HISTORICAL EVIDENCE ON CLIMATIC INSTABILITY ABOVE NORMAL IN COOL PERIODS IN CHINA

Twenty-six sequences of grades of dryness/wetness and a combined sequence of indexes of winter temperature since A.D. 1471 in China were adopted as our data. The fluctuations of variability of precipitation and mean temperature are statistically significant from analyses. It has been found that in middle latitudes of eastern China the distribution of the relation between mean temperature and interannual variability of precipitation in historical time forms a rather complex regional pattern, and the correlation coefficients are not unique in signs. But the negative correlations are dominant either in extent or in magnitude. The authors provide evidence that Little Ice Age was a time of more frequent extremes and support the idea that the climatic instability is above normal in cool periods.

Taking Mafei Powder(麻沸散)as an Example to Explore the Evidence of the Existence of Ancient Anesthesia

Anesthesia has a long history in China.Ancient doctors have already created a variety of anesthetic formulae for surgery and the most famous one is Mafei powder(麻沸散).However,there are a few literatures about Mafei powder and Mafei powder was not recorded at that time.This article tries to discuss the existence of Mafei powder by summarizing relevant records in ancient books such as San Guo Zhi(《三国志》Records of The Three Kingdoms)and Hou Han Shu(《后汉书》History of the Latter-Han D^ynasty)and analyzing the anatomical,surgical,and pharmaceutical conditions at Hua Tuo's(华佗)time.

Mapuche People:Valuing a Colonial Past in the Official Primary History Textbook from an Intermodal Perspective of Historical Sources

This article explores from an intermodal perspective how visual and verbal historical documents contribute to the construction of value positions regarding the Mapuche people during colonial and early republican times in the latest official 5 thgrade primary Chilean History textbook.The study analyzes,in particular,the visual and verbal historical secondary sources that build in combination evaluative prosodies that in turn contribute to construct determinate ideological perspectives regarding Mapuche people.The discourse analysis takes a social and ideological intermodal approach(Oteíza&Pinuer 2016,2019)focusing on an appraisal analysis(Martin&White 2005;Martin2014;Hood 2010;Oteíza&Pinuer 2012,2019)informed by socio-semiotic and Systemic Functional Linguistics theories.The cumulative intersemiotic reading of symbolic images and written documents privileges evaluative prosodies of negative integrity and of high conflict,in which Mapuche people are represented with more agency than Hispanics,emphasizing the stereotype of indigenous people as foreign,exotic and brave warriors,but also as violent,primitive and savage people that have had resisted Hispanic desires of slavering and cultural assimilation.Historical secondary sources offer alternative historical interpretations,although mainly constructed by evoked evaluations that could be less evident to children.