From the History of Georgian-German Cultural and Political Relationship： Prince Erekle in Berlin

Georgian kings and princes were trying to establish ties and to develop relationships with European monarchies. In times of cultural, religious, demographic crisis, the Catholic missions sent by the Pope, and Russian ambassadors hold out hope to the Bagrations. In such circumstances, Georgians became closer to Europeans. The Capuchins, the Theatines, Jesuit monks were honored guests and members of the royal retinue in the Georgian Kingdoms-Princedoms. Thanks to them, in XVII-XVIII centuries, were brought up such Georgians thinkers as： Vakhushti Batonishvili, Beri Egnatashvili, Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Vakhtang VI, Teimuraz II, daughter of Vaghtang VI, Tamar （mother of King Erekle II）, etc. In addition, at the royal courts of Russia and Persia, it became fashionable to send their Princes to Europe, in order to get an education. The best example of this is Peter the Great and Nader Shah＇s son--known as Baron Semlin. From XVIII century, in the history of Georgian-German relations, there are authentic sources about Georgians＇ stay in Germany. Among the sources, if taking them chronologically, the oldest is about military education of Prince Erekle. The following sources are about visits of other Georgian Princes to Germany. The next sources tell about the military campaign of Georgian Hussars regiment, in whose ranks poet Davit Guramishvili was fighting. Among the above-mentioned sources, in the Georgian historiography, the issue of Davit Guramishvili has been well researched, but the same cannot be said of King Erekle II.

Depressed-type (0-IIc) colorectal neoplasm in patients with family history of first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer:A cross-sectional study

AIM： TO investigate the correlation of depressed-type （0-IIc） colorectal neoplasm and family history of firstdegree relatives （FDR） with colorectal cancer （CRC）. METHODS： This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2000 to October 2002 at National Cancer Center Hospital East. Eligible patients undergoing initial total colonoscopy were surveyed regarding family history of CRC among FDR by a questionnaire prior to colonoscopic examinations. All endoscopic findings during colonoscopy were recorded and the macroscopic classification of the early stage neoplasm/cancer was classified into two types （0-IIc vs non 0-IIc）. Odds ratios （OR） and 95% confidence intervals （CI） were calculated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association between macroscopic features and clinicopathological data including gender, age, and family history of FDR with CRC. RESULTS： The OR of an association between family history of FDR with CRC and overall early stage neoplasm adjusted by gender and age was 1.85 （95% CI： 1.31-2.61, P = 0.0004）, that for non 0-IIc neoplasm was 1.71 （95% CI： 1.22-2.41, P = 0.0017） and for 0-IIc colorectal neoplasm was 2.78 （95% CI： 1.49-5.16, P = 0.0031）. CONCLUSION： Our study shows a significant association between a family history of FDR with CRC and 0-IIc colorectal neoplasm. When patients with a family history of FDR with CRC undergo colonoscopy, colonoscopists should check carefully for not only polypoid, but also depressed-type （0-IIc） lesions.

Analyzing the Completeness(Relative Minimum Magnitude) of History Seismic Catalogue in Sichuan Province

Sichuan Province,East Western of China,within the area of east longitude 97°21′-108°31′,north latitude 26°03′-34°19′,which is on the Mediterranean seismic zone;with its complicated geological background,several strong shocks occurred in this district since ancient times.Earthquake catalogue of this area could date back to B.C.26,however,limited by the conditions—technology or funds,lots of minor earthquake have been lost,which could be

A Review of Studies on Sino-Vietnam Relations Under Tributary System(AD 968-1885)

For a long time,the concept“Nei Wai(内外―center-periphery)”has been used to construct the narrative of the backwarded pre-modern East Asian history.While over emphasizing the effect of the center(Nei),it just simply ignored the reactions from the marginal entities(Wai),as ancient China and its neighboring countries’tributary relations could offer us the classic paradigm.In the knowledge world and historical writing records before the establishment of the national states,the period after Vietnam politically independent to China,the most intricate relations between the two countries,or dynasties,we could still find so many similarities of politics and culture in China and Vietnam,which is far beyond the summarized conditions as tributary relations.On the basis of the previous academic construction of Zong Fan relations and applying the research path of decentralization in the view of global history,we can explore and interpret such tributary and diplomatic relations from various perspectives and thus a multi-dimensional,high definition and colorful past of communications between countries is projected to us by the voiceless,motionless,and monotone historical materials.

