Cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease induced by hypertension

Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the progression of cognitive impairment caused by cerebral small vessel disease,the most common cerebrovascular disease.Howeve r,the causal relationship between hypertension and cerebral small vessel disease remains unclear.Hypertension has substantial negative impacts on brain health and is recognized as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease.Chronic hypertension and lifestyle factors are associated with risks for stro ke and dementia,and cerebral small vessel disease can cause dementia and stroke.Hypertension is the main driver of cerebral small vessel disease,which changes the structure and function of cerebral vessels via various mechanisms and leads to lacunar infarction,leukoaraiosis,white matter lesions,and intracerebral hemorrhage,ultimately res ulting in cognitive decline and demonstrating that the brain is the to rget organ of hypertension.This review updates our understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertensioninduced cerebral small vessel disease and the res ulting changes in brain structure and function and declines in cognitive ability.We also discuss drugs to treat cerebral small vessel disease and cognitive impairment.

Suppressive effects of exercise-conditioned serum on cancer cells:A narrative review of the influence of exercise mode,volume,and intensity

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,and the incidence is increasing,highlighting the need for effective strategies to treat this disease.Exercise has emerged as fundamental therapeutic medicine in the management of cancer,associated with a lower risk of recur-rence and increased survival.Several avenues of research demonstrate reduction in growth,proliferation,and increased apoptosis of cancer cells,including breast,prostate,colorectal,and lung cancer,when cultured by serum collected after exercise in vitro(i.e.,the cultivation of cancer cell lines in an experimental setting,which simplifies the biological system and provides mechanistic insight into cell responses).The underlying mechanisms of exercise-induced cancer suppressive effects may be attributed to the alteration in circulating factors,such as skeletal muscle-induced cytokines(i.e.,myokines)and hormones.However,exercise-induced tumor suppressive effects and detailed information about training interventions are not well investigated,constraining more precise application of exercise medicine within clinical oncology.To date,it remains unclear what role different training modes(i.e.,resistance and aerobic training)as well as volume and intensity have on exercise-condi-tioned serum and its effects on cancer cells.Nevertheless,the available evidence is that a single bout of aerobic training at moderate to vigorous intensity has cancer suppressive effects,while for chronic training interventions,exercise volume appears to be an influential candidate driving cancer inhibitory effects regardless of training mode.Insights for future research investigating training modes,volume and intensity are provided to further our understanding of the effects of exercise-conditioned serum on cancer cells.

Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Training on Metabolic Parameters and Irisin Levels in High-Fat-Fed Rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of high-intensity intermittent training(HIIT)on preventing significant weight gain and provide scientific theoretical support and practical guidance for reducing the occurrence of obesity.Methods:Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups:the control sedentary group(CS),the high-fat sedentary group(HS),the high-fat continuous exercise group(HE),and the high-fat intermittent exercise group(HI).The HE and HI groups underwent five days of continuous low-intensity exercise and eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent exercise.Weekly monitoring included measurements of food intake and body weight.An automatic biochemical analyzer was used to assess blood lipid and glucose levels,while ELISA kits measured serum insulin and irisin content.H&E staining was used to observe adipocyte size.Results:In the HS group,body weight,blood lipid levels,blood glucose levels,and adipocyte size significantly increased,while the QUICKI index decreased.In the HI group,body weight,blood lipid levels,blood glucose levels,and adipocyte size decreased,and the QUICKI index increased.The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise were superior to those of continuous low-intensity exercise.In the HI group,serum irisin levels did not change significantly after exercise,while in the HE group,there was a slight upward trend in irisin levels.Conclusion:A high-fat diet induced abnormal metabolism in rats.HIIT effectively prevents metabolic abnormalities induced by a high-fat diet,and its effects are more pronounced than those of low-intensity exercise.HIIT stimulates the secretion of blood irisin,affecting secretion levels,and may represent a novel mechanism for maintaining metabolic homeostasis.This has important implications for controlling significant weight gain.

Relationships between Western Pacific Subtropical High and Seasonal Precipitation in Eastern China

The monthly observed average precipitation data of 160 meteorological stations in China from 1960 to 2007,had been reorganized by the China Meteorological Administration.By employing that precipitation data,NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the index of intensity of western Pacific subtropical high,the seasonal variations of subtropical high and precipitation in eastern China during the past decades are discussed.The relationships between them also are discussed by correlation and composite analyses.The results show that the intensity of subtropical high,which has significantly strengthened in the recent 50 years,especially in spring,autumn and winter,has notable impact on the simultaneous rainfall in the eastern region of China for all seasons,especially in winter.

