Historical retrospects and evolutionary characteristics of paleogenomic science and technology

Paleogenomics is a discipline in which the extraction and analysis of DNA from ancient biological remains are studied to understand the evolutionary history of past organisms.Research on this topic has revealed the evolutionary history of humans and other species,traced human migrations and genetic changes,and investigated ancient diseases and environmental influences due to its uniqueness.This paper reviews the scientific and technological history of the development of paleogenomics,including the molecular cloning era,the polymerase chain reaction(PCR)technique era,the genomics era,and the bio-data analysis era.This field explores the key technological development processes and effects of significant scientific discoveries,ranging from gene cloning technology and sequencing technology to breakthroughs and applications in big data analysis,addressing challenges such as sample contamination and trace collection analysis in paleogenomics research.

Epitome of Research on the History of Science and Technology in China:A Review of the Book Series History of Science and Technology in Pre-Modern China in Comparison with Needham’s Science and Civilisation in China

The early twenty-first century witnessed the publication of the book series Zhongguo kexue jishu shi中国科学技术史(History of science and technology in pre-modern China),which was initiated and organized by the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,and compiled by a multitude of Chinese scholars.In comparison with Science and Civilisation in China by Dr.Joseph Needham,Zhongguo kexue jishu shi is superior in the layout characteristics,literature collection,research and explication,field investigation,and simulation experiments.

On the Compilation Modes of Local History of Science and Technology——A Case Study of the History of Ba-Shu Science and Technology

The contents of"Ba-Shu History of Science and Technology"take up a single volume of A General History of Ba-Shu Culture.This paper attempts to explore compilation modes of the history of local science and technology by analyzing the compilation of"Shu History of Science and Technology".There are three approaches available,i.e.a general history-based approach,a discipline-based approach and an integrated approach,also known as a discipline-specific approach based on general history.This paper considers the integrated approach to be the most feasible as it elaborates Ba-Shu culture as a sub-culture of Chinese culture,the connotations of Ba-Shu achievements in science and technology,the special significance of the history of Ba-Shu science and technology,as well as the latest progress in studying the history of Ba-Shu science and technology.This paper also puts forward a possible choice to better approach the compilation of the history of local science and technology,reveals areas worth improving,and indicates a proper direction to move towards.

Logical Interpretation of China’s Science and Technology Development Strategy in the New Era

It has been recognized that self-reliance and self-improvement of science and technology is a necessary choice of taking the independent innovation path with Chinese characteristics in the new era,which provides strategic support for the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country.Containing the theoretical truth of the Chinese Marxist view of science and technology in the 21st century,it follows the 70-year development path of science and technology in New China,and responds to the scientific and technological strategic choice of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way in the new era.This is not only a theoretical deepening of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important statement on scientific and technological innovation,but also a practical guide for China to implement scientific and technological innovation in the new era.

Curriculum and Teaching Reform From the Perspective of Media History

The development history of education is actually a history of the change of media technology.From the perspective of historical development,different periods of media technology have different forms of education.As the two core elements of education,curriculum and teaching are also deeply influenced by the development of media technology.With the continuous emergence of new media,especially in the context of artificial intelligence,the curriculum has experienced the change from attaching importance to subject knowledge to the cultivation of students’innovation ability and core literacy;from static,paper-based,single to dynamic,online and network-based curriculum form;from fixed,unified,limited to personalized,unlimited and open curriculum change is tolerated.Teaching has also experienced two major changes:the optimization of teaching forms and the adjustment of teaching subject role.In order to actively cater to the development of the future science and technology society,the future curriculum and teaching should focus on sustainable development education;focus on the cultivation of key abilities in the 21st century;focus on improving the“three scientific and technological literacy”education;and strengthen the humanistic care of curriculum and teaching.

Ceramic Art Reality in the Context of Technology History

The art of ceramics originates from the basic activities of human beings,and uses the tools,following the methods,and the visual production activities combined with aesthetics.Modern technology has spawned new ceramic decoration methods and provided new ideas for artistic creation.Ceramic art relies on ceramic crafts.As the most technical form of many art categories,it is the representative of the“Combination of Art and Crafts”of arts and crafts,and it is the perfect embodiment of“Beauty”in the space-time carrier.The history of Chinese ceramic glaze shows that the study of the history of ceramic technology should rely on the aesthetics of ceramics,and the problems related to the interpretation of modern ceramic art cannot be separated from the context of the history of ceramic technology.

Science of Music in the Education System of Uzbekistan

Perceiving musicology as a combination of scientific and academic disciplines, and considering the history and the way of its development, the author pays more attention to the problem of understanding the evolution of music and musical science. Music education is presented in the relationship of the two main areas： science and education. There is evidence of a gradual expansion and changes in the content and methods of the science of music. The 21st century rapidly and dynamically entered in our lives in terms of the development of information communication, technological progress and unprecedented rise of scientific thought. Social upheavals of this period of history, a powerful wave of liberation movements have caused an unprecedented intensification of national creative forces committed to the development, expansion of contacts, attached to the other cultures. To date, the science of music has evolved so much on what grew out of it and separated into clearly separate spheres with their problems, trends, directions： music theory, music history, ethnomusicology, musical philosophy, and also music source studying. And it should be noted that each of these areas has its embodiment in materialized form of faculties, departments in the conservatory. Development of new standards, new plans, programs, new courses is a related process of development of these sciences in general.

