Case Records as Medical Stories: A Song-dynasty Doctor’s Narration of His Own Medicine-Xu Shuwei (1080-1154)

The key point in studying or teaching the history of Chinese medicine is on the doctrines underlying it and on its perception of the body,physiology,pathology,and its treatment.Namely,there is often a tendency to focus on reading and analysing the classical canons and therapy-related texts including formularies and materia medica collections.However,focusing on these sources provides us with a one-sided presentation of Chinese medicine.These primary sources lack the clinical down-to-earth know-how that encompasses medical treatment,which are represented,for instance,in the clinical rounds of modern medical schools.Our traditional focus on the medical canons and formularies provides almost no clinical knowledge,leaving us with a one-sided narrative that ignores how medicine and healing are actually practiced in the field.This paper focuses on the latter aspect of medicine from a historical perspective.Using written and visual sources dating to the Song dynasty,clinical encounters between doctors and patients including their families are depicted based on case records recorded by a physician,members of the patient’s family,and bystanders.This array of case records or case stories will enable us to narrate the interaction between physicians and patients both from the clinical perspective and from the social interaction.This paper will also discuss visual depictions of the medical encounter to provide another perspective for narrating medicine during the Song dynasty.Medical case records and paintings depicting medical encounters are exemplary of the potential of Chinese primary sources for narrative medicine.

Functions of Karez to Xinjiang Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Historical Documents

Desertification is increasingly serious in Xinjiang,and the construction of water conservancy is a precondition for the development of agriculture.The main project for the development of agriculture and water conservancy in Xinjiang is to build Karez,which played a vital role in the development of Xinjiang agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It has been recorded many times in historical documents of the Qing Dynasty,such as Lin Zexu s Diary,Tao Baolian s Diary,Xinjiang Atlas and Zuo Zongtang s Memorial to the Emperor,etc.,which recorded the situation and historical origin of Karez.Karez made a significant contribution to the development of agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It increased the cultivated land in Xinjiang at that time,and increased the types and yields of crops.It is conducive to the stability and development of Xinjiang s economy.Until today,Karez is still an important water source for agricultural irrigation in Xinjiang.

Construction of the Sense of Belonging of Place Spirit in the Renovation of Historical Blocks: A Case Study of Ancient Town Street of Ming and Qing Dynasties in Hekou, Qianshan

The renovation of historical blocks often stays at the material level of buildings, ignoring the deeper spiritual level, which can not arouse people’s sense of belonging to the city memory. Based on the protection of local Qianshan area culture, taking Hekou ancient town street of Ming and Qing Dynasty as an example, with the construction of place spirit and sense of belonging as the primary goal, and combining the history and culture of the city, the current situation of the streets and the characteristics of the buildings, this paper put forward the relevant renovation measures to provide a kind of thinking for the refined and rational renovation of the blocks in the future.

Test Calibration of the Paleoclimatic Proxy Data with Chinese Historical Records

The calibration of paleoclimate proxies is one of the key problems in the study of paleoclimate at present. Historical documentary records of climate are suitable for calibration on dating and the climatic implication of the proxy data in a climatological sense. A test calibration on correcting the Delingha tree ring precipitation series using Chinese historical documentary records shows that among the 44 extreme dry cases in 1401 1950 AD, 42 cases （or 95.5%） are believable. Thus the long series of Delingha rings-denoted precipitation is highly reliable. Another test to validate the monsoon intensity proxy data based on the Zhanjiang Huguangyan sediments using historical records indicates that the years of Lake Maar Ti content series-designated winter monsoon intensities are entirely opposite to historical documents- depicted years of harsh winters in 800-900 AD. As a result, serious doubt is raised about the climatic implication of this paleo-monsoon proxy series.

