On the Beginning and Transformation of Modern Chinese Historiography

After the First Opium War (1840-1842) there were increased academic interests in studying the history and geography of China’s northwestern borderlands,introducing foreign history and geography and writing the modern history of China.Such interests,however,were no more than reflections of the times in history studies and could hardly improve the whole picture of historiography.At the turn of the 20th century,Liang Qichao published “The Introduction to Chinese History” and “The New Historiography”,which marked the emergence of a new trend of thought in historiography and should be deemed the beginning of modern Chinese historiography.Soon after,the “national quintessence school”(guocui xuepai) called for preserving the quintessence of Chinese culture and attempted to bridge Chinese and Western scholarship.Then the “Reorganization of National Heritage”(zhengli guogu) Movement came,urging to re-arrange traditional scholarship.Hu Shih (1891-1962) explicitly put forward the goal of “compiling a history of Chinese culture,” helped dissolve the boundary between modern and traditional historiography and indicated the approach to the transformation from ancient to modern historiography from a perspective of discipline classifications.This “new trend” of Chinese historiography,centering on new materials,new methods and new issues specified the research path for the early stage of modern Chinese historiography.

Reflections upon Some Fundamental Issues in Educational Historiography

This paper categorizes educational historiography as part of“historiography”because educational historiography is leaning towards historiography in spite of being a fundamental educational discipline with the dual disciplinary attributes of education and historiography.It is argued that the nature of a discipline is partly defined by its researchers and its roles,but more importantly,by its origin,major research topics and objectives,basic research theories,methodologies and paradigms,as well as its relations with cognate disciplines.And each of the above factors is elaborated on to illuminate the dual disciplinary nature of educational historiography.From the perspective of educational science,what reflects the nature of education the best is people’s“educational activities,”which can be defined as the aggregate of specific activities directed to promoting valuable human development,and the various ways educators and learners participate and interact in the educational process.This paper maintains that the history of educational activities constitutes an upside-down triangle relation with the histories of educational thoughts and system.The history of educational activities is the origin,premise and foundation,whereas the latter two are the derivatives and results.Therefore,the history of educational activities must be studied as part of the research on the history of education.

Objectivity in the historiography of COVID-19 pandemic

The world is facing a once-in-a-lifetime situation:the COVID-19 pandemic.During the pandemic,the World Health Organization announced an infodemic as well.This infodemic caused infollution and sparked many controversies.Pandemics as extraordinary occurrences are always attractive to historians.However,infodemics and biased information threaten objective history-writing.Objectivity as it regards historians is already a much-discussed subject.In this commentary,the fundamental theories about objectivity are delineated.Second,the relationship between the infodemic and COVID-19 pandemic is explained.Lastly,the problems regarding objectivity in the historiography of the COVID-19 pandemic are explored.

Traversing knowledge networks:an algorithmic historiography of extant literature on the Internet of Things(IoT)

Research on the Internet of Things(IoT)has been booming for the past 6 years due to technological advances and potential for application.Nonetheless,the rapid growth of IoT articles and the heterogeneous nature of IoT pose challenges to conducting a systematic review of IoT literature.This study seeks to address the abovementioned challenges by reviewing 1065 IoT articles retrieved from the International Statistical Institute Web of Science via a blend of quantitative citation analysis and qualitative content analysis.For the former,we generated a historiography of IoT research,a citation network,in which we tried to identify main paths of codification and diffusion,as well as path-dependent transitions.For the latter,we explicated the progression of knowledge through 30 central IoT articles in chronological order regarding infrastructures,enabling technologies,potential technologies,and research challenges.Findings from this study contribute to both IoT research and management.

China＇s Roles in World History and Historiography

Many historians of China and the world have long worked within certain paradigms that are increasingly recognized to be excessively Eurocentric, linear, and teleological. This article draws on both primary and secondary sources to propose a theory of Chinese history that is more sinocentric, cyclical, and open-ended. The theory takes seriously the well-known Chinese emphasis on establishing and maintaining cultural centrality and Chinese interest in learning from the past to influence the present and shape the future. It argues that these concerns have resulted in a spiral or helical pattern of Chinese historical development. It goes on to suggest that the Chinese spiral might help us to conceptualize world history in a way that respects all peoples of the world and all periods of history from the origins of our subspecies to the present. History is in one sense what actually happened in the past and historiography is how people interpret it to meet present needs and realize future aspirations. Given acceleration in the pace of change and expansion in the arena of action, historians can tell us little about what to expect in the future, but they may enhance the range of possibilities by bringing to light various past experiences. In this article I examine how the Chinese experience might assist us in fashioning a more peaceful, just, and sustainable world order.

