Novel Method for Evaluating the Aging of Aviation Turbine Engine Oils via High-Temperature Bearing Deposit Tests

Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.

A thermal stress loading technique for large-sized hot dry rock mechanical tests

Testing of large-sized specimens is becoming increasingly important in deep underground rock mechanics and engineering.In traditional mechanical loading,stresses on large-sized specimens are achieved by large host frames and hydraulic pumps,which could lead to great investment.Low-cost testing machines clearly always have great appeal.In this study,a new approach is proposed using thermal expansion stress to load rock specimens,which may be particularly suitable for tests of deep hot dry rock with high temperatures.This is a different technical route from traditional mechanical loading through hydraulic pressure.For the rock mechanics test system of hot dry rock that already has an investment in heating systems,this technology may reduce the cost of the loading subsystem by fully utilizing the temperature changes.This paper presents the basic principle and a typical design of this technical solution.Preliminary feasibility analysis is then conducted based on numerical simulations.Although some technical details still need to be resolved,the feasibility of this loading approach has been preliminarily confirmed.

Indirect tension test of epoxy asphalt mixtureusing microstructural finite-element model

A finite-element model of the thermosetting epoxy asphalt mixture（EAM） microstructure is developed to simulate the indirect tension test（IDT）.Image techniques are used to capture the EAM microstructure which is divided into two phases：aggregates and mastic.A viscoelastic constitutive relationship,which is obtained from the results of a creep test,is used to represent the mastic phase at intermittent temperatures.Model simulation results of the stiffness modulus in IDT compare favorably with experimental data.Different loading directions and velocities are employed in order to account for their influence on the modulus and the localized stress of the microstructure model.It is pointed out that the modulus is not consistent when the loading direction changes since the heterogeneous distribution of the mixture internal structure,and the loading velocity affects the localized stress as a result of the viscoelasticity of the mastic.The study results can provide a theoretical basis for the finite-element method,which can be extended to the numerical simulations of asphalt mixture micromechanical behavior.

High-Temperature Corrosion of Protective Coatings for Boiler Tubes in Thermal Power Plants

High-temperature corrosion is a serious problem for the water-wall tubes of boilers used in thermal power plants. Oxidation, sulfidation and molten salt corrosion are main corrosion ways.Thereinto, the most severe corrosion occurs in molten salt corrosion environment. Materials rich in oxides formers, such as chromium and aluminum, are needed to resist corrosion in high-temperature and corrosive environment, but processability of such bulk alloys is very limited. High velocity electric arc spraying (HVAS) technology is adopted to produce coatings with high corrosion resistance. By comparison, NiCr (Ni-45Cr-4Ti) is recommended as a promising alloy coating for the water-wall tubes, which can even resist molten salt corrosion attack. In the study of corrosion mechanism, the modern material analysis methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), are used. It is found that the corrosion resistances of NiCr and FeCrAI coatings are much better than that of 20g steel, that the NiCr coatings have the best anti-corrosion properties, and that the NiCr coatings have slightly lower pores than FeCrAI coatings.It is testified that corrosion resistance of coatings is mainly determined by chromium content, and the microstructure of a coating is as important as the chemical composition of the material. In addition, the fracture mechanisms of coatings in the cycle of heating and cooling are put forward. The difference of the thermal physical properties between coatings and base metals results in the thermal stress inside the coatings. Consequently, the coatings spall from the base metal.

Optimization of technical measures for improving high-temperature performance of asphalt-rubber mixture

Asphalt-rubber pavements often become dam-aged in high-temperature regions and appear rutted or wavy, and experience slippage. To improve the high-temperature performance of the asphalt-rubber mixture, technical measurements, such as, the optimal adjustment of gradation, technique of composite modification, and control of compaction were investigated. An optimal adjustment of aggregate gradation based on stone matrix asphalt improves the high-temperature stability of the asphaltrubber mixture significantly. Through composite modifi- cation, the effect of asphalt-rubber modification was enhanced, and the dynamic stability and relative defor- mation indices of the asphalt-rubber mixture were improved significantly. Furthermore, compaction parame- ters had a significant influence on the high-temperature stability of the asphalt-rubber mixture. The rolling times for compacting the asphalt-rubber mixture should be controlled to within 18-20 round-trips at a molding temperature at 180℃; if the rolling time is a 12 round-trip, the compaction temperature of the asphalt-rubber mixture should be controlled between 180 and 190℃.