Wet-dry changes in the borderland of Shaanxi,Gansu and Ningxia from 1208 to 1369 based on historical records

More than 240 items of historical records containing climatic information were retrieved from official historical books, local chronicles, annals and regional meteorological disaster yearbooks. By using moisture index and flood/drought （F/D） index obtained from the above information, the historical climate change, namely wet-dry conditions in borderland of Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region （BSGN, mainly included Ningxialu, Hezhoulu, Gongchanglu, Fengyuanlu and Yan＇anlu in the Yuan Dynasty） was studied. The results showed that the climate of the region was generally dry and the ratio between drought and flood disasters was 85/38 during the period of 1208-1369. According to the frequencies of drought-flood disasters, the whole period could be divided into three phases. （1） 1208-1240： drought dominated the phase with occasional flood disasters. （2） 1240-1320： long-time drought disasters and extreme drought events happened frequently. （3） 1320-1369： drought disasters were less severe when flood and drought disasters happened alternately. Besides, the reconstructed wet-dry change curve revealed obvious transition and periodicity in the MongoI-Yuan Period. The transitions occurred in 1230 and 1325. The wet-dry change revealed 10- and 23-year quasi-periods which were consistent with solar cycles, indicating that solar activity had affected the wet-dry conditions of the study region in the Mongol-Yuan Period. The reconstructed results were consistent with two other study results reconstructed from natural evidences, and were similar to another study results from historical documents. All the above results showed that the climate in BSGN was characterized by long-time dry condition with frequent severe drought disasters during 1258 to 1308. Thus, these aspects of climatic change, might have profound impacts on local vegetation and socio-economic system.

The Historical Fiction Based on True Stories:An Analysis of the Menghui Gushu by Huang Jianhua with the Aid of Historical Records and Archaeological Objects of Art

The Gushu Chuanqi[Legend of Ancient Shu]trilogy is historically grounded,although it is largely fictional.Five characteristics of the society represented in the trilogy,i.e.,walled cities,sacred statues,silk fabrics,burials,and pottery,were examined with the aid of related historical records and archaeological objects of art unearthed in Sichuan.This paper made a comparative study of these things with their respective textual descriptions in the Menghui Gushu[Ancient Shu Revisited in the Dream],the first volume of the Gushu Chuanqi[Legend of Ancient Shu]trilogy by Huang Jianhua.The results support the assertion that the trilogy is not a free interpretation of history but historical fiction based on true stories.

A First Tour of Wulong Pool——Nanjing city, the ancient capital of six dynasties, had kept lots of interesting places and historical relics for us to explore.

Last October, the Nanjing-based aiwan, Hongkong, Macao and verseas Chinese Literature Society went to Wulong Pool. Zhang Chao, vice-chairman of the society, invited me to go to see the place with him. We went eastward out of Longpanli along bustling and seething Guangzhou Avenue. by the side of the high Suolong Bridge, we found a garden gate with flower-

Different Views on the Historical Status of Song Dynasty

The purpose of this research is to identify the historical status of Song Dynasty of China.The historical status of Song Dynasty has been a controversial topic for a long time.Song Dynasty has been remembered in different ways in China and in the West at different times.This study will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Song Dynasty and evaluate Song Dynasty real istically and fairly.

Relationship between earthquake and volcanic eruption inferred from historical records

史料记载表明，五大连池火山1720～1721年喷发期间有大量地震活动．本文从描述这些地震活动的文字记录人手，并结合国际火山地震研究的新成果，探讨了地震类型及地震与火山喷发关系，指出震群是火山喷发的重要前兆指标，强调火山地震的监测对火山喷发预报的意义．

Gridding cropland data reconstruction over the agricultural region of China in 1820

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of LUCC change with climate and ecosystem simulation, but the result could only be determined precisely if a high-resolution underlying land cover map is used. While the efforts based satellites have provided a good baseline for present land cover, what the next advancement in the research about LUCC change required is the development of reconstruction of historical LUCC change especially spatially-explicit historical dataset. Being different from other similar studies, this study is based on the analysis of historical land use patterns in the traditional cultivated region of China. Taking no account of the less important factors, altitude, slope and population patterns are selected as the major drivers of reclamation in ancient China, and used to design the HCGM （Historical Cropland Gridding Model, at a 60 km×60 km resolution）, which is an empirical model for allocating the historical cropland inventory data spatially to grid cells in each political unit. Then we use this model to reconstruct cropland distribution of the study area in 1820, and verify the result by prefectural cropland data of 1820, which is from the historical documents. The statistical analyzing result shows that the model can simulate the patterns of the cropland distribution in the historical period in the traditional cultivated region efficiently.