A Preliminary Study on the Spherical Bombs(Huolei)of the Southern Song Dynasty,Unearthed in Chongqing

The military situation of the thirteenth century required that the Song and the Mongols construct a great number of defensive works,relying on the mountains or facing the rivers,in the mountainous Sichuan Province and Chongqing.In recent years,a special kind of explosive firearms,huolei火雷(bombs),was unearthed in the large-scale excavations of the site of Diaoyu Fortress钓鱼城in Hechuan District合川and the Baidicheng白帝城in Fengjie County奉节,both of which were defensive works constructed in this mountainous area during the Southern Song dynasty.In addition,the ruins of kilns and the clay molds that were relevant to the casting of iron huolei have been discovered at the site of Baidicheng,indicating that these huolei might have been produced locally.The Southern Song iron huolei unearthed in Chongqing are the most direct evidence of the evolvement of gunpowder and firearms,and are of great significance to the history of science and technology,in particular the history of military technology.

20世纪以来“候气法”研究述评

候气法是古人用律管来测定节气与考正律吕的方法,其理论及实践被历代官方正史及各种典籍所记载。20世纪伊始,国内学界开始关注候气法,至20世纪80年代对候气法的研究逐渐升温,并且呈现出“历史梳理”“真伪考辨”“文化阐释”三个层面的研究现状。通过对学界候气法研究成果的总结与反思,我们认为对候气法的研究应该回归历史语境,将其置于中国传统文化和思想史语境中进行考察并思考其文化内涵,在此基础上进一步解释它在中国音乐史及中国思想史中的意义和作用。

万辅彬与南方少数民族科技史研究重镇的构筑

广西民族大学科技史学科奠基人万辅彬先生最初从事铜鼓研究,后来又将研究领域拓展至科技考古、技术史与传统工艺、科学技术与社会等方向。在这个过程中,万辅彬注意到学科建制化对学科发展的可持续性具有重要意义,于是逐渐在方向凝练、人才引进、队伍建设、平台搭建、专业建制、学术交流等方面下功夫。经过数十年的不懈努力,广西民族大学科技史学科从铜鼓研究室蜕变为科技史与科技文化研究院,成为全国为数不多的具有独立行政建制的科技史研究院,被国内外学术界誉为中国“南方少数民族科技史研究重镇”。

互联网背景下地方高校的外国建筑史教学探索

互联网技术的发展挑战了传统的教学模式。针对地方高校建筑史课程的教学改革,如何有效发挥互联网教学资源并凸显地方高校自身的教学特色,对于深化教学改革、提高教学质量具有重要的现实意义。文章以苏州科技大学“外国古代建筑史”课程改革探索为例,制定了“双线并行”的教学模式和“通史+专题”教学结构,凸显了苏州科技大学建筑学专业“宽基础、重实践”的教学特点。这种教学探索做到了因材施教,拓宽了学生视野,并且凸显了地方高校的教学特色。

气象科技人才心理健康状况及心理干预研究

气象事业是科技型、基础性、先导性社会公益事业。以预报员为代表的气象科技人才作为高级专业技术人员需要在时间压力下应对高度不确定性,承受较高工作压力,其心理健康状况和心理素质很大程度上影响着气象服务的质量和效益。研究采用国内外通行的心理健康筛查量表(90项症状自评量表SCL-90),对特定岗位气象科技人才进行测评,探索转型期预报员的心理健康状况及影响因素。结果发现,该群体整体心理健康风险较高,其中强迫、焦虑和人际关系因子风险较高且存在岗位差异,特别是女性预报员的心理健康状况需要得到更多关注;在分析导致心理健康风险原因基础上,提出具体建议。

农学专业新生教学课程思政内容挖掘与探索

在新农科背景下,根据农林高校农学类专业学生新生适应实际情况、育人目标、培养目标,通过设置新生教育课程,确立“专业认知、国家社会需求、专业素养、价值观、世界观”5个维度的课程思政目标。该文以农业科学技术发展史新生课程为例,挖掘思政教学内容,采用多元教学方式精准融入课程思政元素,运行混合式思政教学反馈机制,建立含课程思政的考核评价体系等措施,实现有限时间内激发学生主动学习的热情和兴趣,提升新生教育成果,积极推进农学类专业新生融入大学生活。

西方女性主义科技史发展脉络与特征分析--基于三份国际科技史期刊论文的分析(1970—2019)