Experimental Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Cement Sheath under High-Temperature Conditions

The sealing integrity of cement sheath in offshore wells is seriously threatened under high-temperature conditions,resulting in gas channeling and other problems.Given the lack of experimental results,in this study relevant samples of a cement slurry sealing section of a typical offshore high-temperature well have been prepared and analyzed.In particular,the mechanical properties have been assessed with a triaxial pressure servo instrument and a high-temperature curing kettle.The density and the Poisson’s ratio of the samples have also been tested.The stress-strain curve has been drawn to obtain the elastic modulus and the compressive strength.The rock brittleness index has been calculated according to the measured elastic modulus and the Poisson’s ratio,together with the brittleness and the compressibility of the cement samples.The test results show that the mechanical properties and bonding strength of the cement samples are optimal at 130°C,medium at 150°C,and poor at 180°C.

Graphene/carbon structured catalyst layer to enhance the performance and durability of the high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

In this study,nitrogen doped electrochemically exfoliated reduced graphene oxide and carbon black supported platinum(Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3))has been prepared to enhance the performance and durability of hightemperature PEMFCs with lower Pt loading.On the one hand,Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)with the strong interaction between the Pt and nitrogen(N)prevent agglomeration of Pt particles and Pt particles is 5.46±1.46 nm,which is smaller than that of 6.78±1.34 nm in Pt/C.Meanwhile,ECSA of Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)decrease 13.65%after AST,which is much lower than that of 97.99%in Pt/C.On the other hand,the Nr EGO flakes in MEAac act as a barrier to mitigate phosphoric acid redistribution,which improves the formation of triple-phase boundaries(TPBs)and gives stable operation of the MEAacwith a lower decay rate of 0.02 mV h^(-1)within100 h.After steady-state operation,the maximum power density of Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)(0.411 W cm^(-2))is three times higher than that of conventional Pt/C(0.134 W cm^(-2))in high-temperature PEMFCs.After AST,the mass transfer resistance of Pt/Nr EGO_(2)-CB_(3)electrode(0.560Ωcm^(2))is lower than that in Pt/C(0.728Ωcm^(2)).

Evaluation on High-temperature Adhesion Performance of Hot-applied Sealant for Asphalt Pavement

In order to investigate the high-temperature performances of the asphalt pavement hot-applied sealant, as well as to reduce failures of the sealant pullout, the softening point test and the flow test（two existing methods for evaluating high-temperature performances） were conducted. It was found that both tests could not accurately reflect the adhesion performances of the sealant at high temperatures. For this purpose, the adhesion test for PSAT（pressure sensitive adhesive tape） has been taken as a reference to develop a device that is suitable for evaluating the adhesion performances, by modifying relevant test parameters according to the road conditions at high temperatures. Thirteen common sealants were tested in the modified adhesion test, softening point test and f low test. The experimental results show that no significant correlation（p〉0.05） exists between the adhesion value, softening point, adhesion value and flow value; while a significant correlation（p〈0.05） exists between the softening point and flow value. The modified adhesion test is efficient in distinguishing the hightemperature adhesion performances of different sealants, and can be used as a standard method for evaluating such performances.

Prestressed tensioning method and its application to testing anchor stress of anchor cables for side-slope stabilization

The anchor stress extent of a prestress anchor cable project has a direct relation with the project safety and performance. Prestressed tensioning method is a kind of nondestructive testing method, by which a reverse stretching load is applied on the external exposure section of anchor cable under construction or in service, and then the elongation variation of stress bars is measured to determine the anchor stress. We elaborated the theory and testing mechanism of prestressed tensioning method, and systematically studied key issues during the prestressed tensioning process of anchor cable by using physical model test, including the composition of tension stress-elongation curve, the variation of anchor stress, the compensation of locked anchor stress, and the judgment of anchor stress, and verified the theory feasibility of prestressed tensioning method. A case study on slope anchor cable of one highway project was conducted to further discuss on the test method, operation procedures and judgment of prestressed tensioning method on obtaining anchor stress, and then the test data of three situations were analyzed. The result provides a theoretical basis and technical base for the application of prestressed tensioning method to the evaluation of construction quality and operation conditions of anchor cable project.