Bourriaud＇s Relational Aesthetics, Lacanian Aggressivity, and Teaching Contemporary Art History to Studio Art Students

Nicholas Bourriaud＇s relational aesthetics is regarded as a new approach to art history and criticism, but has recently been appropriated by many art programs as a pedagogical and productive strategy in the classroom. While there is much that is positive in Bourriaud＇s ideas in the first sense, its translation into a studio situation is problematic. Offering a corrective through Lacanian psychoanalysis, with acknowledgement of additional figures with corresponding ideas, it is proposed that Bourriaud＇s ideas are valuable additions to pedagogy generally but are equally in need of modifications that encompass a critical understanding of the desire structures of both students and faculty.

The Natural History of Dry Type of Age-related Macular Degeneration

To study the natural history of dry type of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and search for a sensitive method for detecting the development of the disease, the fundus fluorescein angiography, visual acuity, electroretinogram and FM 100-hue test were used to examine 75 eyes, 147 eyes, 73 eyes, and 94 eyes respectively. These examinations were taken at least twice during the follow-up periods. The average age was 63.2 years (50-80 years ). The average follow-up was 29.8 months with a range of 3-74 ...

“融”与“竞”:晚明艺术赞助场域中江南文人与徽商的士商关系考察

晚明,文人所遵循的“经世致用”学说和徽商的“贾儒兼业”观念在艺术赞助场域中产生了思想和行为上的交融与碰撞,呈现出“士商相融”和“士商相竞”的社会状态。“士商相融”是商人人情商业网络和文人艺术家鬻画治生需求的结果,而“士商相竞”则是两者对身份、地位和话语权的竞争。从“士商相融”到“士商相竞”,反映出文人艺术家在社会大环境中理想与现实之间的平衡、文人性与商业性之间的博弈。对江南文人和徽商之间士商关系的考察,将有助于我们对当下艺术市场的现实问题进行思考与判断,促进艺术资助系统的创新协调发展。

18世纪英国视域中的路易十四——兼论18世纪英法关系

法国国王路易十四的长期统治,深刻改变了近代欧洲局势,也影响了英法两国之间的关系走向。在“后路易十四时代”,英国人依据各类信息,塑造了他们心目中的路易十四及法国。在18世纪英国的军政实况与民族意识中,法国一直在“真实的敌人”与“假想的敌人”之间更替,而路易十四则成为了“敌人”形象的精粹,故在民谣等本土文化中,他的形象大抵以负面为主。在社会文化与文艺创作的层面,路易十四的轶事屡见诸于报刊,有一些也展现了他身上较为“正面”的特质。从历史研究和功过评价的角度看,法国著述的译介使得路易十四被置于学术语境中讨论,学者们褒贬不一,对他的评价存在争议。由此,路易十四所代表的法国及其文化也令英国人警惕,他们担心,法国文化的传播会使得英式民族精神衰退。总之,对于英国而言,路易十四既是一位真实存在过的敌人,又是一个令他们长期警觉的文化象征。

What is the quantitative risk of gastric cancer in the first-degree relatives of patients? A meta-analysis

