Migration for survival under natural disasters:A reluctant and passive choice for agriculturalists in historical China

This study quantitatively investigates the long-term dynamics of the association between natural disasters and the migration of agriculturists in historical China. Population pressure is also studied because migration is a population density-dependent phenomenon. This study has adopted correlation analysis, multivariate linear/Poisson regression analyses, and Granger causality analysis to verify the linkages of natural disaster-migration and population-migration in historical China by collecting updated datasets. This study is the first attempt to reveal that the duration effects of natural disasters on the migration of agriculturalists are short-term and almost instantaneous. Although the agrarian society has a low buffering capacity, the effects of natural disasters within a short-term scale could be relieved to some extent. However, population pressure can push migration on a long-term scale despite its limited forcefulness.

Different Situations, Different Economic Institutions ---A Historical Perspective on China and India＇s Approaches to Development

Both being two developing countries with a vast territory, dense population, and centuries-old ancient civilization, China and India have many in common in natural resources, population size, historical condition, current economic issues, etc. except for regime. The competition between China and India is a typical one between economic institutions. This paper, by making a diachronic analysis on their courses of development, tries to justify the importance of adopting an economic institution suitable to the situation of a country.

China's Outward FDI in 2016 Hitting Another Historical Record High

According to EY 4th issue of its China outbound investment report'China Go Abroad—Key connectivity improvements along the Belt and Road in telecommunications&aviation sectors',and expects China’s outward FDI in 2016 is likely to exceed 170 billion US dollars for the whole year and reach another historical record high.In the coming years,the tide of China’s overseas investment should continue to rise and maintain a double-digit growth rate.

Historical Improvement Achieved by China in the Cause of Human Rights

While commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of HumanRights, we are glad to see that China has achieved historical achievement in the cause of human rights and gained special successful experience with Chinese characteristics.

On the Historical Change of Human Rights Culture in China

Culture serves as the spiritual essence and moral support for human rights, whereas the latter provides the value orientation and goal for culture. Human rights are universal as well as particular, since each nation fosters its own perceptions and value orientations related to human rights, which leads to the formation of a human rights culture.

Accurate Evaluation of China's Human Rights Legislation During the Historical Periods Before and After Reform and Opening-up

Recently, when evaluating the achievements China has made during the his- torical periods before and after reform and opening-up, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out, ＂The socialist construction conducted by the people under the leadership of our Party is divided into two historical periods--before and after reform and opening-up. The two periods are in- terconnected, but also different from each other. However, they both essen- tially reflect the practical explorations of socialist construction conducted by the people under the leadership of the Party. Socialism with Chinese characteristics began to take shape in the new era of reform and opening- up, but it is also grounded in New China＇s 20-plus years of experience in building and carrying out the basic system of socialism... Although the two historical periods have huge dif- ferences in the guidelines, policies,

Evidence of China's sea boundary in the South China Sea

According to a series of important historical maps,i.e.,the Location Map of the South China Sea Islands,the Nansha Islands,Zhongsha Islands,Xisha Islands,Yongxing Island and Shidao Island,and Taiping Island（archived by the Territorial Administration Division of the Ministry of Interior of Republic of China in 1946）,and the Administration District Map of the Republic of China published in 1948,the dashed line surrounding the South China Sea Islands represents China＇s sea boundary in the South China Sea at that time.It was both connected with,and an extension of,the land boundary of China.At that time the dashed line was used to represent the waters boundaries while the solid line was used to represent the land boundary—a universal method used in maps that was then recognized internationally.The above observation provides historical and scientific evidence of China＇s sea boundary in the South China Sea that is useful for the international maritime delimitation over the South China Sea area.