Complications of high intensity focused ultrasound in patients with recurrent and metastatic abdominal tumors

AIM： To analyze the local and systemic complications of high intensity focused ultrasound （HIFU） for patients with recurrent and metastatic abdominal tumors. METHODS： From Aug 2001 to Aug 2004, 17 patients with recurrent and metastatic abdominal tumors were enrolled in this study. Real-time sonography was taken, and vital signs, liver and kidney function, skin burns, local reactions, and systemic effects were observed and recored before, during, and after HIFU. CT and MR/were also taken before and after HIFU. RESULTS： All 17 patients had skin burns and pain in the treatment region; the next common complication was neurapraxia of the stomach and intestines to variable degrees. The other local and systemic complications were relatively rare. Severe complications were present in two patients; one developed a superior mesenteric artery infarction resulting in necrosis of the entire small intestines, and the other one suffered from a perforation in terminal ileum due to HIFU treatment. CONCLUSION： Although HIFU is a one of noninvasive treatments for the recurrent and metastatic abdominal tumors, there are still some common and severe complications which need serious consideration.

High intensity focused ultrasound: A noninvasive therapy for locally advanced pancreatic cancer

The noninvasive ablation of pancreatic cancer with high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU) energy is received increasingly widespread interest. With rapidly temperature rise to cytotoxic levels within the focal volume of ultrasound beams, HIFU can selectively ablate a targeted lesion of the pancreas without any damage to surrounding or overlying tissues. Preliminary studies suggest that this approach is technical safe and feasible, and can be used alone or in combination with systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. It can effectively alleviate cancer-related abdominal pain, and may confer an additional survival benefit with few significant complications. This review provides a brief overview of HIFU, describes current clinical applications, summarizes characteristics of continuous and pulsed HIFU, and discusses future applications and challenges in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Effect of high intensity ultrasound on the allergenicity of shrimp

The tropomyosin fraction of shrimp proteins is potentially responsible for allergic reaction in individuals with genetic predisposition to allergy. However, there are no efficient and safe methods to reduce its allergenicity. High intensity ultrasound is known to change the structure of proteins. This study is aimed at assessing high intensity ultmsound＇s effect on the allergenicity of shrimp allergen. Shrimp and purified shrimp allergen were treated with high intensity ultrasound for 30-180 min. Extracts of treated samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） with pool serum of shrimp allergy patients and polyclonal anti-allergen antibodies and by immunoblotting after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Shrimp treated with high intensity ultrasound showed a decrease in allergenicity measured with ELISA. A linear relationship between the immune response induced by treated shrimp allergen and the applied treatment time was observed. The decrease in allergenicity was confirmed by immunoblot assays with shrimp allergic patients serum. Allergenicity of shrimp allergen extracted from treated shrimp was higher than that of purified shrimp allergen with the same treatment time. Gel-filtration HPLC was applied for analysis of shrimp allergen after treatment with high intensity ultrasound. Some fractions were appeared with increasing treatment time. The results suggested that high intensity ultrasound could be used to reduce the allergenicity of shrimp.

Spatial correlation of the high intensity zone in deep-water acoustic field

The spatial correlations of acoustic field have important implications for underwater target detection and other ap- plications in deep water. In this paper, the spatial correlations of the high intensity zone in the deep-water acoustic field are investigated by using the experimental data obtained in the South China Sea. The experimental results show that the structures of the spatial correlation coefficient at different ranges and depths are similar to the transmission loss structure in deep water. The main reason for this phenomenon is analyzed by combining the normal mode theory with the ray theory. It is shown that the received signals in the high intensity zone mainly include one or two main pulses which are contributed by the interference of a group of waterbome modes with similar phases. The horizontal-longitudinal correlations at the same receiver depth but in different high intensity zones are analyzed. At some positions, more pulses are received in the arrival structure of the signal due to bottom reflection and the horizontal-longitudinal correlation coefficient decreases accordingly. The multi-path arrival structure of receiving signal becomes more complex with increasing receiver depth.