Global trends and hotspots of treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:A bibliometric and visualization analysis(2010-2023)

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is chronic,with its progression leading to liver fibrosis and end-stage cirrhosis.Although NAFLD is increasingly common,no treatment guideline has been established.Many mechanistic studies and drug trials have been conducted for new drug development to treat NAFLD.An up-to-date overview on the knowledge structure of NAFLD through bibliometrics,focusing on research hotspots,is necessary to reveal the rational and timely directions of development in this field.AIM To research the latest literature and determine the current trends in treatment for NAFLD.METHODS Publications related to treatment for NAFLD were searched on the Web of Science Core Collection database,from 2010 to 2023.VOSviewers,CiteSpace,and R package“bibliometrix”were used to conduct this bibliometric analysis.The key information was extracted,and the results of the cluster analysis were based on network data for generating and investigating maps for country,institution,journal,and author.Historiography analysis,bursts and cluster analysis,cooccurrence analysis,and trend topic revealed the knowledge structure and research hotspots in this field.GraphPad Prism 9.5.1.733 and Microsoft Office Excel 2019 were used for data analysis and visualization.RESULTS In total,10829 articles from 120 countries(led by China and the United States)and 8785 institutions were included.The number of publications related to treatment for NAFLD increased annually.While China produced the most publications,the United States was the most cited country,and the United Kingdom collaborated the most from an international standpoint.The University of California-San Diego,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,and Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine produced the most publications of all the research institutions.The International Journal of Molecular Sciences was the most frequent journal out of the 1523 total journals,and Hepatology was the most cited and co-cited journal.Sanyal AJ was the most cited author,the most co-cited author was Younossi ZM,and the most influential author was Loomba R.The most studied topics included the epidemiology and mechanism of NAFLD,the development of accurate diagnosis,the precise management of patients with NAFLD,and the associated metabolic comorbidities.The major cluster topics were“emerging drug,”“glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist,”“metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease,”“gut microbiota,”and“glucose metabolism.”CONCLUSION The bibliometric study identified recent research frontiers and hot directions,which can provide a valuable reference for scholars researching treatments for NAFLD.

On the Present and the Past of Pandemics

During the COVID-19 pandemic,a multitude of narratives saturated the print,audiovisual,and electronic media.Improvised,uninformed,apocalyptic and voluntarist approaches abounded.These notes-written during the pandemic and delivered in the conference series-address the proliferation of such discourses,emphasizing a series of issues.First,the widespread ignorance about the history of epidemics.Then,the inability to deal with the uncertainties that reign during pandemic times,as well as the announcements that this extraordinary health/sanitary event would produce a profound watershed in all walks of life and in all corners of the world.Finally,and against the general assertion that“one learns from the past to understand the present,”these notes seek to point out how the present can illuminate the study of the past-or,more personally,what I think I have learned as a historian in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic.

A New Chromatic Vision:The Early Impact of Color Photography on the Representation of Architecture

The role of color photography in the representation of architecture is a subject little investigated by architectural historiography.The link between the color values of architectural design and its visual transmission in the early phase of modernism was certainly problematic.Color photography had an undeniable impact on architectural color in practice:color photographs in books and periodicals published between the 1940s and 1960s clearly influenced the use of color in architectural design.

1945年以来法国的音乐史学

在大约一个世纪之中,音乐史学科在法国获得了巨大的发展。在初始阶段,一部分博学的专家以文献学的方式为法国音乐学的诞生打下了学术基础,随后,该学科在转型过程中面临了挑战,但同时也因为机构设置的更新而获得了机遇。尤其是在"二战"后,法国国家科学研究中心(CNRS)和综合性大学都产生了很多音乐学的职位,系统性的课程也在全国高校普遍开展。1970—1980年代,音乐分析和音乐史这两个学科的竞争使后者在最近20年得到了极大的更新,尤其是在引入社会科学方法的层面,法国音乐学有了全新的改观。

Scientometric analysis and mapping of 20 years of glaucoma research

AIM：To provide a scientometric analysis in the field of glaucoma.METHODS：A bibliometric method was used to obtain a view of the scientific production in field of glaucoma by data extracted from the Institute for Scientific Information（ISI） from 1993 to 2013.Specific parameters were retrieved from the ISI.Articles about glaucoma were analyzed regarding the topics＇ structure,history,and document relationships using HistCite software.Also,the trends in the most influential publications and authors were analyzed.RESULTS：The number of articles was constantly increasing,and most highly cited articles addressed clinical and epidemiologic topics in this field.During the past three years,there has been a trend towards genomic research studies and also more molecular translational research.CONCLUSION：This was the first scientometric report on glaucoma,analyzing the characteristics of papers and the trends in scientific production.A constant increase was observed in the number of papers,while the subject of papers had a shift in the past three years towards genomic research studies.

