.42%要明显高于在正常生理环境(pH为7.4)条件下的27.71%,而且于还原性物质谷胱甘肽存在的情况下,无论pH值为5.5还是7.4时,目标材料的药物累积释放率均显著增大,分别为63.77%及39.15%。目标印迹材料对索拉菲尼的缓释效果也不错,时长可达160 h。

光学微纳结构红外隐身技术研究进展(特邀)

随着红外探测技术手段的多样化发展,红外隐身技术的需求日益迫切。由于传统的红外隐身技术面临着多途径目标探测和多功能兼容的严峻挑战,因此研究光学微纳结构红外隐身技术有着十分重要的意义。基于局域共振机制的亚波长尺度的光学微纳结构,极大地丰富了人们对光的传输行为的调控。在红外隐身技术领域,光学微纳结构可以针对红外辐射特性进行材料和结构的精细化设计,从而满足理想红外隐身发射光谱的需求,为发展更加多光谱、多功能、自适应的红外隐身技术提供全新的解决方案。文中围绕红外隐身技术的相关研究,首先介绍了多层薄膜吸收体、金属表面等离子激元、基于相变材料薄膜可调吸收体、智能化设计光学微纳结构实现光谱响应的基本原理,在此基础上,重点回顾了近年来基于光学微纳结构的红外隐身技术新特点,包括多光谱红外隐身技术、多功能红外隐身技术、自适应红外隐身技术的发展现状。最后,梳理了光学微纳结构红外隐身技术所存在的不足及面临的困难并对未来的研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望。

红外隐身防护材料研究进展

目的综述近年来国内外先进的红外隐身防护材料技术的研究进展,并对红外隐身材料的未来进行展望。方法从红外探测技术与红外隐身原理出发,着重介绍低发射率材料、控温材料、新型智能红外隐身材料以及协同复合材料等一系列有优异性能的材料。结果红外隐身可通过降低物体表面温度及降低物体表面辐射率来实现,依据这两方面原理研制的红外隐身防护材料具有良好的隐身效果。结论不同种类的红外隐身材料具有不同的特点,已广泛运用于军事装备、织物等方面,但依然存在一些不足,未来要针对不同应用环境要求进一步优化,以期满足现代化战争需求。