Preliminary Report on the Anurans of Mount Hilong-hilong, Agusan Del Norte, Eastern Mindanao, Philippines

Mount Hilong-hilong is a key biodiversity area, spanning several municipalities in the provinces of the Caraga Region （Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Surigao del Norte and Surigao del Sur）, northeastern Mindanao Island, southern Philippines. The Hilong-hilong massif remains one of the most signiifcant forested areas in Mindanao, threatened with habitat modification （forest removal, degradation） and other anthropogenic disturbances related to renewable resource extraction. Amphibians are key indicator species for environmental quality and are useful focal taxa for conservation efforts. Relying on historical museum database information and new survey work on Mount Hilong-hilong, we provide species accounts and describe microhabitat preferences of the anurans （frogs and toads） present in the area. Twenty-seven species representing seven anuran families were studied in detail at elevations between 700 to 1300 meters above sea level; 16 of these species are Mindanao faunal region endemics. Qualitative overlap in microhabitat use was observed, suggesting that, for the species recorded, intact forest may ensure species persistence to some levels of anthropogenic disturbance. A more extensive herpetofaunal survey is needed to fully estimate the herpetofaunal diversity of Mount Hilong-hilong. Because amphibians represent ifne-scale indicators of environmental quality and microendemism, we recommend appropriate ifne-scaled regional strategies geared towards the conservation of amphibians in the Caraga area, northeast Mindanao Island.

Relationship between earthquake and volcanic eruption inferred from historical records

A large number of seismic records are discovered for the first time in the historical materials about Wudalianchi volcanic group eruption in 1720~1721, which provides us with abundant volcanic earthquake information. Based on the written records, the relationship between earthquake and volcanic eruption is discussed in the paper. Fur-thermore it is pointed that earthquake swarm is an important indication of volcanic eruption. Therefore, monitoring volcanic earthquakes is of great significance for forecasting volcanic eruption.

Review of the Ochsenius Theory for Salt Generation in the Transylvanian Basin,Romania

This short study aims to highlight contradictions in Ochsenius’s model for the basin-wide salt generation(Kara-Bogas bay desiccation).Without claiming completeness,and through numerous records cited from the specific literature,we attempt to point at crucial incoherencies in the classical evaporitic model.In our presupposition,these might have led our ancestors to conclude that basin-wide salt generation needs theoretically well-based models.This is emphatically true for the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.The selected records are basic for the specific topic.We checked their validity by logical reasoning and by literature references.As for salt generation,the classical Ochsenius model has been upheld for the generation of evaporates even though it has been known that there are records denying the exclusivity of the evaporation model.It has also been proven that deep-sea salt exists,yet terminology is reluctant to follow the new discoveries.If non-evaporitic salt generation exists,it entails that huge salt deposits may exist,which are not remnants of a desiccation process.These cannot be considered as part of the classical theory of evaporation.Former researchers left important but neglected records,which should have updated the model of Ochsenius by now.Well-documented historical observation uncovered some contradictions in the salt generation of the Transylvanian Basin,Romania.Hereby we list 10 important contradictions,which may reveal that the well-known theory of Ochsenius(i.e.drying of Kara Bogaz bay)ought to be challenged for the Transylvanian Basin.