Historic Progress of China's Tourism

The first year of the Ninth Five-Year Plan saw historic progress in China’s tourism, as it maintained the momentum of rapid development in the Eighth Five-Year Plan period. 1. China’s international tourism service broke through US$10 billion of profit earnings in 1996, and international tourist sources continued to maintain a strong development momentum, witnessing a growth rate of 10 percent. In the year, we accepted 51.12 million overseas tourists, including 6.74 million foreign tourists, respective

A Historic Leap for China's Post and Telecommmunications

China’s post and telecomsector achieved furthergiant development in 1995,afterit accomplished its eighth five-year plan a year ahead ofschedule,and realized its targetof eight-fold expansion duringthe period of 1980-2000 sixyears ahead of schedule,thusresulting in a historic leap.

An approach to spatially explicit reconstruction of historical forest in Northeast China

The spatially explicit reconstruction of historical land-cover datasets plays an important role in studying the climatic and ecological effects of land-use and land-cover change（LUCC）. Using potential natural vegetation（PNV） and satellite-based land use data, we determined the possible maximum distribution extent of forest cover in the absence of human disturbance. Subsequently, topography and climate factors were selected to assess the suitability of land for cultivation. Finally, a historical forest area allocation model was devised on the basis of the suitability of land for cultivation. As a case study, we used the historical forest area allocation model to reconstruct forest cover for 1780 and 1940 in Northeast China with a 10-km resolution. To validate the model, we compared satellite-based forest cover data with our reconstruction for 2000. A one-sample t-test of absolute bias showed that the two-tailed significance was 0.12, larger than the significant level 0.05, suggesting that the model has strong ability to capture the spatial distribution of forests. In addition, we calculated the relative difference of our reconstruction at the county scale for 1780 in Northeast China. The number of counties whose relative difference ranged from-30% to 30% is 99, accounting for 74.44% of all counties. These findings demonstrated that the provincial forest area could be transformed into forest cover maps well using the model.

The principle of coupled stress release model and its application

oupled stress release model is proposed in the paper considering the interaction between different parts based on stress release model by VereJones, and is used to historical earthquake data from North China. The results by this model are compared with the results by original stress release model using AIC criterion. The results show that coupled stress release model is better than original model.

HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ON CLIMATIC INSTABILITY ABOVE NORMAL IN COOL PERIODS IN CHINA

Twenty-six sequences of grades of dryness/wetness and a combined sequence of indexes of winter temperature since A.D. 1471 in China were adopted as our data. The fluctuations of variability of precipitation and mean temperature are statistically significant from analyses. It has been found that in middle latitudes of eastern China the distribution of the relation between mean temperature and interannual variability of precipitation in historical time forms a rather complex regional pattern, and the correlation coefficients are not unique in signs. But the negative correlations are dominant either in extent or in magnitude. The authors provide evidence that Little Ice Age was a time of more frequent extremes and support the idea that the climatic instability is above normal in cool periods.

“China's Entry into the WTO Will Be a Historical Event Enabling China to Play a Broader Role in the World Economy”─Interview with Dr. Fred Bergsten

Dr.C.FredBergrtenisDirectoroftheinstituteforinternationalEconomicsinWashington,D.C.,oneofthemostimPOrtantthink-tankSintheUnitedStates.HewasalsoChairmanoftheCompetitivenessPolicyCouncil(1991-97)andtheAPECEminentPersonsGrouP(1993-95)throughouttheirexis...

Four Methods That Should Be Mastered in the Study of the Historical Experience of the People＇s Republic of China

It is necessary to master certain scientific methods in studying the historical experience of the People＇s Republic of China; that is, we should study the experience of different periods of New China and at the same time study the experience of various historical periods as related to one another; we should study the successful experience of New China and at the same time study its errors and setbacks; and we should view the historical experience of New China from today＇s perspective and at the same time study it by placing it under given historical conditions.

Scientific Understanding of the New Historical Position of China's Development

Comrade Xi Jinping points out in the Report to the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC or the Party)that after a long period of efforts,socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.,which is a new historical position for China to develop.Scientific understanding

Historical Events in the Development of China Auto Industry (1949～1999)

On the occasion of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, we’d like to give our readers a rough picture reviewing how China auto industry has grown up, and what China auto industry has done during the 50 years. We hope you enjoy it.