High-temperature performance study of chromium-containing stuffing sand for ladles

High-temperature performance tests of chromium-containing stuffing sand for a steel ladle w ith different ratios w ere performed. A high-temperature simulation test furnace w as used to analyze the influence of the composition ratio of ladle filler sand and sintering time on the high-temperature compression resistance of chromium-containing stuffing sand in the temperature range of 1 500- 1 600 ℃. The results show that the refractoriness of ladle filler sand w as the low est（ only 1 610 ℃） w hen the composition ratio of chromite sand and silica sand w as 6∶ 4. M oreover,the high-temperature compression resistance w as high w hen the content of chromite sand w as at 70%; the resistance increased w ith increasing sintering time. When the sintering time w as extended at a temperature of 1 600 ℃,the high-temperature compression resistance of ladle filler sand first increased and then decreased after being overburnt.

Extended application of the tension test in thermal simulator Thermecmastor-Z

With the redesigned jigs for the Thermecmastor-Z thermal simulator,the feasibility of using 3 kinds of Gleeble specimens in the Thermecmastor-Z simulator was investigated. Results show that Gleeble specimens can be used in the Thermecmastor-Z simulator. The tension tests in the Gleeble and Thermecmastor-Z simulators produced results with the same trend,which proves that the high temperature ductility of Gleeble specimens can be reflected by the Thermecmastor- Z simulator. In addition,as the Thermecmastor-Z simulator offers a wider heating zone,better cross-section shrinkage and elongation of specimens can be achieved under the same test conditions.

RESEARCH ON COMPUTER TESTING OF THE DYNAMIC DISSOCIATING TENSION OF COOKED COCOON FILAMENT

This paper discussed the setting up of a comeuter automatic system for testing the dy-namic dissociating tension of cooked cocoon filament by means of microcomputer tech-niques.The dynamic dissociating tension of two kinds of row cocoons with differentreelability was tested and analysed under different cocoon cooking conditions.More relia-ble data have been obtained by quantitative tests.The conclusions reached by analysingthese data are of practical significance to perfecting the cocoon cooking theory,assessingcocoon quality,improving the cocoon cooking process,etc.

Surface destructive mechanism on high-temperature ablation, supersonic-erosion, dreg-adherence and corrosion

The exhaust and flame from a supersonic airborne missile high-energy smoke-born engine (SAMHSE) may lead to high-temperature ablation, supersonic-erosion, dreg-adherence (HTASED) and corrosion on the launcher slide track, causing serious problems to the operation and decreasing the lifetime of the launcher. Therefore, it is imperative to study the destructive mechanism so as to guarantee the smooth operation and increase the lifetime of military equipments. Accordingly, HTASED and corrosion were systematically observed and analyzed with the emphasis placed on the mechanism investigations making use of a series evaluation tests, typical missile engine simulation tests, national military standard methods, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical corrosion tests. It is found that the thermal impact of high-temperature flame and supersonic erosion of corrosive melting particle jet of the SAMHSE lead to surface defects of micro-cracks, denudation and corrosive residue. Some defects reach to metal base becoming to "corrosive channels". Repetitive HTASED may cause ablation-adhesion fatigue stress, which enhances the surface corrosion and destruction. HTASED and corrosion are related to the type of a SAMHSE fuel and experience of the launcher. Surface destruction is related to synergistic effects of the HTASED. The ablated and failed Al or steel surface is liable to electrochemical corrosion characterized by pitting in humid and salt-spray environment.