AIMTo quantify the risk of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives of patients with the cancer.METHODSA comprehensive literature search was performed. Case-control trials comparing the frequency of a positive family history of gastric cancer in patients with gastric cancer, vs non-gastric cancer controls were retrieved. Studies with missed or non-extractable data, studies in children, abstracts, and duplicate publications were excluded. A meta-analysis of pooled odd ratios was performed using Review Manager 5.0.25. We performed subgroup analysis on Asian studies and a sensitivity analysis based on the quality of the studies, type of the outcome, sample size, and whether studies considered only first-degree relatives.RESULTSThirty-two relevant studies out of 612 potential abstracts (n = 80690 individuals) were included. 19.0% of the patients and 10.9% of the controls had at least one relative with gastric cancer (P < 0.00001). The pooled relative risk for the development of gastric cancer in association with a positive family history was 2.35 (95%CI: 1.96-2.81). The Cochran Q test for heterogeneity was positive (P < 0.00001, I² = 92%). After excluding the three outlier studies with the highest relative risks, heterogeneity remained significant (P < 0.00001, I² = 90%). The result was not different among Asian studies as compared to others and remained robust in several sensitivity analyses. In the 26 studies which exclusively analysed the history of gastric cancer in first-degree relatives, the relative risk was 2.71 (95%CI: 2.08-3.53; P < 0.00001).CONCLUSIONIndividuals with a first-degree relative affected with gastric cancer have a risk of about 2.5-fold for the development of gastric cancer. This could be due to genetic or environmental factors. Screening and preventive strategies should be developed for this high-risk population.

Stomach cancer screening and preventive behaviors in relatives of gastric cancer patients

AIM:To investigate gastric cancer screening and preventive behaviors among the relatives of patients with gastric cancer[i.e.,gastric cancer relatives(GCRs)].METHODS:We examined the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005(KNHANESⅢ) database and compared the gastric cancer screening and preventive behaviors of GCRs(n=261)with those of non-GCRs(n=454)and controls without a family history of cancer(n=2842).RESULTS:The GCRs were more likely to undergo gastric cancer screening compared with the control group(39.2%vs 32.3%,adjusted odds ratio:1.43,CI:1.05-1.95),although the absolute screening rate was low.Dietary patterns and smoking rates did not differ significantly between the groups,and a high proportion of GCRs reported inappropriate dietary habits(i.e.,approximately 95%consumed excessive sodium,30% were deficient in vitamin C,and 85%were deficient in dietary fiber).CONCLUSION:The gastric cancer screening and preventive behaviors of GCRs have yet to be improved.To increase awareness among GCRs,systematic family education programs should be implemented.

Last deglacial relative sea level variations in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment modelling

We present relative sea level （RSL） curves in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment （GIA）predictions based on the melting scenarios of the Antarctic ice sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）given in previous works.Simultaneously,Holocene-age RSL observations obtained at the raised beaches along the coast of Antarctica are shown to be in agreement with the GIA predictions.The differences from previously published ice-loading models regarding the spatial distribution and total mass change of the melted ice are significant.These models were also derived from GIA modelling; the variations can be attributed to the lack of geological and geographical evidence regarding the history of crustal movement due to ice sheet evolution.Next,we summarise the previously published ice load models and demonstrate the RSL curves based on combinations of different ice and earth models.The RSL curves calculated by GIA models indicate that the model dependence of both the ice and earth models is significantly large at several sites where RSL observations were obtained.In particular,GIA predictions based on the thin lithospheric thickness show the spatial distributions that are dependent on the melted ice thickness at each sites.These characteristics result from the short-wavelength deformation of the Earth.However,our predictions strongly suggest that it is possible to find the average ice model despite the use of the different models of lithospheric thickness.By sea level and crustal movement observations,we can deduce the geometry of the post-LGM ice sheets in detail and remove the GIA contribution from the crustal deformation and gravity change observed by space geodetic techniques,such as GPS and GRACE,for the estimation of the Antarctic ice mass change associated with recent global warming.