西方女性主义科技史是当代科技史研究的重要前沿领域之一。选取三份国际科技史权威期刊,系统梳理自1970年至2019年间在其上发表的女性主义科技史研究论文,采用数据统计、文本阐释等方法,对相关领域的发展脉络、焦点议题等进行分析。期刊论文发表的统计数据表明,女性主义科技史研究在20世纪70年代开始起步,自20世纪90年代以来,相关研究长期保持活跃状态。对期刊论文的研究主题进行分类,性别视角下的科技史研究可进一步划分为女性主义科学史与女性主义技术史。两个方向的代表性研究议题分别是医学和日常家用技术,人物研究则各自侧重精英个体和普通群体、科学的探索者和技术的使用者。性别分析工具融入科技史学科,反映出当代科技史学科的多元、开放与包容。

指南针在近代科学发展中的作用及其对科普展览设计的启示

本文对指南针在近代科学发展中的作用进行了思考,认为只有把中国古代科学技术放在世界科学技术发展的框架下考察,才会得到公正合理的评价。建议在展览中把中国古代科学技术成果转化的展品和现代科学技术成果转化的展品一起展出,才能够正确地认识科学发展的历史和现状。

近代科学未发生于印度与中国之原因——关于李约瑟难题之一项思想史诠释

李约瑟于世界科学史之整体诠释,提出“难解之谜”,使之成为研究者探索之对象,其基本观点在于:人类文明之科学发展,虽系基于世界范围内种种交流与积累所构成,为一集体之成果,然以“科学史”之角度而言,如何诠释历史之进程中“科学”与“技术”推动之必要环节,并阐明其关键性,成为必须处理之核心问题;故就此项诠释而言,必然同时关联于“科学思想”所以能产生突破之“内因”与“外缘”。以是“科学史问题”之最终解答,必然须涉入世界范围内之“文明史”。李约瑟之分项叙述之“科学史”研究,最终导向不同“文明进程”之比较,且于最终提出一重要之疑问:何以自伽利略起始之“近代科学”之突飞猛进,与其后出现之“工业革命”,皆仅肇生于近代欧洲,而未出现于印度与中国?尤其中国于14、15世纪之前,科学技术长期领先于西方,却不能有此突破,为一可异之事。此一属于现实之结果,虽已为史家所接受,视为乃西方文明发展中特殊因素所造成,无足称奇,然对于“科学史”之研究者而言,则仍应予以重视,不宜轻看。李约瑟“科学史之问”是否持续值得关注,从而有所谓“李约瑟难题”?端视质问者对于此一既属“科学史”,亦牵涉“文明史”之问题之理解深度。其中可能存在之探索角度,重要之方面大致有五:一属哲学史,一属专业之科学史,一属社会史,一属经济史,另一则属思想史。本文撰述之角度,即属上述五方面中,与“思想史”相关之部分,其内容包括“间接因素”与“直接因素”。

《中国科学技术史·年表卷》宋金之际部分医学内容重辨

中国科学技术史研究领域重要的年表性工具书《中国科学技术史·年表卷》以时间为序,系统表述了宋金之际发生的医学史实,以及对医学发展影响重大的历史事件,包括具体年代、历史事件、参考文献等,大都附注有相应的引用文献出处。该书编者对部分医学事件的陈述不甚准确,遂查找相关的原始文献与二手研究文献,考核厘正包括文字错漏、音同而误、形近而讹等造成的医学事件、医药著作、职官制度、法律条令等方面的差谬。建议编校时应反复查核各类文献中的专有名词,并且尽可能兼收并蓄相关专业领域研究成果。

博物馆如何展示“科技的力量”——从中国国家博物馆“科技的力量”专题展览的内容设计谈起

博物馆举办科技与工业相关主题展览对完整全面展示社会历史发展进程具有重要意义。展览内容策划工作首先要明确展览立意,建构主线清晰的叙事脉络。通过深入挖掘和重新阐释馆藏、开展专项征集等方式充实展品,充分利用展览中的文字说明,注重历史阐释,充分展示科技在历史进程中的力量。

气象技术与工程专业思政育人模式探索

气象技术与工程是一个理工融合、实践性强、多学科交叉、具有鲜明特色的气象类新专业。当前气象技术与工程专业核心课程的思政育人模式尚不成熟,迫切需要开展有效思政育人模式的探索。结合气象技术与工程专业核心课程的教学实施,围绕思政育人教学内容改革,重点探索如何将思政育人道理讲深、讲透;围绕思政育人教学方法改革,重点探索如何将思政育人道理讲活,总结归纳了多项具体措施,以提升专业课程思政育人水平,以期为国内相似课程思政建设提供有益参考。

中国古代天文科技档案名词“候簿”源流考

中国是世界历史上天文记录保存最完整、最系统的国家。中国古代辉煌的天文学成就与之息息相关。“候簿”为中国古代指代原始天文观测记录簿的专业名词,在中国古代天文史上具有重要地位,其天文观测记录的内容包括日照时数、行星位置、星月运动、太阳高度角、风向等。“候簿”一词的产生可追溯到唐代,自唐代以后一直延续使用到清代,并在清代的使用频率达到顶峰。其义项在历史沿革中未发生较大嬗变。民国时期,“候簿”一词随着近代天文学的产生而逐步消亡。