Non-thermal ablation of rabbit liver VX2 tumor by pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound with ultrasound contrast agent:Pathological characteristics

AIM： To investigate the pathological characteristics of non-thermal damage induced by pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound （PHIFU） combined with ultrasound contrast agent （UCA）, SonoVue （Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy） in rabbit liver VX2 tumor. METHODS： Liver VX2 tumor models were established in 20 rabbits, which were divided randomly into PHIFU combined with ultrasound contrast agent group （PHIFU ＋ UCA group） and sham group. In the PHIFU ＋ UCA group, 0.2 mL of SonoVue was injected intravenously into the tumor, followed by ultrasound exposure of Isp 5900 W/cm^2. The rabbits were sacrificed one day after ultrasound exposure. Specimens of the exposed tumor tissues were obtained and observed pathologically under light microscope and transmission electron microscope. The remaining tumor tissues were sent for 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. RESULTS： Before Trc staining, tumor tissues in both the sham and the PHIFU ＋ UCA groups resembled gray fish meat, After TIC staining, the tumor tissues were uniformly stained red, with a clear boundary between tumor tissue and normal tissue, Histological examination showed signs of tumor cell injury in PHIFU ＋ UCA group, with cytoplasmic vacuoles of various sizes, chromatin margination and karyopyknosis. Electron microscopic examination revealed tumor cell volume reduction, karyopyknosis, chromatin margination, intercellular space widening, the presence of high electro＇n-density apoptotic bodies and vacuoles in cytoplasm. CONCLUSION： The non-thermal effects of PHIFU combined with UCA can be used to ablate rabbit liver VX2 tumors.

Mechanism and Kinetic Model of In-situ TiB_2/7055Al Nanocomposites Synthesized under High Intensity Ultrasonic Field

In-situ TiB2/7055Al nanocomposites are fabricated by in situ melt chemical reaction from 7055Al-K2TiF6-KBF4 system under high intensity ultrasonic field,and the mechanism and kinetic model of in-situ melt chemical reaction are investigated.X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） analyses indicate that the sizes of in-situ TiB2 nanoparticles are in the range of 80-120 nm.The results of ice-water quenched samples show that the whole process contains four stages,and the overall in-situ reaction time is 10 minutes.The in situ synthesis process is controlled mainly by chemical reaction in earlier stage （former 3 minutes）,and by the particulate diffusing in later stage.The mechanism of key reaction between Al3Ti and AlB2 under high intensity ultrasonic in the 7055Al-K2TiF6-KBF4 system is the reaction-diffusion-crack-rediffusion.Furthermore,the reactive kinetic models in 7055Al-K2TiF6-KBF4 system are established.

Simulation of thermal field induced by concave spherical transducer in multi-layer media

High intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)therapy is an effective method in clinical treatment of tumors,in order to explore the bio-heat conduction mechanism of in multi-layer media by concave spherical transducer,temperature field induced by this kind of transducer in multi-layer media will be simulated through solving Pennes equation with finite difference method,and the influence of initial sound pressure,absorption coefficient,and thickness of different layers of biological tissue as well as thermal conductivity parameter on sound focus and temperature distribution will be analyzed,respectively.The results show that the temperature in focus area increases faster while the initial sound pressure and thermal conductivity increase.The absorption coefficient is smaller,the ultrasound intensity in the focus area is bigger,and the size of the focus area is increasing.When the thicknesses of different layers of tissue change,the focus position changes slightly,but the sound intensity of the focus area will change obviously.The temperature in focus area will rise quickly before reaching a threshold,and then the temperature will keep in the threshold range.

Fine particle aggregating and flotation behavior induced by high intensity conditioning of a CO_2 saturation slurry

The influence on fine particle aggregation and flotation behavior induced by high intensity conditioning(HIC) from saturated of the slurry with CO2 saturation was investigated.Bubble size measurements were conducted.The effect of dissolved gas,xanthate addition and agitation speed on fine sphalerite particle aggregation-and flotation-behavior were studied.The results show that during HIC in air or CO2 saturated water xanthate acts as a frother.The dissolved gas content in the pulp and HIC play a synergistic role in promoting fine particle aggregation and hence flotation;a significantly enhanced aggregation of fine sphalerite particles in a CO2 saturated slurry by HIC is observed.The aggregate size increased when the agitation speed was increased from 700 r/min to 1500 r/min.Increasing the HIC speed to 1500 r/min caused a positive impact on flotation kinetics.Further increasing the speed to 2000 r/min resulted in an adverse effect on flotation kinetics.