Cancer risk in relatives of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers in a large series of unselected patients with breast cancer

Objective:The spectrum and risk of cancer in relatives of BRCA1/2 pathogenic variant carriers in the Chinese population have not been established.Methods:A family history of cancer in 9903 unselected breast cancer patients was retrospectively analyzed.BRCA1/2 status was determined for all patients and relative risks(RRs)were calculated to evaluate cancer risk in relatives of the patients.Results:The incidences of breast cancer in female relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 33.0%,32.2%,and 7.7%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of ovarian cancer were 11.5%,2.4%,and 0.5%,respectively.The incidences of pancreatic cancer in male relatives of BRCA1 carriers,BRCA2 carriers,and non-carriers were 1.4%,2.7%,and 0.6%,respectively.The corresponding incidences of prostate cancer were 1.0%,2.1%,and 0.4%,respectively.The risks of breast and ovarian cancers in female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers were significantly higher than female relatives of non-carriers(BRCA1:RR=4.29,P<0.001 and RR=21.95,P<0.001;BRCA2:RR=4.19,P<0.001 and RR=4.65,P<0.001,respectively).Additionally,higher risks of pancreatic and prostate cancers were noted in male relatives of BRCA2 carriers than non-carriers(RR=4.34,P=0.001 and RR=4.86,P=0.001,respectively).Conclusions:Female relatives of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for breast and ovarian cancers,and male relatives of BRCA2 carriers are at increased risk for pancreatic and prostate cancers.

The Exploration to the Historical Origin of Differences between Urban and Rural Areas in China

In order to understand the historical origins of encircling the cities from the rural areas implemented by the Communist Party of China and the current dual structures of urban and rural development, urban-rural differences are analyzed from the four aspects of production mode, management mode, culture and social division of labor. Industrial development in modern times has promoted the modernization of urban production in China. But the rural areas still maintain their traditional self-sufficient natural economy. After the Opium War, the process of modernization of city politics is promoted by more economic elements of capitalism and the formation of Chinese bourgeoisie. During the management of urban modernization, rural areas still adopt the traditional self-management mode. In the aspect of culture, city is the center of development, having large population, developed traffic, and prosperous culture. But the village is lack of information and its culture is relatively backward. In modern times, affected by the foreign capitalist, urban area has become the center of modern productivity. After separating from agriculture, handicraft industry has transferred into urban areas and the social division of labor in both urban and rural areas has shown great changes. Thus, a new pattern of "Urban Industry, Rural Agriculture" has formed.

General Derivation of Mass-Energy Relation without Electrodynamics or Einstein’s Postulates

The mass-energy equation ?is derived in general from Newton’s equation of motion without use of electrodynamics, or Einstein’s Postulates which were presented in his superb 1905 paper on Special Relativity (SR). This was previously not thought to be possible. This novel derivation of an accelerated body of rest mass m0 is compared with the traditional SR inertial derivation. A discussion is given of pre-1905, electrostatic and electrodynamic derivations of the mass-energy relation yielding , as well as more recent ones. A concise pre-relativity history of the mass-energy relation is traced back to Newton in 1717.

唐蕃交涉中的中书舍人行述研究

我国是一个多民族国家,中华民族发展史就是各民族以不同的方式相互联系、相互促进、相互融合的演进过程,中古时期唐蕃之间的交流与互动即是这一过程的生动体现。本文以两《唐书·吐蕃传》所载中书舍人为研究对象,聚焦唐蕃关系史上一直被忽略却又占据重要地位的中书舍人群体,探寻这一群体在唐代中书省中除了起草进画之外,还兼涉的参议政事、收集情报、分析战略、受命出使等社会功能。此外,吐蕃社会通过吸收整合唐代官制而设置的“知汉书舍人”,尽管与中书舍人的地位与职权天差地别,不可同日而语,但是这一群体在沟通唐蕃、修复旧好、密切关系方面却与中书舍人发挥了相似的作用,反映了吐蕃对汉文化的尊崇以及中华文化对吐蕃社会的浸润与融通。

国际关系史课程教学中实施课程思政的方法探析

在大学历史教学中,教师在教学课程中的价值引领在很大程度上影响大学生的历史观和价值观。国际关系史课程是历史学专业开设的一门重要专业基础课,蕴涵丰富的课程思政元素,具有强大的育人功能。在教学过程中,教师可以通过比较鉴别、榜样示范、专题嵌入等方法,将课程教学目标与思政目标有机结合,培养学生的集体主义精神、爱国主义精神和创新精神,自觉践行社会主义核心价值观。