Becoming a historical thinker might be the first step for developing a consciousness of reasoned conciliation

The goal of this presentation is to examine the hypothesis that the ethno-political conflict in Israel can be utilized in history education to foster learning of historical thinking and to construct a tolerant space within the education system that will enable the structuring of in-principle criteria for coexistence prior to the ending of the conflict. I assumed that inculcation of historical knowledge in the education system in Israel by means of an attentive and reflexive cultural dialogue, which sensitively and skillfully confronts contradictory historical narratives as an everyday learning reality in class, will help structure a conciliatory consciousness of the kind we seek.

Pope＇s ＂Language of the Heart＂ in Wordsworth＇ s Tintern Abbey

The Romantics＇ relationship with Alexander Pope and his literary authority was a complicated one, and William Wordsworth＇s opinion of Pope oscillated between reverence and disdain throughout his life. This paper seeks to explore the underlying emotions embedded in Wordsworth＇s borrowing of Alexander Pope＇s expression, the ＂language of the heart,＂ in the poem Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour （1798）. The author traces Pope＇s use of the ＂heart＂ to refer to his literary predecessor Abraham Cowley in The First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace, Imitated （Pope＇s Epistle to Augustus） （1737） and to his father in An Epistle to Arbuthnot （1735）. In focusing on Pope＇s attribution of the ＂language of the heart＂ to his father and Wordsworth＇s reference using Pope＇s phrase to his sister Dorothy, the author demonstrates how the poets express at once fondness towards a beloved family member and a desire for detachment from the kin who is no match for the poet with regards to such qualities as erudition and ambition. Through these examinations, the author shows that the connection between Pope and his father and between Wordsworth and his sister, through the common adage of＂language of the heart,＂ is in fact representative of Wordsworth＇s own bearing with Pope.

Ethiopian Cinema： The Socio-economic and Political Impacts of Imperial Era on the Development of Screen Media 1

Ethiopia that had been at the high-up as one of the few world powers in the 1 st and early centuries of the 2nd millennium, and later to descend to poverty line to the extent of being synonym for famine and degradation in an English dictionary, is currently on the verge of socio-economic renaissance. Likewise, the country that experienced film viewing in the very early years of the development of world cinema for more than hundred years bad eventually lagged behind those African countries exposed to cinematic arts a few decades ago; but now relatively ascending to its historical status. These days, over hundred films are produced on annual bases in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, articles, books, and encyclopedias written on African and world cinema do not as such include the Ethiopian account, hence adversely affecting the wholeness of universal knowledge. This research thus attempts to investigate the socio-economic and political impacts that governed the development of the Ethiopian screen media during imperial era （1897-1974）. The inconsistency in the development of Ethiopian cinema will be analyzed and demonstrated in conjunction with the socio-economic and political features in the era of Emperor Menelik II, Lij Iyasu, Empress Zewditu, and Emperor Haile Sellassie. The study will portray the strong link between Cinema and mode of productions that would be of a scholastic benefit to the Ethiopian and the international academia. The article hopefully, will contribute to the historiography and completeness of African screen median in particular, and world cinema in general.

The ＂New＂ Economic History of Colonial Turkestan or a New Interpretation on the ＂Old＂ Methodology？

The paper considers the methodological problems related to the writing of history of the colonial period. The paper also examines the current state of historical science in Uzbekistan in the last 20 years for this sphere. Author tries to show an example of modem colonial historiography that she is defeated by the influence of the Soviet historiography on the subject. Unfortunately, the modem science of history of Uzbekistan is unable to answer fundamental questions about the colonial history as well as in Uzbekistan does not have specialists in colonial history, and those who are engaged in this sphere too defeated pseudo soviet ideology. The main conclusion of the paper is to modernize the study of history of Uzbekistan, and it is only by virtue of new generation of historians, buyout learned new methodology imperiology.