Recovering limonite from Australia iron ores by flocculation-high intensity magnetic separation

Successful recovery of limonite from iron fines was achieved by using flocculation-high intensity magnetic separation （FIMS） and adding hydrolyzed and causticized flocculants according to the characteristic of iron fines. The separation results of the three iron samples are as follows： iron grade 66.77%- 67.98% and the recovery of iron 69.26%-70.70% by the FIMS process with flocculants. The comparative results show that under the same separation conditions the F1MS process can effectively increase the recovery of iron by 10. 97%- 15.73%. The flowsheet results confirm the reliability of the process in a SHP high intensity magnetic separator. The concentrate product can he used as raw materials for direct reduction iron-smelting. The hydrolyzed and causticized flocculants can selectively flocculate fine feebly-magnetic iron mineral particles to increase their apparent separation sizes. The larger the separation size, the stronger the magnetic force. By comparing the separation results of the three samples it is found that among the three samples the higher the limonite content, the better the separation result. This means that the separation result relates closely to the flocculation process and the adding pattern of the flocculant.

Identification of denatured and normal biological tissues based on compressed sensing and refined composite multi-scale fuzzy entropy during high intensity focused ultrasound treatment

In high intensity focused ultrasound(HIFU)treatment,it is crucial to accurately identify denatured and normal biological tissues.In this paper,a novel method based on compressed sensing(CS)and refined composite multi-scale fuzzy entropy(RCMFE)is proposed.First,CS is used to denoise the HIFU echo signals.Then the multi-scale fuzzy entropy(MFE)and RCMFE of the denoised HIFU echo signals are calculated.This study analyzed 90 cases of HIFU echo signals,including 45 cases in normal status and 45 cases in denatured status,and the results show that although both MFE and RCMFE can be used to identify denatured tissues,the intra-class distance of RCMFE on each scale factor is smaller than MFE,and the inter-class distance is larger than MFE.Compared with MFE,RCMFE can calculate the complexity of the signal more accurately and improve the stability,compactness,and separability.When RCMFE is selected as the characteristic parameter,the RCMFE difference between denatured and normal biological tissues is more evident than that of MFE,which helps doctors evaluate the treatment effect more accurately.When the scale factor is selected as 16,the best distinguishing effect can be obtained.

Sonablate-500^(TM) Transrectal High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound （HIFU） in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）, serial studies were conducted in 150 BPH patients before and 30 min, 1, 2, 6 and 12 month（s） after Sonablate-500TM HIFU treatment. A silicon-coated indwelling 16F latex catheter was placed during the determination of the therapy zone. Preoperative and postoperative evaluations were made by using the international prostate symptom score （IPSS）, quality of life （QOL）, uroflowmetric findings and transrectal ultrasound, and incidence of complications. The cystourethrography was done in 23 patients within 1 year postoperatively. The results showed that after HIFU treatment, IPSS and QOL scores were significantly decreased at 1, 2, 6 and 12 month（s） （P〈0.01）. Maximum urine flow rate （6.0 to 17.2 mL/s, P〈0.01）, PVR （75.0 to 30.3, P〈0.01） and prostatic volume （65.0 to 38.1 mL, P〈0.05） were significantly improved 12 months after the operation. Recurrent urinary retention （17=2） and urethrorectal fistula （n=1） occurred at the 15th postoperative day. The duration of the HIFU prostate ablation was 25-90 min. The mean time for an indwelling catheter was 3-19 days. These data demonstrate that treatment of BPH with Sonab- late-500TM HIFU is safe and effective.

Response of the Intensity of Subtropical High in the Northern Hemisphere to Solar Activity

Using the intensity data of each northern subtropical high measured by monthly 500 hPa height charts for the recent 38 years (1954-1991), we calculate their correlations with the monthly sunspot number and monthly solar radio flux at 10.7 cm wave length, respectively. Through strict test, we further confirm a series of high correlations. Next, using a method called the non-integer (year) wave, the significant response of each subtropical high's intensity to solar activity at its main period of 10.9-year length is found. Special attention is paid to that of the eastern Pacific high, the possible mechanism of such sensible response is also analysed.

