Historical and Geographical Context

Vastly different paths befell East and West in history.Conquests character-ized the long,historical corridor of Europe in its passage from the ancient slave so-ciety to the modern capitalist age.This appears to have much to do both with Eu-ropean geographical fragmentation,which made it difficult to form an

The Escape in Trauma and Return for Belongings in Shanghai Girls Under the Historical and Social Background

Under the social and historical context,the deep reasons of the two sisters escaping from their hometown and nation are discussed due to the social background,motivation,destination,route,which reflects people’s yearning for a peaceful life and the excavation of their self-courage trampling of the iron hoof of war.That’s a further sign of sisterhood.Then the personal attitudes and choices of the two sisters are analyzed as well as the return in various meanings,including the ultimate return of Pearl to the family after physical trauma,return to Chinese culture after dreaming of a“good life”in America,so as to pursue the essential return of the adopted daughter to China,etc.This kind of root-seeking exploration of the protagonists forces them to“return”in various meanings and connects the East with the West,which also symbolizes the attempt to merge their own ethnic identity.Chinese-American writers make a bold attempt to define and integrate their ethnic background of social history and make a bold attempt on the definition and integration of ethnic identity.

Dynamic Protection Planning and Industrial Upgrading of Shengjinta Historic Block in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province

Starting with cultural context of historic block, this paper investigated current situation of Shengjinta Historic Block in Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, proposed dynamic protection planning and sustainable industrial upgrading strategies, specifically, by repairing, clearing, preserving and restoring historic streets and lanes, courtyards and folk dwel ings from six perspectives of planar layout, traffic pattern, spatial texture, facade decoration, landscape planning, and characteristic culture. In view of the specifi c geographical location, food shops and leisure green spaces are constructed to build a modern urban living system for residents in the ancient block.

Evaluation of fitness of design in urban historical context： From the perspectives of residents

Historic city cores in many countries either fell into neglect or suffered from harmful developments. Due to a variety of reasons, conservation projects failed to preserve sociocultural assets of historic environments. One of these reasons is that experts who involve in the development of historical context completely disregard the communities in such historic areas or their inhabitants. This paper Looks into residents＇ preferences on infiU design projects as part of urban development in historical contexts. It aims to investigate preference ratings of those residents who Live in urban historical context in terms of the quality of new infill design and its relationship to the historical surroundings. This research attempts to evaluate the best design strategies from the point view of the residents as well as the effects of cognitive properties on their preferences. Methodologically, a case study approach was adopted with 204 residents as participants in this survey. The contributive elements that are essential to the quality of fitness are identified through quantitative analysis. The findings of this research indicate that the most preferred design strategies are ＂Literal Replication＂ and ＂Invention within Style＂ from the perspective of the residents, who prefer, to a greater degree, new buildings in historical context replicating something from their surroundings. These findings are useful to experts and major organisations to conduct successful infill development, with consideration of the perceptions of the residents on the changes in their historical context.

The Modernization of Small Town and the Continuation of Historical Context

In the process of criticizing complete westernization,the traditional culture and national culture have gained theirdeserved positions.However.it is still under discussion whether or not all the traditional culture should be encouragedand whether the enhancement of national culture means the advocation of traditional culture or not.It is generally heldthat feudalism dominates the former while the latter is dominated by socialism.In the course of strengthening spiritualcivilization the encouragement of the national culture will not be simply achieved by restoring fragments of ancientways,let alone the issues of rejecting the dross and assimilating the weeding through the old to bring forth the new inthe field of carrying forward the traditional culture.The author points out,through profound study in planning,modernization is not westernization,historical context is not simply the reappearance of the past and continuation isnot carrying on as before.

A Chinese Approach to Urban Heritage Conservation and Inheritance: Focus on the Contemporary Changes of Shanghai’s Historic Spaces

By taking the Laochengxiang area,the lilong houses,the Bund and the industrial heritage as typical examples,this paper discusses the problems related to the conservation and regeneration of built heritage in Shanghai against the backdrop of large-scale urban development and the transformation of historic spaces in the city since the 1990s.It analyses the contradiction between development and heritage conservation in the process of urban redevelopment,and proposes a resolution to such problems.Furthermore,the paper has a reflection and analysis on the specific historical context of Shanghai as a metropolis and its changes from the past to the present.

Power restriction and policy overview in educational fairness

Different historical contexts endow educational fairness with different historical missions.The operation of resource allocation powers,the introduction of new elements into strata polarization,and the authoritative allocation of public policies all add to the complexity of interpreting educational fairness.The key problem,however,does not lie in the complexity itself,but in the straight blunt-ness and the collective unawareness incurred by it.Therefore,only by clarifying the complexity involved in educational fairness and arousing certain awareness of research can educational fairness and its public education policies undertake the double missions of both academic and practical significance.

The Rationale for Reviewing Current Concepts of Urban Planning and Developing New Ones in India

Urban planning in India is heir to a colonial paradigm that imposed practices developed from the experiences of Western urbanisation to the local Indian context.This paper suggests that this paradigm exacerbates the complex problems of contemporary urbanisation,but there is little attempt among Indian urban planners to acknowledge and address the consequences of their colonial legacy.The forces of globalisation are reinforcing this postcolonial intellectual malaise by reposing greater faith in capital-and technology-intensive solutions to solve problems instead of reforming the inherited processes of urban management.This paper argues that the nascent field of urban conservation in India offers the potential to review the dominant paradigms of urban planning and develop more context-specific and appropriate strategies for tackling the problems of Indian urbanisation.

A Brief Analysis of the History and Development of Theravada Buddhism in China

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, four Theravada Buddhist sects were introduced from Southeast Asia to China’s Yunnan Province;they were the Yon Sect(润派), the Tole Sect(多列派), the Baityang Sect(摆庄派), and the Zoti Sect(左抵派). The beliefs and practices of these sects were later adopted by the Dai(傣), Blang(布朗), De’ang(德昂), Achang(阿昌), and some Wa(佤) and Yi(彝) ethnic minority groups, and gradually developed and flourished. During their spread in China, these four Buddhist sects have undergone varying degrees of development and localization. This paper explores the historical context of the development of each sect by examining historical documents, local chronicles, oral histories and records of ethnic groups.