From the History of Georgian-German Cultural and Political Relationship： Prince Erekle in Berlin

Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ambassadors hold out hope to the Bagrations. In such circumstances, Georgians became closer to Europeans. The Capuchins, the Theatines, Jesuit monks were honored guests and members of the royal retinue in the Georgian Kingdoms-Princedoms. Thanks to them, in XVII-XVIII centuries, were brought up such Georgians thinkers as： Vakhushti Batonishvili, Beri Egnatashvili, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Vakhtang VI, Teimuraz II, daughter of Vaghtang VI, Tamar （mother of King Erekle II）, etc. In addition, at the royal courts of Russia and Persia, it became fashionable to send their Princes to Europe, in order to get an education. The best example of this is Peter the Great and Nader Shah＇s son--known as Baron Semlin. From XVIII century, in the history of Georgian-German relations, there are authentic sources about Georgians＇ stay in Germany. Among the sources, if taking them chronologically, the oldest is about military education of Prince Erekle. The following sources are about visits of other Georgian Princes to Germany. The next sources tell about the military campaign of Georgian Hussars regiment, in whose ranks poet Davit Guramishvili was fighting. Among the above-mentioned sources, in the Georgian historiography, the issue of Davit Guramishvili has been well researched, but the same cannot be said of King Erekle II.

Fatma Aliye Hanlm＇s Contributions to History Writing

Fatma Aliye Harem （1862-1936） was one of the first writers to focus on the women＇s issues in her novels in the Ottoman Empire. She also published a large number of articles focusing on women in varying journals, in addition to her active role in women＇s associations. Her work did not remain limited with Literature but extended to the other fields such as Education, Sociology, History and Philosophy. This article analyzes her contributions to the Ottoman History via her two historical works： Tarih-i Osmaninin Bir Devre-i Miihimmesi： Kosova Zaferi-Ankara Hezimeti （An Important Era of the Ottoman History： Victory in Kosovo-Defeat in Ankara） published in 1912/1913 and Ahmet Cevdet Papa ve Zaman： （Ahmet Cevdet Pasha and His Time） published in 1914. Her former work analyzes the significance of the Battle of Kosova （1389） and the Battle of Ankara （I 402） for the Ottoman History. Her latter work is a biographical account of his father, Ahmet Cevdet Pasha, who was an Ottoman intellectual, bureaucrat, administrator, and last but not least, a historian. This work focuses on the significance of these two works for Turkish Historiography.

On the Historiographical Reform of General History of Chinese Science and Technologyin the Post-Needham Era

The research of General History of Chinese Science and Technology(GHCST) has so far failed to transcend the"positivist history", a program of historiography initiated by Joseph Needham. The historians after Needham have made important explorations on the historiographical reform of GHCST. However, nearly all of these explorations are still the methodological reflections of the positivist history perspective, failing to reflect metaphysically on such historiographical presuppositions as views of science, technology and history, which means they have failed to break away from the positivist history perspective. To go beyond the limitations of positivist history calls for the introduction of the perspective of phenomenology of body and reflecting on and criticizing the historiographical presuppositions of positivist history on a metaphysical level. Such reflection will lead us to a new program of historiography in the post-Needham era, that is"phenomenal history"or the GHCST from the perspective of the phenomenology of body.

Humanistic Spirit of Long Education

The essential attribute of education is the humanistic attribute.A saying from The Book of Changes emphasizes judging from astronomy to detect the change of time and judging from the humanities to transform into the world.The development of Chinese education should be based on characters,inherit Chinese culture and civilization;trace back to the origin of education in history and grasp the diachronic and synchronic development of education;construct educational thoughts and thinking in traditional cultural classics.

说历史编纂学:一个中西史学文化比较的立场

言及'历史编纂学',人们总会联想到与之对应的英文'historiography'。一般也是如此对应翻译。但这种以主要意谓'史学'或'史学史'的'historiography',去界定和理解中国语境下历史'编纂'之学存在很大问题。语义分析表明,中文'编纂'所指的是单纯的文本编织组织,而没有'historiography'的意指。中文所谓'编纂',是对国家职掌管理、整理档案文献职能的史官组织历史文本行为的描述。这种'编纂'的性质,决定了中国传统史学文本的以连缀组织已有文献为主的生产方式,而史官的官僚性,也决定了文本组织的立场和视角的国家性,决定了反映内容的社会性和整体性,决定了其对于政治实体的治乱兴衰,以及为容纳多重内容而追求的文本组织形式的多样性。与此不同的西方史学,由于相当长的时期属于个人行为,没有被纳入到国家的职能之中,所专注的焦点多局限于个人或亲历或传闻的诸如战争等重大事件,关注的是人性的善与恶,导致在组织文本时,不太考虑社会各因素之间的关联性和整体性,更注意表现事件的线性过程和事件的情节。因而,在西方史学中,与历史(history)一起组合使用来表示文本历史的,一般采用narrative或writing,如history narrative,或history writing等。'编纂'一词的分析,或可以在一定意义上揭示中西史学文化上所存在的差异。