新罗牛黄入华与唐罗关系——医学史视角下的外交

牛黄稀少且昂贵,比较汉魏观念,唐人心目中的牛黄道地产地逐步向东转移,指向山东半岛。恰在此时,唐丽战争使得唐朝与新罗的关系迅速升温,而双方贡赐关系中物品的选择都煞费苦心。与山东半岛纬度、气候、地理相似的新罗所产牛黄,作为国礼进入唐罗关系中,尤其是龙朔元年(661)开始的苏定方围攻平壤之役,唐罗矛盾初露端倪,由于援兵和军粮问题引发唐方不满,在外交折冲樽俎的同时,新罗牛黄也正式登场,成为双方关系的润滑剂,这种优质牛黄开始为中国所知,逐步压倒了西域等其他来源地的牛黄。宋代朝鲜半岛牛黄在中原的声誉出现了低谷,这可能与宋丽关系受到异族干扰时断时续有关。但明清朝鲜朝天使、燕行使以牛黄制品疏通关节,朝鲜半岛牛黄借着“牛黄清心丸”的令名重新登堂入室,成为中国医药观念中的上等佳品。千年以来,朝鲜半岛牛黄在中原的声誉变化,始终与外交活动紧密相关。

世界建筑史教学中的“关系”再现方法转向

本文以“再现”问题的视角切入,探讨世界建筑史教学中阐释历史建筑影响建成环境演变的视角和方法转向。随着更新的媒介工具与“再现”的方式和目的不断交融,建筑史的书写范式也发生改变:建筑史已不再是作为一种可凭经验验证的过去“真实情况”的记录,而是作为一种对当今关切的问题和未来的可能结果之间的过渡。与此同时,建筑史教学正通过反思“再现”方式和目的的变化而革新:作为建筑史教学中的“再现”媒介,从图像到时空情境,其不仅是作为对历史参考的描述或抽象概念的表达,而且是用于认知、质询甚至重建尚未被发现的复杂或模糊关系。本文通过梳理建筑史教学中对英国伦敦大学学院和美国密西根大学的建筑史教学实例的观察以及对课程讲师的深入访谈,从教学法、内容组织以及课程作业设置等方面进行比较分析,揭示当代世界建筑史教学中对建成环境的生产方式、社会过程及其创造历史等拓展关系的强调及其相应的再现和阐释方式的转变。认识这些转变将对于我们重新思考建筑史的学科边界以及重新建构世界建筑史教学的框架具有参考意义。

柬埔寨现行中学历史教科书的涉华叙事与中国形象建构

历史教科书是传承知识与文化的重要载体,它不仅在传递与构建国民历史记忆中发挥着重要作用,而且能体现一国对他国的整体性、官方性认知。对柬埔寨现行中学历史教科书中涉华内容进行归纳整理和分析,可发现柬埔寨构建出在古代历史悠久、经贸发达、文明先进的大国,在近代备受侵略、战争不断、不屈抗争的弱国,在现代日益崛起、迅猛发展、问题仍多的新兴国家。柬埔寨中学历史教科书建构的中国形象,不仅受到柬埔寨客观教育条件的影响,而且暗含着柬埔寨官方对中国的认知与战略考量,折射出其国家价值观和政策立场。探究柬埔寨中学历史教科书所塑造的中国形象及建构逻辑,有助于了解柬方对中国的认知程度及态度立场,为促进中柬两国合作提供现实依据,还能为中国在柬埔寨树立及维护良好的国家形象提供有益参考和新思路。

论中国国际关系学的三次历史转向

中国国际关系学创立于旧中国,但只有在中华人民共和国成立以后,才真正开始和国家发展的历史进程同频共振。中国国际关系学在新中国成立后,开始了第一次历史转向,其最大的特征是以“国际共运史”为主流;改革开放后开始了第二次历史转向,其最大特征是“回归”西方话语体系的国际关系学本体;世纪之交,国际格局急剧变化,全球治理理念和新型国际关系理念符合时代需求,成为中国国际关系学的第三次转向目标,也应该是世界国际关系学的方向。