National Identity in Conflict： The Reconstruction of King Ly Thai To on Vietnamese Screen

Born as Ly Cong Uan, Ly Thai To is the first king of the Ly Dynasty. The most important contribution of Ly Thai To in Vietnamese history is to move the capital from Hoa Lu to Dai La, and rename it as Thang Long （Ascending Dragon） in 1010. Nowadays, it is known as Hanoi. Ly Thai To promoted Buddhism, and reduced the centuries-old influence of Confucianism in the kingdom. The growth and prevalence of Buddhism brought about a long period of peace, where Buddhist literature consequently flourished with seminal achievements. Due to King Ly Thai To＇s enormous contributions, the Vietnamese have created several legends and anecdotes to mystify his life. Thus, although a historical figure, his life remains a mystery and controversy. In 2010, Hanoi celebrated the 1000th anniversary of Thang Long. On this occasion, Vietnamese historical films about Ly Cong Uan were produced. This created intriguing variations within historical facts, legends, and on-screen stories. This paper will explore the reconstruction of Ly Cong Uan＇s life from an adaptation studies perspective through four historical films： Legend of the Capital Relocation （Huyen su thien do）, Thang Long Aspiration （Khat vong Thang Long）, Ly Cong Uan The Road to Thang Long Citadel （Ly Cong Uan： Dtrong toi thanh Thang Long）, Child of the Dragon （Ngtroi con cua Rong）. This research also wants to clarify the issues of national identity, nationalism, and cultural interaction reflected through the representations of Ly Thai To in those cinematic products

Development and Reform of Accounting in China Memory to 500 Anniversary of the published Description of "Summa de Arithmetic, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita"

China has a long history in accounting. The calculating and recording as accounting begun as far as with the middle or late period of the Old Stone Age. Accounting characters appeared in China and had an initial scale during the period of B.C. 1100 to B.C. 250 when the Sizhou Dynasty and the Spring and Fall Battling states existed. "Accounting" was called for the first time in China during the periods of the Sizhou and the Spring and Fall Battling states. While

The History of Clogs

CLOGS were quite popular inChina in the old times.Ac-cording to historical records.they first appeared in China duringthe Spring and Autumn Period(11thto 3rd century B.C.).The followingis the Story of their origin:

WILLIAM FAULKNER:A MIRROR OF THE AMERICAN SOUTH

Ⅰ. In troduction to the topieThe American n ovelist william Faulkner was honoured with the Nobel pr(?)zefor literature in 1949. His fame rests chiefly on his stunningly truthful reflectionand description of the American South. The Sourh was his own source of greatinterest, and it provided him with a base to be focused on to reveal his sense ofSouthern society and history. Faulkner succeeded both in going bey ond the superf-icial record of the South as a unique, historical region and in presenting a profound analysis of universal human problems. Most significant of all was his abi-lity to bring his fictional world to such a high level of imaginative realization-

China's Outward FDI in 2016 Hitting Another Historical Record High

According to EY 4th issue of its China outbound investment report'China Go Abroad—Key connectivity improvements along the Belt and Road in telecommunications&aviation sectors',and expects China’s outward FDI in 2016 is likely to exceed 170 billion US dollars for the whole year and reach another historical record high.In the coming years,the tide of China’s overseas investment should continue to rise and maintain a double-digit growth rate.

A General Study of the Wine Culture in China and the Western World

Wine culture is considered as an indispensible part of the culture in different countries. Distinctive differences exist between Chinese wine culture and the wine culture in western countries due to their historical backgrounds, different values, cultures and customs, etc. A general study of the comparison between Chinese wine culture and western wine culture is given in this paper in order to help us have a better understanding of the wine culture and make us be aware of showing mutual respect for each other.

Archaeological Work IN THE RUINS OF CHINGWA TAKTSE PALACES

The ruins of Chingwa Taktse are located in the Chogye Valley in Lhoka of Tibet.It faces the famous Valley of the Kings across a distance.According to Tibetan historical records,Chingwa Taktse was the earliest Tubo palace complex.Six notable palaces were built successively on the rolling hills here.Local folklore has it that it is a＂princess＇s tomb＂：