Exercise training in heart transplantation

Heart transplantation remains the gold standard in the treatment of end-stage heart failure(HF).Heart transplantation patients present lower exercise capacity due to cardiovascular and musculoskeletal alterations leading thus to poor quality of life and reduction in the ability of daily self-service.Impaired vascular function and diastolic dysfunction cause lower cardiac output while decreased skeletal muscle oxidative fibers,enzymes and capillarity cause arteriovenous oxygen difference,leading thus to decreased peak oxygen uptake in heart transplant recipients.Exercise training improves exercise capacity,cardiac and vascular endothelial function in heart transplant recipients.Pre-rehabilitation regular aerobic or combined exercise is beneficial for patients with end-stage HF awaiting heart transplantation in order to maintain a higher fitness level and reduce complications afterwards like intensive care unit acquired weakness or cardiac cachexia.All hospitalized patients after heart transplantation should be referred to early mobilization of skeletal muscles through kinesiotherapy of the upper and lower limbs and respiratory physiotherapy in order to prevent infections of the respiratory system prior to hospital discharge.Moreover,all heart transplant recipients after hospital discharge who have not already participated in an early cardiac rehabilitation program should be referred to a rehabilitation center by their health care provider.Although high intensity interval training seems to have more benefits than moderate intensity continuous training,especially in stable transplant patients,individualized training based on the abilities and needs of each patient still remains the most appropriate approach.Cardiac rehabilitation appears to be safe in heart transplant patients.However,long-term follow-up data is incomplete and,therefore,further high quality and adequately-powered studies are needed to demonstrate the long-term benefits of exercise training in this population.

Commissioning experiences with the spoke-based CW superconducting proton linac

The 10-MeV Accelerator-Driven Subcritical(ADS)system Injector-I test stand at the Institute of High Energy Physics(IHEP)is a testing facility dedicated to demonstrating the feasibility of the spoke-based super-conducting(SC)linear accelerator(linac)for the ADS project in China.The injector adopted a four-vane copper structure radio frequency quadrupole(RFQ)with an output energy of 3.2 MeV and an SC section accommodating 14 β_(g)=0.12 single spoke cavities,14 SC solenoids,and 14 cold beam position monitors(BPMs).A 10-MeV pulsed beam with a beam current of 10 mA and a 2-mA continuous wave(CW)beam were successfully shooting through.The commissioning results confirmed the feasibility of using a 325-MHz spoke-type cavity for accelerating the proton beam in the low β and medium β sections.This paper describes the results achieved,the difficulties encountered,and the experiences obtained during commissioning.

Removing Iron by Magnetic Separation from a Potash Feldspar Ore

A new permanent magnetic separator was introduced to treat the ores with the characteristics of weak magnetic iron minerals and in a fine size range. The new machine was applied to the iron removal from potash feldspar. The effects of the magnetic field intensity, pulp density and grinding fineness on the iron removal were investigated. The optimized operation parameters were achieved and listed as follows： the -0.074 mm content is 85%, the pulp density is 45% and the magnetic field strength is 2T. A close test of middles regrinding was also carried out to improve concentrate yield. The data show that the grade of TFe（total iron） in potash feldspar product decreased from 1.31% to 0.21% and the concentrate yield reached 85.32%. All the results indicated that the traditonal high-intensity electromagnetic separators can be betterly substituted by the new permanent magnetic separator. This study may provide the theoretical evidence for iron removal from potash feldspar.

Formation of Nanoscale Intermetallic Phases in Ni Surface Layer at High Intensity Implantation of Al Ions

The results of experimental study of nanoscale intermetallic formation in surface layer of a metal target at ion implantation are presented. To increase the thickness of the ion implanted surface layer the high intensive ion implantation is used. Compared with the ordinary ion implantation, the high intensive ion implantation allows a much thicker modified surface layer. Pure polycrystalline nickel was chosen as a target. Nickel samples were irradiated with Al ions on the vacuum-arc ion beam and plasma flow source 'Raduga-5'. It was shown that at the high intensity ion implantation the fine dispersed particles of Ni3AI, NiAl intermetallic compounds and solid solution Al in Ni are formed in the nickel surface layer of 200 nm and thicker. The formation of phases takes place in complete correspondence with the Ni-AI phase diagram.