A modified 3D stereophotogrammetry-based distraction test for assessing lower eyelid tension

AIM: To investigate the reliability of a modified threedimensional distraction test(3D-DT) and three-dimensional pinch test(3D-PT) for assessing lower eyelid tension(LET).METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 97 volunteer s including 97 eyelids with no history of trauma, tumor, or reconstructive surgeries. Six three-dimensional photographs were acquired for each par ticipant, including two photographs obtained in a neutral position(NP), two using a modified 3D-DT with a 15.9-grammes stainless steel eyelid hook performed, and two using 3D-PT.RESULTS: The mean absolute differences between NP, 3D-DT, and 3D-PT measurements varied between 0.07 and 7.42, 0.10 and 13.10, and 0.07 and 15.97, respectively;technical error of measurement varied between 0.05 and 7.81, 0.09 and 10.19, and 0.07 and 12.47, respectively;and relative error measurements varied between 0.10% and 11.50%, 0.16% and 30.51%, and 0.11% and 38.75%, respectively. For intra-rater reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs) were more than 0.80 in seven out of eight measurements obtained in the NP and 3D-DT, whereas those obtained in the 3D-PT were as low as less than 0.30 by rater 1;the ICCs of all the measurements obtained in all the positions(NP, 3D-DT, and 3D-PT) were more than 0.80 by rater 2. For inter-rater reliability six out of eight NP and 3D-DT measurements had an ICC greater than 0.80, whereas those of 3D-PT measurements were less than 0.30. For intra-method reliability, the ICCs of all the NP measurements were more than 0.87, whereas those of the six 3D-DT measurements and four 3D-PT measurements were more than 0.80.CONCLUSION: Our study results prove that the modified 3D-DT, which involves the use of an eyelid hook, can be a highly reliable method for evaluating LET. Furthermore, this novel and simple method may be utilized as the basis for further investigation and routine pre-and postoperative clinical evaluation.

Evaluation of Contact Pressure in Bending under Tension Test by a Pressure Sensitive Film

The contact pressure acting on the sheet/tools interface has been studied because of growing the concern about the wear of tools. Recent studies make use of numerical simulation software to evaluate and correlate this pressure with the friction and wear generated. Since there are many studies that determine the coefficient of friction in sheet metal forming by bending under tension (BUT) test, the contact pressure between the pin and the sheet was measured using a film that has the ability to record the applied pressure. The vertical force applied to pin was also measured. The results indicate that the vertical force is more accurate to set the contact pressure that using equations predetermined. It was also observed that the contact area between the sheet and the pin is always smaller than the area calculated geometrically. The friction coefficient was determined for the BUT test through several equations proposed by various authors in order to check if there is much variation between the results. It was observed that the friction coefficient showed little variation for each equation, and each one can be used. The material used was the commercially pure aluminum, alloy Al1100.

锚杆张拉力无损测试原理与技术研究

基于锚杆锚固体系多接触面特征,建造室内模型研究其锚固体系振动特性。通过在锚杆无应力段顶端安装加速度传感器测试时程信号,经快速傅里叶变换获得锚杆无应力段顶端振动频谱图,其频谱图的卓越频率具有良好的可识别性,据此获得其卓越频率与锚杆张拉力、锚杆无应力长度的变化规律,其卓越频率并非锚杆张拉段横向多阶振动频率。以此为基础建立了视锚固螺母为弹性基础的锚杆弹性振动模型、锚固螺母及锚杆相对螺母与球形垫圈接触面转动的刚体振动模型,分别获得其模型频率方程,基于其识别的卓越频率求解频率方程中的刚度参数,室内与现场试验表明其刚度参数—锚杆张拉力具有良好的线性相关性和单调递增关系。进一步室内模型试验表明其刚度参数—锚杆张拉力关系特征与蝶形托盘接触不同介质、不同锚杆张拉段长度不具有明显的相关性。为此提出了锚杆张拉力无损测试原理、方法与实现的技术路线,现场小规模试验表明本文提出的方法具有可靠性。

张力作用下柔性带钢模态灵敏度理论分析及试验研究

卷到卷工艺的产品正向薄和宽的方向发展,其柔性特征导致的振动特性变化需深入研究。针对弹性支撑的运动带钢,建立了面外振动的动力学模型,分析了模态频率灵敏度影响因子;搭建了试验平台,针对柔性带模态试验提出了力锤的选择方法。开展了张力作用下的不同宽厚比带钢模态试验,并建立了数值仿真模型。有限元与试验结果对比说明了有限元模型有效性。定量分析了不同张力下宽度、厚度对带钢模态灵敏度的影响,及张力对不同带钢模态灵敏度的影响。结果表明不同宽度、厚度变化m=2阶模态灵敏度影响较大且随宽度、厚度增大而增大,其余四阶模态灵敏度接近于0;不同张力下n=3阶的模态灵敏度是n=2阶的两倍均随张力的增大而增大,更薄更宽带钢的(2,2)和(2,3)阶模态频率对张力变化的灵敏度更高。

卸荷条件下花岗岩破裂面粗糙度特征及成因分析试验研究

【目的】为探究工程岩体在高应力下加卸载过程中的断裂形貌变化及成因,【方法】以粗糙度作为描述形貌几何特征的重要参数,定量表征形貌变化,以拉剪比作为描述断裂特征的重要参数,定量表征断裂模式变化,选取两类花岗岩,开展加卸载力学试验,通过数字图像技术对破裂面粗糙度及成因进行分析。【结果】结果显示:在高应力卸荷条件下,初始围压、卸围压速率及矿物粒径均对花岗岩破裂面粗糙程度起负相关影响;超景深显微观察发现,粗糙程度越低的花岗岩,其断口出现剪切断裂占比越高;在围压卸荷破坏过程中,30 MPa围压卸荷,岩石破裂面以沿晶拉伸断裂为主,40 MPa围压卸荷,以沿晶和穿晶拉剪复合型断裂为主,50 MPa围压卸荷,以穿晶剪切断裂为主;随着矿物粒径和卸围压速率的增大,破裂面均呈现剪切断裂占比增加的趋势。【结论】结果表明,高围压卸荷下岩石破裂时张拉断裂占比越高,其破裂面越粗糙,相反剪切占比高,其破裂面粗糙度越低。

基于光纤传感的带式输送机张力检测技术

针对目前带式输送机张力检测存在易损坏及准确性和可靠性差的问题,提出了一种基于光纤传感的带式输送机的张力检测方法。将法珀腔传感头置于带式输送机张紧装置的液压回路中,液压回路的压力使法珀腔传感头的硅膜片产生形变,引起法珀腔传感头反射光变化;光电解调器光路接收法珀腔传感头的反射光后,经光路解调后得到反射光谱,通过光电解调器电路的光电转换、处理、分析后,得到反射光光谱的自由光谱范围,再根据油缸内部面积计算出带式输送机张力,实现了带式输送机张力检测。根据双干涉效应原理设计了法珀腔传感头,采用Jetson Nano嵌入式系统开发板设计了光电解调器硬件,采用Python语言设计了光电解调器软件,并进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:该方法能够实现带式输送机张力检测,压力测量范围为0~25 MPa,灵敏度为0.148 nm/MPa,测量精度为0.1%,不易损坏,抗干扰性好,准确性和可靠性高。

新型CFRP网格-重组竹复合板力学试验研究

为提高重组竹的力学性能并减轻其各向异性缺陷,设计了一种新型CFRP网格-重组竹复合板(CBCP).分别对8组CBCP拉伸试样和18组CBCP拉拔试样进行单轴拉伸试验和拉拔试验,以分析其力学行为并评估复合方法的影响.选择3个相似的构成模型对拉拔试样的黏结应力-滑移曲线进行拟合,根据试验结果确定CFRP网格和重组竹的临界锚固长度及计算方法,并分析讨论了CFRP层数、横向CFRP束特性和锚固长度对CFRP网格与重组竹黏结性能的影响.结果表明,复合CFRP网格可使重组竹的顺纹和横纹抗拉强度分别提高35.77%和135.20%,从而改善了重组竹的各向异性缺陷.增加网格层数和间距可提高CBCP的拉伸性能.随着锚固长度的增加,平均界面黏结强度呈幂函数递减,而峰值载荷滑移则线性递减.